Deck 17: Genetics of Immunity

Question 1

The human leukocyte antigen genes are on the

A) short arm of chromosome 6.
B) long arm of chromosome 18.
C) short arm of chromosome 2.
D) long arm of chromosome 6.
E) Y chromosome.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

MHC genes account for about ___ percent of the genetic influence on immunity.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40
E) 50

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The three basic characteristics of adaptive immunity are

A) generality, diversity, and retention.
B) specificity, diversity, and memory.
C) prevention, protections, and memory.
D) antibody production, cytokine secretion, and walling off of infected areas.
E) suppression, activation, and transference.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Plasma cells

A) secrete antibodies.
B) are types of red blood cells.
C) secrete cytokines.
D) divide to give rise to B cells.
E) constitute the clear part of blood.

Question 5

Which type of white blood cell secretes specific antibodies?

A) T cell
B) macrophage
C) B cell
D) neutrophil
E) erythrocyte

Question 6

The human immune system consists of

A) about 10,000 cells that increase rapidly to trillions when an infection takes hold.
B) the heart and blood vessels and the blood cells within the vessels.
C) about 2 trillion cells, their secretions, and the organs where they are produced and stored.
D) all of the bacteria and viruses that are normally present in our bodies plus our blood cells.
E) the thyroid and thymus glands and their cells and secretions.

Question 7

The genes of the HLA system encode cell surface

A) phospholipids.
B) lipoproteins.
C) glycolipids.
D) glycoproteins.
E) histamines.

Question 8

An antigen is

A) any molecule that can elicit an immune response.
B) a protein only.
C) a nucleic acid only.
D) a protein or nucleic acid.
E) a protective protein that the immune system produces.

Question 9

The simplest unit of an antibody consists of

A) a single folded polypeptide chain.
B) 4 polypeptide chains, two large and two small.
C) 2 polypeptide chains, one large and one small.
D) 4 polypeptide chains of about equal size.
E) a triple helix.

Question 10

People do not develop a secondary immune response to influenza because

A) the immune system mutates from season to season.
B) flu vaccines are not always effective.
C) secondary immune responses are only possible against bacteria.
D) the primary immune response is sufficient to protect against flu.
E) the virus mutates, so it is different each season.

Question 11

_______ bonds hold together the polypeptide chains that form an antibody.

A) Disulfide
B) Peptide
C) Hydrogen
D) Phosphodiester
E) Repulsive

Question 12

Antibody diversity is a consequence of

A) rearranging of HLA proteins on B cell surfaces.
B) the huge number of antibody genes.
C) shuffling of antibody genes into different combinations during B cell development.
D) differential regulation of antibody gene expression under different circumstances.
E) the many types of viruses that exist in nature.

Question 13

The differences between innate and adaptive immunity are that

A) adaptive immunity is fast and generalized; innate immunity is slow and specific.
B) innate immunity targets cancers and transplants; adaptive immunity targets viruses and bacteria.
C) innate immunity is fast and generalized; adaptive immunity is slow and specific.
D) adaptive immunity releases cytokines; innate immunity produces antibodies.
E) innate immunity is present in fetuses and children whereas adaptive immunity is only present in adults.

Question 14

All of the following are cytokines except

A) interleukins.
B) interferons.
C) tumor necrosis factor.
D) colony stimulating factors.
E) collectins.

Question 15

Inflammation helps to fight infection by

A) creating an environment in the body that is hostile to pathogens.
B) producing antibodies that kill viruses and bacteria.
C) shrinking tissues at the site of infection.
D) limiting the number of phagocytes at the infection site.
E) producing collectins, cytokines, and complement.

Question 16

The two major types of lymphocytes are

A) T and B cells.
B) A and B cells.
C) cytokines and antibodies.
D) thymus and spleen cells.
E) RBCs and WBCs.

Question 17

The constant region of an antibody molecule is

A) the binding site for antigens.
B) part of the heavy chains only.
C) the same in all antibodies of a certain type.
D) at the tips of light chains only.
E) the binding site for two antigens.

Question 18

Identifying combinations of _______ alleles is useful in tissue typing,establishing identity,and estimating disease risk.

A) HIV
B) CCR5
C) HLA
D) antibody
E) erythrocyte

Question 19

The part of an antigen binding site on an antibody that binds antigen is the

A) idioblast.
B) idiotype.
C) idiot.
D) epitope.
E) intron.

Question 20

A new approach to typing blood is

A) serology.
B) genotyping.
C) gene therapy.
D) stem cell therapy.
E) phenotyping.

Question 21

The protection against a specific infectious disease that arises when all or nearly all of a population is vaccinated is termed

A) immune preparedness.
B) mandatory vaccination.
C) government-controlled health care.
D) herd immunity.
E) socialized medicine.

Question 22

The enzyme __________ allows HIV to make a DNA copy of its RNA genome.

A) reverse transcriptase
B) DNA polymerase
C) RNA polymerase
D) DNA transcriptase
E) DNA ligase

Question 23

The functions of antibodies include

A) causing pieces of antigen genes to form new combinations.
B) activating complement, inactivating pathogens, and clumping pathogens.
C) activating macrophages, stimulating mast cells, and increasing the white blood cell count.
D) creating a warm and swollen area near the site of infection, which harms the pathogens.
E) causing B cells to bind to T cells, forming clumps that are visible to the immune system.

Question 24

HIV destroys the immune system by primarily destroying

A) cytotoxic T cells.
B) B cells.
C) helper T cells.
D) macrophages.
E) erythrocytes.

Question 25

Severe combined immune deficiencies (SCID)affect both

A) humoral and cellular immunity
B) the thymus and thyroid glands.
C) white blood cells and red blood cells.
D) mast cells and macrophages.
E) helper B cells and cytotoxic B cells.

Question 26

People who cannot become infected with HIV have

A) extra T cells.
B) deletions in the genes encoding the CCR5 co-receptor.
C) a gene encoding a protein that attacks the virus.
D) antibodies to HIV.
E) anti-HIV antigens.

Question 27

Infecting people with _______ led to vaccination against smallpox.

A) chickenpox virus
B) swine flu virus
C) cowpox
D) hepatitis C virus
E) measles virus

Question 28

In an allergic reaction,allergens bind _______,which release allergy mediators.

A) IgE antibodies on mast cell surfaces
B) IgG antibodies on B cell surfaces
C) allergy genes on chromosome 5
D) histamines on mast cell surfaces
E) pollen granules

Question 29

Helper T cells secrete

A) cytokines.
B) antibodies.
C) antigens.
D) immunoglobulins.
E) autoantibodies.

Question 30

A woman is given Rhogam to protect future fetuses from hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn if

A) she and the fetus are both Rh^-.
B) she is Rh⁺ and the fetus is Rh^-.
C) she is Rh^- and the father is Rh⁺.
D) she is Rh⁺ and the father is Rh^-.
E) she and the father are both Rh^-.

Question 31

Scleroderma is an autoimmune disorder that can be caused by

A) retained fetal cells with surfaces that are similar to the mother's.
B) retained fetal cells with surfaces that are very different from those of the mother.
C) retained fetal cells with surfaces that are similar to the father's.
D) repeated exposure to the scleroderma virus.
E) receiving a transplant of a vital organ from someone with closely-matched cell surfaces.

Question 32

B cells secrete antibodies when they

A) bind antigens.
B) are engulfed by macrophages.
C) become T cells.
D) are stimulated by activated T cells.
E) undergo apoptosis.

Question 33

An example of an autoimmune disorder is

A) AIDS.
B) hay fever.
C) severe combined immune deficiency.
D) systemic lupus erythematosis.
E) colon cancer.

Question 34

CD antigens are

A) found on B cells, where they determine the antibody types that are made.
B) found on B cells, where they make recognition of self antigens on macrophages possible.
C) found on T cells, which they enable to recognized foreign antigens on macrophages.
D) found on macrophages, which they enable to link with both B and T cells.
E) found on bacteria that cause infection, enabling the immune system to recognize them.

Question 35

Antibody production begins

A) in a fetus as its bone marrow develops.
B) in a fetus in response to maternal antigens.
C) immediately after birth.
D) after birth, a few months after exposure to foreign antigens.
E) at the embryo stage.

Question 36

Cytotoxic T cells target

A) cancer cells and virally infected cells.
B) skin cells and blood cells.
C) bacterial cells and fungal cells.
D) B cells and macrophages.
E) antigens and antibodies.

Question 37

One way an autoimmune disorder can arise is if

A) the person encounters an immunodeficiency virus.
B) the person inhales an allergen.
C) a nonself antigen coincidentally resembles a self antigen.
D) too many T cells die in the thymus.
E) a person has too many organ transplants.

Question 38

A vaccine protects by stimulating a person to produce a(n)________ response when the pathogen is encountered.

A) primary immune
B) secondary immune
C) tertiary immune
D) inflammatory
E) anaphylactic

Question 39

Monoclonal antibodies are produced by fusing a

A) B cell and a cancer cell.
B) B cell and a T cell.
C) human spleen cell and a sheep B cell.
D) mast cell and a macrophage.
E) T cell and a plasma cell.

Question 40

In a less severe form of combined immune deficiency,the individual

A) has normal numbers of T and B cells.
B) makes antibodies that attack the body's own tissues.
C) has no white blood cells.
D) has some T cells but lacks B cells.
E) lacks both T and A B cells.

Question 41

"Monoclonal" means that

A) antibodies come from a twin.
B) antibodies are identical.
C) cancer cells are all of one type.
D) antigens are from a single source.
E) fused cells are from the same species.

Question 42

In reverse vaccinology,researchers develop vaccines by

A) considering how rapidly pathogens divide in laboratory culture.
B) culturing pathogens in laboratory glassware.
C) targeting genes of pathogens that cannot be cultured.
D) exposing pathogens to panels of antibiotic drugs to select those that work.
E) injecting human antigens into pathogen genomes.

Question 43

Crowd diseases arise when

A) a formerly isolated population is exposed to pathogens that only affect non human animals.
B) a formerly isolated population is exposed to pathogens that have been in other human populations for so long that the people there are immune.
C) too many people crowd an area and sneeze uncontrollably on each other.
D) people refuse to have their children vaccinated.
E) members of isolated populations visit crowded areas, bringing unfamiliar infectious diseases.

Question 44

Interleukin-2 is used as a drug to activate

A) T cells.
B) B cells.
C) macrophages.
D) mast cells.
E) erythrocytes.

Question 45

Heart valve replacement in humans using a pig valve is an example of a(n)

A) autograft.
B) isograft.
C) allograft.
D) xenograft.
E) unmatched recipient.

Question 46

In an allograft,the tissue donor is

A) the recipient.
B) a non-relative.
C) a dizygotic twin.
D) a member of a different species.
E) a monozygotic twin.