Deck 37: Communities and Ecosystems

Question 1

When two or more species vie for the same limited resource _____________________ occurs.

A)Succession
B)Symbiosis
C)Coevolution
D)Stotting
E)Competition

Answer 1

A

Question 2

___________________ states that two species cannot coexist indefinitely in the same niche.

A)Endosymbiotic theory
B)Zonal exclusion theory
C)Co-inclusion principle
D)Second law of thermodynamics
E)Competitive exclusion principle

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The physical place where members of a population typically live is termed a:

A)Competitive zone
B)Community
C)Habitat
D)Symbiont
E)Niche

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A type of symbiosis in which one member of the relationship benefits with no effect on the other is:

A)Predation
B)Mutualism
C)Commensalism
D)Parasitism
E)Intraspecific competition

Question 5

Abiotic components of an ecosystem include:

A)Living components only
B)Both nonliving and living components
C)Only plant life
D)Nonliving components only
E)Only animal life

Question 6

In ecology a community that remains fairly constant over time is referred to as a:

A)Successful community
B)Climax community
C)Keystone community
D)Primary community
E)Tertiary community

Question 7

A type of symbiosis in which one member of the relationship benefits and the other is harmed is:

A)Predation
B)Mutualism
C)Commensalism
D)Parasitism
E)Intraspecific competition

Question 8

A genetic change in one species that selects for a subsequent change in a different species is termed:

A)Coevolution
B)Genetic dispersion
C)Gene dynamics
D)Competitive exclusion
E)Evolutionary dynamics

Question 9

The adaptations in Pseudomyrmex species and acacias suggest that the two species ______________.

A)Have coevolved
B)Have intermingled
C)Have evolved separately
D)Occupy the same niche
E)Occupy the same tidal zone

Question 10

A species that is so important to its community (such as the sea otter)that their removal can dismantle a food web is termed a:

A)Capstone species
B)Flagstone species
C)Cobblestone species
D)Cornerstone species
E)Keystone species

Question 11

A type of symbiosis in which both species benefit is:

A)Predation
B)Parasitism
C)Mutualism
D)Commensalism
E)Intraspecific competition

Question 12

All the organisms plus the nonliving components of a defined area is a(an):

A)Population
B)Community
C)Ecosystem
D)Habitat
E)Niche

Question 13

The tidal zones in which the barnacles Balanus and Cthalamus thrive when both species are present illustrate the principle of:

A)Symbiotic inclusion
B)Parasitism
C)Oceanic restriction
D)Competitive exclusion
E)None of the above are correct

Question 14

A relationship between different species in which one species lives in or on another is:

A)Resource partitioning
B)Coevolution
C)Symbiosis
D)Predation
E)Niche sharing

Question 15

Which of the following is not a type of symbiosis?

A)Parasitism
B)Mutualism
C)Commensalism
D)Predation
E)None of the above are correct

Question 16

The total of all the resources,both biotic and abiotic,a species exploits for its survival,growth,and reproduction is its:

A)Competitive zone
B)Habitat
C)Food web
D)Niche
E)Biosphere

Question 17

In _______________________ multiple species use the same resource in a slightly different way or at a different time.

A)Symbiotic inclusion
B)Resource partitioning
C)Mutualism
D)Intraspecific competition
E)None of the above are correct

Question 18

A gradual change in a community's species composition,occurring as competing organisms respond to and modify the physical environment is termed:

A)Ecological completion
B)Ecological conversion
C)Ecological climax
D)Ecological magnification
E)Ecological succession

Question 19

A ________________________ makes up a small portion of the community by weight,yet exerts a disproportionate influence on community diversity.

A)Keystone species
B)Cornerstone species
C)Capstone species
D)Flagstone species
E)None of the above are correct

Question 20

The decline of the sea otter population in the Pacific Northwest has been attributed to:

A)Pollution from an oil spill
B)Predation by killer whales
C)An increase in the water temperature
D)Predation by Steller sea lions
E)A genetic mutation causing a decrease of fertility in male otters

Question 21

The "net primary productivity" is:

A)The amount of energy used in metabolism by producers
B)The amount of energy given off as heat by producers
C)The amount of energy trapped by the autotrophs of an ecosystem
D)The amount of energy available for consumers
E)Both amount of energy given off as heat by producers and amount of energy trapped by the autotrophs of an ecosystem are correct

Question 22

An organism that can use energy and inorganic substances to produce all the organic material it requires is a(an):

A)Producer and heterotroph
B)Heterotroph
C)Autotroph and producer
D)Autotroph
E)Producer

Question 23

Carbon returns to the atmosphere:

A)As carbon dioxide
B)From respiration of plants
C)By the burning of fossil fuels
D)From respiration of animals
E)All are correct

Question 24

Decomposers:

A)Obtain nutrients from detritus
B)Return organic molecules to their inorganic form
C)Include bacteria
D)Include fungi
E)All are correct

Question 25

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert N₂ into _____________________.

A)Nitrates
B)Ammonia
C)Nitrites
D)Carbon dioxide
E)Methane

Question 26

The _____________________ cycle begins with the weathering of rock.

A)Phosphorous cycle
B)Nitrogen cycle
C)Water cycle
D)Energy cycle
E)Carbon cycle

Question 27

The type of succession that occurs in an area where no community previously existed is ______________ succession.

A)Keystone
B)Tertiary
C)Secondary
D)Climax
E)Primary

Question 28

A food chain is a series of organisms that:

A)Successively eat one another
B)Share the same niche
C)Exhibit mutualism with each other
D)Share the same energy source
E)Succeed one another as a climax community develops

Question 29

Secondary consumers:

A)Are carnivores
B)Are herbivores
C)Are bacteria
D)Are fungi
E)All are correct

Question 30

In the water cycle,animals return water to the environment by:

A)Transpiration and excretion
B)Excretion
C)Transpiration
D)Respiration and excretion
E)Excretion

Question 31

In ______________________ bacteria return nitrogen to the atmosphere by converting nitrates to N₂.

A)Nitrogen-fixing
B)Nitrification
C)Denitrification
D)Transpiration
E)Respiration

Question 32

The ecosystem that would most likely have a very high net primary productivity is a:

A)Desert
B)Tropical rain forest
C)Temperate forest
D)Boreal forest
E)Tundra

Question 33

Organisms that obtain their energy from producers or other consumers are:

A)Autotroph and producer
B)Producer and heterotroph
C)Autotroph
D)Producer
E)Heterotroph

Question 34

Biomagnification usually happens for chemicals that:

A)Dissolve in fat
B)Dissolve in water
C)Are not readily degraded and dissolve in fat
D)Are not readily degraded and dissolve in water
E)Are not readily degraded

Question 35

The total amount of energy trapped by the autotrophs of an ecosystem is called:

A)Net primary consumption
B)Gross primary productivity
C)Gross primary consumption
D)Net primary productivity
E)Net energy fixation

Question 36

Which of the following is not an important biogeochemical cycle on Earth?

A)ATP cycle
B)Water cycle
C)Carbon cycle
D)Phosphorous cycle
E)Nitrogen cycle

Question 37

The energy requiring process by which liquid water becomes water vapor (a gas)is:

A)Sublimation
B)Condensation
C)Convection
D)Evaporation
E)All are correct

Question 38

Species that are the first to colonize an area are termed:

A)Keystone species
B)Primary species
C)Tertiary species
D)Pioneer species
E)Secondary species

Question 39

An organism's _____________________ is its position in the food chain,relative to the ecosystem's energy source.

A)Habitat
B)Niche
C)Climax level
D)Trophic level
E)Keystone level

Question 40

As an overall average,about __________________ of the energy at one trophic level is available to the next highest rank in the food chain.

A)Two percent
B)Ten percent
C)Four percent
D)Seven percent
E)Twenty percent

Question 41

Mycorrhizal fungi obtain food from plants in exchange for water and nutrients.This is an example of:

A)Commensalism
B)Parasitism
C)Mutualism
D)Predation
E)Herbivory

Question 42

Eutrophication can be caused by excess accumulation of which of the following in a body of water?

A)Nitrogen
B)Phosphorous
C)Carbon
D)Nitrogen or phosphorous
E)Nitrogen or carbon

Question 43

Nitrogen fixing bacteria in the roots of soybeans help provide a source of nitrogen to the plants,and in exchange obtain food from the plants.Which type of interaction is this?

A)Mutualism
B)Commensalism
C)Parasitism
D)Predation
E)Herbivory

Question 44

If there are 10,000 calories of net primary productivity in a field,how much on average will be available to a secondary consumer?

A)1000 calories
B)100 calories
C)10,000 calories
D)10 calories
E)1 calorie

Question 45

Walleye pike are which of the following?

A)Secondary consumers
B)Tertiary consumers
C)Primary consumer
D)Producers
E)Decomposer

Question 46

The concentration of the pesticide DDT would be lowest in which of the following?

A)A seagull
B)A minnow
C)A mosquito larvae
D)Algae
E)Plankton

Question 47

An insect that resembles leaves is using ___ to avoid predation.

A)Camouflage
B)Warning coloration
C)Mimicry
D)Chemical defense
E)Mutualism

Question 48

Walleye pike tend to live in deep waters and feed at night.Northern pike live in shallower waters and feed all day.Which of the following best explain these differences?

A)Predation
B)Parasitism
C)Commensalism
D)Competition
E)Mutualism

Question 49

An insect that resembles the face of a snake is using ___ to avoid predation.

A)Camouflage
B)Warning coloration
C)Mimicry
D)Chemical defense
E)Mutualism

Question 50

The concentration of the pesticide DDT would be highest in which of the following?

A)A minnow
B)A mosquito larvae
C)A seagull
D)Plankton
E)Algae

Question 51

After taking antibiotics and developing a yeast infection in the genitourinary tract,the yeast infection lessens as the microbes that normally are present reestablish themselves.The reason for the lessening of the yeast infection is explained by:

A)Predation
B)Symbiosis
C)The competitive exclusion principle
D)The co-inclusion principle
E)Endosymbiosis

Question 52

Mercury released from coal burning power plants would be at the highest concentration in?

A)The phytoplankton
B)Eagles that eat the walleye
C)The zooplankton
D)The minnows
E)The walleye

Question 53

Some scientists predict that as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase,the pH of the oceans will drop,threatening coral and organisms with shells.What is the best explanation for this hypothesis?

A)Carbon dioxide combines with water to form a base
B)Carbon dioxide combines with water to form an acid
C)As the pH of the ocean decreases, more carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere
D)As the pH of the ocean increases, more carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere
E)As the oceans warm, more water is evaporated, lowering the pH of the remaining water

Question 54

Nitrogen fixing bacteria in the roots of soybeans help provide a source of nitrogen to the plants,and in exchange obtain food from the plants.Which reaction can these bacteria catalyze?

A)Nitrogen gas (N₂) to nitrate (NO₃)
B)Ammonia (NH₃) to nitrate (NO₃)
C)Nitrogen gas (N₂) to ammonia (NH₃)
D)Nitrate (NO₃) to ammonia (NH₃)
E)Nitrate (NO₃) to nitrogen gas (N₂)

Question 55

Why are keystone predators like lions and eagle so rare in a community?

A)Because only a small amount of the energy is passed from one trophic level to the next
B)Because they do not breed as fast as other animals
C)Because of predation by higher predators
D)Because it is difficult for them to learn how to capture prey
E)Because their job is to keep the population size of other animals in check

Question 56

Some scientists predict that as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase,plant growth will also increase.What is the best explanation for this hypothesis?

A)Plants consume carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis
B)Plants release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere during photosynthesis
C)Plants consume carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during respiration
D)Plants release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere during respiration

Question 57

If there are 10,000 calories of net primary productivity in a field,how much on average will be available to a primary consumer?

A)100 calories
B)10,000 calories
C)10 calories
D)1000 calories
E)1 calorie

Question 58

Mistletoe is a plant that grows in the branches of other trees.Its roots penetrate the bark of the tree obtaining water and nutrients from the tree.This is an example of:

A)Mutualism
B)Commensalism
C)Predation
D)Parasitism
E)Herbivory

Question 59

Zooplankton are which of the following?

A)Tertiary consumers
B)Secondary consumers
C)Producers
D)Decomposer
E)Primary consumer

Question 60

Lichens live on the side of trees,getting better access to the sun,with no apparent harm to the tree.This is an example of:

A)Commensalism
B)Mutualism
C)Parasitism
D)Predation
E)Herbivory

Question 61

How was the virus detected?

A)By the presence of antibodies to the virus
B)By the presence of double stranded RNA
C)By signs of infection
D)By the ability to grow at 65°C
E)By the presence of viral proteins

Question 62

The cause of the sea otter population decline in the Pacific Northwest was primarily an oil spill.

Question 63

The interaction between panic grass and its endophye fungus that allow them to grow at 65°C together,but not independently is an example of ____.

A)Mutualism
B)Commensalism
C)Parasitism
D)Predation
E)Competition

Question 64

Resource partitioning allows only a single species to use a resource.

Question 65

The virus in this study ____.

A)Infected the plant
B)Infected both the plant and fungus
C)Infected the fungus
D)Did not infect either the plant or fungus

Question 66

What adaptations would panic grass growing at 65°C need to employ to avoid dehydration?

A)Transpiration would increase
B)Uptake of water through the phloem would increase
C)Transport of sugars through the xylem would decrease
D)Their stomata would be closed
E)Their flowers would open

Question 67

Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship in which neither member of the relationship benefits.

Question 68

The reliance of a plant on one type of insect for pollination and that insect having only the nectar of that plant as its food source is an example of coevolution.

Question 69

An example of a keystone species is a root-associated fungus that conifer trees need in order to survive and that supply food for rodents.

Question 70

When Steller sea lions and harbor seals became less plentiful,orcas began using sea otters as a primary food source.

Question 71

What was the purpose of repeatedly drying,freezing,and thawing some of the fungi?

A)To kill the fungi
B)To prepare the fungi for growth at 65°C
C)To remove the virus
D)To prepare the fungi to infect the panic grass
E)To make the fungus more susceptible to the virus

Question 72

The species that appear in a climax community usually are short-lived,early maturing,r-selected species that are strong competitors in a stable environment.

Question 73

figure 37.19
What did the scientists conclude from figure 37.19?

A)Plants survived the heat best with virus-infected fungi
B)Plants survived the heat best with virus-free fungi
C)Plants survived the heat best without fungi
D)Plants survived the heat best when infected by the virus
E)Plants survived the heat best when not infected by the virus

Question 74

Lichens and mosses that can grow on and erode rock would be considered pioneer species.

Question 75

figure 37.20
What did the scientists conclude from figure 37.20?

A)Adding the virus back to virus-free fungi decreased plant survival
B)Infecting plants with the virus increased their survival
C)Infecting plants with the virus decreased their survival
D)Infecting the fungus with the virus allowed them to grow in the heat
E)Adding the virus back to virus-free fungi increased plant survival

Question 76

figure 37.19
What is the dependent variable in figure 37.19?

A)Number of plants that could grow at 37°C
B)Number of plants that could grow at 65°C
C)Number of plants that died at 65°C
D)Number of plants that died at 37°C

Question 77

The term abiotic means "nonliving".

Question 78

A plant that can grow in soil temperatures of 65°C is occupying _________.

A)An ecosystem
B)A biome
C)A niche
D)A community
E)A littoral zone

Question 79

Panic grass is a(an)________.

A)Monocot
B)Dicot
C)Algae
D)Seedless plant
E)Bryophyte

Question 80

Energy is constantly being recycled within an ecosystem.