Deck 3: Perception and Learning in Organizations

Question 1

Stereotyping is an extension of the social identity process.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Social identity theory states that we define ourselves in terms of our differences with people who belong to other social categories.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The three steps in stereotyping,in order,are: (a)identify negative information,(b)behave in ways consistent with previous expectations and (c)watch the employee form a positive or negative opinion of you.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Social identity theory includes the processes of categorization and attribution.

Question 5

A person's social identity is a complex combination of his or her memberships in many groups.

Question 6

Social identity theory states that the observer's expectation of others causes the observed person to act in ways consistent with the observer's expectations.

Question 7

Social identity theory explains why we see unique characteristics in everyone else but not in ourselves.

Question 8

We are more likely to notice objects with features that are repetitive,intense and in motion.

Question 9

A person's expectations make them more sensitive to incoming information,but also less sensitive to unexpected information.

Question 10

Employees can break out of their existing mental models by working with colleagues from diverse backgrounds who bring different mental models to the workplace.

Question 11

Seeing a trend in a sequence of sales figures involves the process of categorical thinking.

Question 12

Grouping people and objects into recognizable patterns is part of the selective attention process.

Question 13

Mental models that give us a rich understanding of one environment may cause us to screen out or ineffectively organize information in another environment.

Question 14

The perceptual process begins by attributing behavior to internal or external causes.

Question 15

Selective attention occurs after incoming information is organized and interpreted.

Question 16

According to social identity theory,we tend to see unique characteristics in every person who is different from us.

Question 17

Social identity theory explains how we perceive others as well as ourselves ourselves.

Question 18

Categorical thinking is mostly a conscious process of deciding what information in the environment to notice.

Question 19

Homogenisation and differentiation are two processes in social identity theory.

Question 20

Our emotions influence what we recognize or screen out.

Question 21

People tend to make an internal attribution about someone's behavior if that person has rarely acted like this either in the past or in other situations.

Question 22

People who believe that their successful completion of a project is due to their skill and hard work are making an internal attribution.

Question 23

Stereotyping is partly responsible for prejudice and discrimination.

Question 24

Self-serving bias is the tendency to take credit for our successes and blame others or the situation for our mistakes.

Question 25

Interacting with people from other backgrounds is more likely to minimize stereotyping when these people have equal status with you throughout the interaction.

Question 26

Fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency to attribute the behavior of other people to internal factors more than external factors.

Question 27

The easiest way to minimize stereotyping is by preventing the activation of stereotypes in our heads.

Question 28

Diversity awareness programs mainly educate employees about the value of diversity and the problems with stereotyping.

Question 29

Employee satisfaction with work accomplishments is influenced to a large degree by whether they take credit for those accomplishments or attribute the success to external causes.

Question 30

Meaningful interaction stops the stereotyping process as well as minimizes the application of stereotyping information to decisions and actions.

Question 31

The contact hypothesis states that the more individuals interact with one another,the less they rely on stereotypes to perceive each other.

Question 32

Fundamental attribution error would cause a supervisor to believe that an employee's lateness is due to factors beyond the employee's control rather than to a lack of motivation to attend work.

Question 33

Stereotyping is a natural process that helps us to economize mental effort.

Question 34

One problem with stereotyping is that few traits assigned to a particular social category accurately describe every person identified with that group.

Question 35

You are more likely to make an internal attribution about someone's poor performance if you have also observed the person performing that task poorly in the past and have observed other employees performing the task well.

Question 36

Attribution theory mainly explains the selective attention process.

Question 37

Self-fulfilling prophecy occurs whenever supervisors accurately predict the future performance of recently hired employees.

Question 38

When making an internal or external attribution about a person's behavior,we tend to look at whether the person has acted this way in the past and other situations,and whether other people act similarly in this situation.

Question 39

Diversity awareness programs are designed specifically to correct deep-rooted prejudice and intolerance in the workplace.

Question 40

The more we interact with someone,the more we rely on stereotypes to understand that individual.

Question 41

The only way to know whether an employee has learned something is if there is a relatively permanent change in the employee's behavior.

Question 42

The recency effect occurs when a person's annual performance evaluation is heavily influenced by performance results over the last month.

Question 43

The first step in self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when the observer acts differently towards people with whom he or she has high expectations than towards those with whom he or she has low expectations.

Question 44

The main objective of the Johari Window process is to maintain the same amount of information about yourself in each of the four quadrants.

Question 45

According to the halo effect,a supervisor's initial expectations of you influence your behavior so that you are more likely to act consistently with those expectations.

Question 46

People who learn to empathize with others are less likely to engage in attribution errors.

Question 47

Primacy and recency effects are two attribution errors.

Question 48

The Johari Window is a training program that teaches employees how to change their personality.

Question 49

The halo effect occurs when one characteristic of a person shapes our general impression of that person which,in turn,biases our perceptions about the other characteristics of that person.

Question 50

When demonstrating how to perform a task,you are transferring explicit knowledge (rather than tacit knowledge).

Question 51

Self-fulfilling prophecy tends to have a stronger effect on employees who are new to the job than on employees who have worked in that job for a few years.

Question 52

Tacit knowledge is best learned through formal classroom instruction.

Question 53

People transfer explicit knowledge when they have to show you how to perform a task because they are unable to describe the information clearly enough.

Question 54

According to the Johari Window,the hidden area is reduced through disclosure.

Question 55

The primacy effect causes interviewers to ignore information presented at the beginning of the interview and to pay more attention to information presented later in the interview.

Question 56

Learning influences an employee's motivation,role perceptions and ability.

Question 57

The primacy effect occurs because we have a strong need to quickly make sense of other people.

Question 58

Self-fulfilling prophecy may result in either better or worse performance than if the employee is not exposed to self-fulfilling prophecy effect.

Question 59

One of the most effective ways to minimize negative self-fulfilling prophecy is to make managers aware of the power of positive expectations.

Question 60

The four areas of the Johari Window are open,closed,internal and external.

Question 61

One problem with experiential learning is that it captures explicit knowledge,but overlooks tacit knowledge.

Question 62

Tacit knowledge is mainly learned through observation and experience.

Question 63

Companies with a strong learning orientation warn employees that mistakes will not be tolerated.

Question 64

Action learning is a form experiential learning whereby employees are involved in a real,complex and stressful problem.

Question 65

Research has concluded that punishment and negative reinforcement should never be used in organizational settings.

Question 66

Kolb's experiential learning model is an eight-stage process where people first learn explicit and later tacit knowledge.

Question 67

According to social learning theory,people can reinforce their own behavior.

Question 68

Behavior modification is an effective strategy for helping employees to improve their decision making and other conceptual activities.

Question 69

In behavior modification,antecedents refer to environmental cues,informing employees that certain behaviors will have particular consequences.

Question 70

One problem with behavior modification programs is that some employees view the variable ratio schedule of reinforcement as a form of gambling,like a lottery.

Question 71

Negative reinforcement occurs when the introduction of a consequence increases or maintains the frequency or future probability of a behavior.

Question 72

Behavior modification emphasizes human thoughts rather than the environment as the source of all learning.

Question 73

Punishment decreases the frequency of future behavior whereas negative reinforcement increases or maintains the frequency of future behavior.

Question 74

The fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement produces more rapid learning than any other reinforcement schedule.

Question 75

Reflective observation and abstract conceptualization are two stages in Kolb's experiential learning model.

Question 76

If you praise an employee every time after he or she has performed the job well,then extinction of the desired behaviors is less likely to occur after you stop giving any more praise.

Question 77

According to behavior modification theory,people learn to anticipate consequences mainly by observing the experiences of other people.

Question 78

Action learning typically includes learning meetings in which participants reflect on their observations about that problem or opportunity

Question 79

Continuous reinforcement provides the most rapid learning of the targeted behavior.

Question 80

The main problem with behavioral modelling is that it transfers explicit knowledge,but not tacit knowledge.