Deck 19: Fungi

Question 1

In fungi a mass of aggregated hyphae is called a:

A)Mycelium
B)Conidia
C)Gill
D)Spore
E)Ascus

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Microscopic reproductive cells produced by most fungi are:

A)Hyphae
B)Fruiting bodies
C)Mycelium
D)Gills
E)Spores

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which of the following is a correct statement?

A)Plants and fungi both carry out photosynthesis
B)Plants and fungi both have cellulose as the main component of their cell walls
C)Glycogen is the main storage carbohydrate in both fungi and plants
D)All are correct
E)Fungi are heterotrophs, but plants are essentially autotrophs

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Yeasts are:

A)Multi-celled autotrophs
B)Single-celled heterotrophs
C)Single-celled autotrophs
D)Multi-celled heterotrophs
E)All are correct

Question 5

Valley fever is caused by:

A)Claviceps purpurea
B)Histoplasma capsulatum
C)Staphylococcus aureus
D)Coccidioides immitis
E)Aspergillus flavus

Question 6

In a fungus aggregated hyphae form a specialized spore producing organs called:

A)Mycelium
B)Fruiting bodies
C)Sporophytes
D)Hyphae
E)Gills

Question 7

The fungi that are referred to as "primitive fungi" are:

A)Ascomycetes
B)Deuteromycetes
C)Chytridiomycetes
D)Zygomycetes
E)Basidiomycetes

Question 8

Fungi called smuts and rusts:

A)Are Ascomycetes
B)Damage cereal crops
C)Both are Ascomycetes and damage cereal crops are correct
D)Both are basidiomycetes and damage cereal crops are correct
E)Are Basidiomycetes

Question 9

Zygospores are formed when two haploid hyphae fuse.Zygospores are which of the following?

A)Haploid
B)Dikaryotic
C)Diploid
D)Asexual
E)Sterile

Question 10

Fungi that can live only in mycorrhizal association with roots of plants may be placed into a phylum named:

A)Glomeromycota
B)Deuteromycota
C)Ascomycota
D)Rootomycota
E)Symbiomycota

Question 11

Fungi are classified into phyla based on which characteristic?

A)Organelles
B)Composition of cell wall
C)Photosynthesis
D)Sexual structures
E)Multicellular vs. unicellular

Question 12

In the ecosystems of the world fungi act primarily as:

A)Decomposers
B)Producers
C)Primary consumers
D)Secondary consumers
E)Detritovores

Question 13

Associations of fungi and plant roots are called:

A)Rhizoids
B)Mycorrhizae
C)Lichens
D)Root forks
E)Gnetophytes

Question 14

The main storage carbohydrate in fungi is:

A)Glycogen
B)Glucose
C)Starch
D)Cellulose
E)Chitin

Question 15

The individual microscopic filaments that make up most of a multicellular fungus are:

A)Hyphae
B)Spores
C)Fruiting bodies
D)Gills
E)Chitin

Question 16

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is commonly referred to as:

A)An antibiotic producer
B)The "death angel"
C)The "false morel"
D)The bread yeast
E)The common bread mold

Question 17

A disease-causing fungus found in bird droppings is called:

A)Claviceps purpurea
B)Staphylococcus aureus
C)Histoplasma capsulatum
D)Coccidioides immitis
E)Aspergillus flavus

Question 18

A plant disease called ergot is caused by:

A)Claviceps purpurea
B)Histoplasma capsulatum
C)Staphylococcus aureus
D)Coccidioides immitis
E)Aspergillus flavus

Question 19

Fungi and animals are similar in that they both:

A)Are phototrophs
B)Have cell walls made of chitin
C)Are heterotrophs
D)Use starch as their main storage carbohydrate
E)Are decomposers

Question 20

The carcinogen aflatoxin is produced by:

A)Claviceps purpurea
B)Histoplasma capsulatum
C)Staphylococcus aureus
D)Coccidioides immitis
E)Aspergillus flavus

Question 21

Which is the best description of the mutual benefit to both species found in a lichen?

A)The autotroph provides energy and the heterotroph prevents dehydration
B)The autotroph prevents dehydration and the heterotroph provides energy
C)The autotroph produces oxygen and the heterotroph consumes oxygen
D)The heterotroph protects the autotroph from predation
E)The autotroph produces antibiotics to ward off infection by bacteria

Question 22

The organization of the spores would make Neurospora crassa useful for studying which biological process?

A)One gene/one enzyme
B)Crossing over during meiosis
C)Circadian rhythms
D)Gene regulation
E)Asexual reproduction

Question 23

Chytridiomycetes produce enzymes that digest cellulose,chitin,and similar molecules.These fungi are contributing to the decline of amphibians world-wide through what mechanism?

A)By infecting their lungs
B)By digesting keratin in the frog's skin
C)By killing their eggs in the water
D)By digesting chitin in the cell wall of the frog's cells
E)By digesting cellulose in the cell wall of the frog's cells

Question 24

Ascomycetes are the largest group of fungi.When their haploid hyphae fuse without fusion of their nuclei,the resulting cells are which of the following?

A)Diploid
B)Haploid
C)Dikaryotic
D)Asexual
E)Sterile

Question 25

Why are lichens a good indicator of environmental quality?

A)They cannot absorb toxins
B)If the air is polluted they cannot get enough sunlight for photosynthesis
C)They cannot excrete absorbed toxins
D)If the soil is polluted they cannot produce roots
E)Toxins inhibit their reproduction

Question 26

About 80% of all land plants,including grasses,shrubs,and trees,form mycorrhizae.Mycorrhizae are which of the following?

A)Mutualistic associations between fungi and plant leaves
B)Parasitic associations between fungi and plant roots
C)Mutualistic associations between fungi and plant roots
D)Parasitic associations between fungi and plant leaves

Question 27

The leaf-cutter ants of Central America use leaves as food to cultivate the basidiomycete Lepiota in special underground chambers.Streptomyces bacteria coat parts of the ants' cuticles and secrete a potent antibiotic that kills an ascomycete that attacks the cultivated fungus.Which of the following does not have cell walls?

A)Lepiota
B)The ant
C)The leaf
D)The ascomycete
E)Streptomyces

Question 28

Which of the following is a difference between how a frog and Chytridiomycetes obtain energy?

A)Frogs ingest their food, while Chytridiomycetes secrete digestive enzymes
B)Chytridiomycetes ingest their food, while frogs secrete digestive enzymes
C)Frogs are heterotrophs, while Chytridiomycetes are phototrophs
D)Chytridiomycetes are heterotrophs, while frogs are phototrophs
E)Frogs are autotrophs, while Chytridiomycetes are phototrophs

Question 29

Based on the structures of the spores of Neurospora crassa,which phyla would it be found in?

A)Ascomycetes
B)Chytridiomycetes
C)Deuteromycetes
D)Zygomycetes
E)Basidiomycetes

Question 30

The leaf-cutter ants of Central America use leaves as food to cultivate the basidiomycete Lepiota in special underground chambers.Streptomyces bacteria coat parts of the ants' cuticles and secrete a potent antibiotic that kills an ascomycete that attacks the cultivated fungus.The relationship between the ants and Lepiota is which of the following?

A)Parasitism
B)Predation
C)Interspecific competition
D)Commensalism
E)Mutualism

Question 31

The leaf-cutter ants of Central America use leaves as food to cultivate the basidiomycete Lepiota in special underground chambers.Streptomyces bacteria coat parts of the ants' cuticles and secrete a potent antibiotic that kills an ascomycete that attacks the cultivated fungus.Lepiota must do which of the following?

A)Secrete enzymes to digest chitin
B)Ingest and break down the leaves
C)Secrete enzymes to digest cellulose
D)Produce antibiotics to kill Streptomyces
E)Produce antibiotics to kill the ascomycete

Question 32

A lichen is made up of which two species?

A)A fungi and a plant
B)A fungi and a bacteria
C)A fungi and an algae
D)An algae and a bacteria
E)An algae and a plant

Question 33

Sometimes if a person takes an antibiotic to treat a bacterial infection,the yeast Candida can grow out of control and cause a vaginal or intestinal infection.What is the best explanation for this observation?

A)The antibiotic causes mutations in the yeast that give the yeast resistance
B)The antibiotic weakens the immune system
C)Antibiotics are often contaminated with Candida yeast
D)There are fewer bacteria present to compete with the yeast
E)Bacteria normally eat yeast

Question 34

Which part of an endophyte penetrates inside of a plant?

A)The hyphae
B)The fruiting body
C)The spore
D)The mycelium
E)The exoenzyme

Question 35

Zygospores are formed by the fusion of two haploid nuclei.They then go through meiosis to form spores.Spores are which of the following?

A)Haploid
B)Diploid
C)Dikaryotic
D)Tetraploid
E)Asexual

Question 36

Endophyte translates to "inside plant" and refers to which of the following?

A)Bacteria that live inside of plants and help protect plants from disease causing organisms
B)Fungi that live inside of plants and produce oxygen for the plant
C)Bacteria that live inside of plants and produce carbon dioxide for the plant
D)Fungi that live inside of plants and help protect plants from disease-causing organisms
E)Protozoans that live within plant cells and kill invading microorganisms

Question 37

Zygospores are formed by the fusion of two haploid nuclei.They then go through meiosis to form spores.Zygospores are which of the following?

A)Dikaryotic
B)Haploid
C)Tetraploid
D)Diploid
E)Asexual

Question 38

Chytridiomycetes produce enzymes that digest cellulose,chitin,and similar molecules.Because of this they are found in the digestive tract of _____.

A)People
B)Frogs
C)Ruminants
D)Plants
E)Lichens

Question 39

The leaf-cutter ants of Central America use leaves as food to cultivate the basidiomycete Lepiota in special underground chambers.Streptomyces bacteria coat parts of the ants' cuticles and secrete a potent antibiotic that kills an ascomycete that attacks the cultivated fungus.Lepiota is most closely related to which of the following?

A)The ant, because it is a multicellular heterotroph
B)The leaf, because it is multicellular and has a cell wall
C)The bacteria, because it secretes digestive enzymes and has a cell wall
D)The leaf, because it is photosynthetic and has a cell wall
E)The bacteria, because it secretes digestive enzymes and is single-celled

Question 40

The fungus Arthrobotrys anchonia,a carnivorous fungus that forms sacs containing eight spores,belongs to the:

A)Basidiomycota
B)Ascomycota
C)Deuteromycota
D)Chytridiomycota
E)Zygomycota

Question 41

A mushroom is a structure that is attached to a much larger organism.

Question 42

An endophyte absorbing nutrients and water from a live cacao leaf is which of the following?

A)A decomposer
B)An autotroph
C)A detritovore
D)A producer
E)A heterotroph

Question 43

Why were some leaves on a cacao plant treated with endophytes and others not?

A)As a control for variation between plants
B)To reduce the number of plants that were needed
C)To reduce the amount of endophyte spores that were needed
D)To keep the Phytophthora from spreading to other plants
E)The endophytes were able to spread from one leaf to another

Question 44

A yeast is a multicellular fungus.

Question 45

Molecular evidence places fungi closer to animals than plants.

Question 46

Ascomycetes are fungi that cause disease and are not beneficial to humans in any way.

Question 47

Unlike the plant cells,fungal cells lack which of the following?

A)Mitochondria
B)Chloroplasts
C)Cell walls
D)Nuclei
E)Cytoplasm

Question 48

Endophyte spores were sprayed on the cacao leaves.Which of the following is true of spores?

A)They undergo meiosis
B)They are only produced by fungi
C)Within fungi, they are only produced by endophytes
D)They are haploid
E)They are not cells

Question 49

Endophytes that colonize a leaf to get "first dibs" on the dead tissue are examples of which of the following?

A)Decomposers
B)Detritovores
C)Herbivores
D)Carnivores
E)Producers

Question 50

figure 19.22
In figure 19.22 what was the dependent variable?

A)The age of the leaf
B)The percent of the leaf area damaged
C)The presence or absence of endophyte spores
D)The presence or absence of the pathogen Phytophthora
E)The percent of the leaf area containing endophytes

Question 51

Win-win relationships,such as the one between the cacao tree and its resident endophyte fungi,are an example of which of the following?

A)Commensalism
B)Competition
C)Mimicry
D)Parasitism
E)Mutualism

Question 52

In figure 19.22,did the age of the leaf at the time of treatment affect the ability of endophytes to protect the plants?

A)No, the mature leaves treated with endophytes had about the same level of damage as young leaves without endophytes
B)Yes, young leaves were more susceptible to damage even in the presence of endophytes
C)No, the endophytes could protect the plants if applied to young or old leaves
D)Yes, the mature leaves treated with endophytes showed the highest level of damage
E)Yes, the young leaves with endophytes had less damage than the mature leaves with endophytes

Question 53

When a haploid spore germinates it goes through mitosis forming hyphae.The resulting hyphae would be which of the following?

A)Diploid
B)Dikaryotic
C)Zygotes
D)Gametes
E)Haploid

Question 54

Mycologists classify fungi into five phyla based on their sexual structures.

Question 55

Fungi that do not have a known sexual phase are placed in the deuteromycete group.

Question 56

Salt and sugar in high enough concentrations retard mold growth by limiting the ability of these organisms to take up water by osmosis.

Question 57

A dikaryotic stage is common in the life cycle of many plants,protozoans,and fungi.

Question 58

Molecular evidence places fungi closer to plants than animals.