Deck 15: Evolution and Diversity of Microbial Life

Question 1

Clays often have positively-charged surfaces.How may this have been important in the formation of organic macromolecules?

A)They are a source of ATP to run chemical reactions.
B)They form covalent bonds with organic building blocks.
C)They can form templates by binding organic building blocks.
D)They are a source of oxygen to break down organic building blocks.
E)They are formed from meteorites that carried organic molecules to Earth.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Clues from geology and paleontology suggest that simple cells or their precursors arose about

A)six billion years ago.
B)six million years ago.
C)four billion years ago.
D)four million years ago.
E)one million years ago.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is not a similarity supporting the endosymbiont theory?

A)similarity in the DNA of mitochondria and prokaryotes
B)similarity in the nucleus of prokaryotes and mitochondria
C)similarity in the RNA of mitochondria and prokaryotes
D)similarity in the ribosomes of mitochondria and prokaryotes
E)All answers support the endosymbiont theory.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Mitochondria arose by endosymbiosis of ______.

A)an anaerobic bacterium
B)a photosynthetic bacterium
C)an aerobic bacterium
D)an aerobic archaeon
E)a photosynthetic archaeon

Question 5

Mitochondria evolved before chloroplasts based on which observation?

A)Mitochondria produced the oxygen found in the atmosphere.
B)Almost all organisms have mitochondria.
C)All eukaryotes have mitochondria,but not chloroplasts.
D)All prokaryotes have mitochondria,but not chloroplasts.
E)Mitochondria are larger than chloroplasts.

Question 6

The first multicellular organisms probably arose about

A)1.2 billion years ago.
B)500 million years ago.
C)two billion years ago.
D)3.5 billion years ago.
E)six billion years ago.

Question 7

What did Stanley Miller's simulation of Earth's early conditions produce?

A)living cells
B)amino acids
C)plants
D)DNA molecules
E)RNA molecules

Question 8

How is the ability of phospholipids to spontaneously form membranes when placed in water important in the origin of life on Earth?

A)Membranes are used by cells to catalyze reactions.
B)Membranes are used by cells to store genetic information.
C)Membranes protect a cell from high temperatures and pressures in the environment.
D)Membranes are used by cells to isolate their contents from the environment.
E)Membranes protect a cell from gases in the atmosphere

Question 9

Why do scientists hypothesize that RNA was the first form of genetic material?

A)All answers are correct.
B)RNA can catalyze reactions.
C)RNA can store genetic information.
D)RNA can self-replicate.
E)RNA can use genetic information to make proteins.

Question 10

The early report that Stanley Miller had created "Life in a Test Tube" in his experiment to re-create chemical conditions on Earth before life arose was correct.

Question 11

Evidence supporting the idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts in present-day cells originated as independent organisms includes

A)similarities in DNA sequences between mitochondrial and bacterial genomes.
B)similarities in size and shape between mitochondria and some prokaryotes.
C)similarity between photosynthetic pigments in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria.
D)similarity in the way mitochondria,chloroplasts,and prokaryotes reproduce.
E)All answers are correct

Question 12

Which theory explains the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria?

A)the theory of evolution
B)the theory of natural selection
C)the geologic time theory
D)the cell theory
E)the endosymbiont theory

Question 13

How did multicellular organisms evolve from unicellular organisms?

A)Single-celled organisms joined together,or failed to separate after cell division.
B)Single-celled organisms joined together only.
C)Single-celled organisms failed to separate after cell division only.
D)Single-celled organisms joined together,or absorbed other species by endosymbiosis.
E)One species absorbed another species by endosymbiosis only.

Question 14

The "endosymbiont theory" states that eukaryotic cells work together to form a multicellular organism.

Question 15

The Russian chemist Oparin suggested that for organic molecules to form on Earth,the atmosphere was probably rich in all of these EXCEPT

A)oxygen.
B)water.
C)ammonia.
D)methane.
E)hydrogen.

Question 16

The first cells probably arose about

A)500 million years ago.
B)1.2 billion years ago.
C)two billion years ago.
D)six billion years ago.
E)four billion years ago.

Question 17

Photosynthesis probably originated during the __________ eon and most likely used _____________ as an electron donor.

A)Proterozoic,water
B)Archean,water
C)Archean,hydrogen sulfide
D)Proterozoic,hydrogen sulfide
E)Paleozoic,water

Question 18

The endoplasmic reticulum,Golgi body,and other membranous organelles of cells might have formed by numerous infoldings of the cell's outer membrane.

Question 19

Chloroplasts arose by endosymbiosis of ______.

A)an aerobic bacterium
B)a photosynthetic bacterium
C)an anaerobic bacterium
D)an aerobic archaeon
E)a photosynthetic archaeon

Question 20

Eukaryotes probably originated about

A)four billion years ago.
B)two billion years ago.
C)four million years ago.
D)three billion years ago.
E)three million years ago.

Question 21

A prokaryote that occupies a habitat that is extremely salty is a(an)

A)thermophile.
B)acidophile.
C)halophile.
D)basophile.
E)hydrophilE.

Question 22

The domain (domains)that contain prokaryotes is (are)

A)ArchaeA.
B)Bacteria.
C)both Archaea and Bacteria.
D)Eukarya.
E)both Bacteria and Eukarya.

Question 23

The rigid barrier that surrounds most prokaryotes is the

A)cell membrane.
B)flagellum.
C)ribosome.
D)cell wall.
E)cytoplasm.

Question 24

The three most common shapes of bacteria are

A)spirillum,endospore,and peptidoglycan.
B)bacillus,spirillum,and coccus.
C)cubical,spiral,and thread-like.
D)spirillum,nucleiod,and peptidoglycan.
E)cubical,spherical,and rod-shaped.

Question 25

A prokaryote that occupies a habitat consisting of a low pH is a(an)

A)thermophile.
B)halophile.
C)basophile.
D)acidophile.
E)hydrophilE.

Question 26

DNA that is separate and apart from the chromosome in a prokaryote is a(n)

A)ribosome.
B)endospore.
C)nucleus.
D)nucleoiD.
E)plasmid.

Question 27

A prokaryote that occupies a habitat that is characterized by extreme heat (above 50 degrees Celsius)is a(an)

A)thermophile.
B)acidophile.
C)halophile.
D)basophile.
E)hydrophilE.

Question 28

Clostridium tetani,the bacterium that causes tetanus,can survive in soil for up to 40 years.It is most likely in which of the following structures?

A)a cell membrane
B)a nucleus
C)a cell wall
D)a pilus
E)an endospore

Question 29

The structures of prokaryotes that are used to transfer DNA from one cell to another are

A)sex pili.
B)flagella.
C)endospores.
D)calcium carbonate threads.
E)cilia.

Question 30

Streptomyces are aerobic soil bacteria that produce over two-thirds of our antibiotics of natural origin.These antibiotics should also be effective in killing Streptomyces.

Question 31

Dormant thick-walled structures that allow some bacteria to survive harsh conditions are

A)plasmids.
B)pili.
C)ribosomes.
D)flagella.
E)endospores.

Question 32

The primary component making up the cell walls of bacteria is

A)peptidoglycan.
B)glucose.
C)All answers are correct.
D)cellulose.
E)chitin.

Question 33

Which of the following is true of prokaryotes?

A)Prokaryotes have a nucleus.
B)Prokaryotes are single-celled.
C)Prokaryotes do not have a chromosome.
D)Prokaryotes have membrane-bounded organelles.
E)Prokaryotes do not have ribosomes.

Question 34

The structure that aids in locomotion of some bacteria is a

A)pilus.
B)flagellum.
C)cell wall.
D)cilium.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 35

The region of a prokaryotic cell where the bacterial chromosome (DNA)is located in the

A)cell membrane.
B)nucleus.
C)cell wall.
D)nucleoiD.
E)ribosomE.

Question 36

Vibrio cholera is the cause of cholera,and has a single flagellum from one end like a tail.A characteristic of this organism is

A)an ability to avoid ingestion by cells in the immune system.
B)an ability to induce a large antibody response.
C)an ability to move in the direction opposite the flagellum.
D)an ability to transmit DNA to other bacteria.
E)an ability to attach to cells in the host organism's intestines.

Question 37

Escherichia coli and Salmonella can remain in one location in our intestines.They would most likely contain which of the following?

A)pili
B)flagella
C)cilia
D)nuclei
E)mitochondria

Question 38

The structure that assembles proteins in the prokaryote is the

A)plasmid.
B)ribosome.
C)cell membrane.
D)endospore.
E)nucleoid.

Question 39

Escherichia coli and Salmonella can live in our intestines in the presence or absence of oxygen.They are considered

A)obligate anaerobes.
B)phototrophs.
C)facultative anaerobes.
D)autotrophs.
E)aerobic.

Question 40

Chloroplasts and mitochondria have small,circular chromosomes,which supports the endosymbiont theory that they arose from which of the following?

A)viruses
B)other eukaryotic cells
C)bacteria
D)naked DNA
E)protists

Question 41

Many drugs are produced by placing human genes into bacteria.The bacteria then transcribe and translate these genes into functional human proteins that can then be purified and given as drugs.The fact that this process works is consistent with which hypothesis?

A)Bacteria have evolved to mimic human cells.
B)Bacteria cannot divide unless they are inside a host cell.
C)Humans and bacteria share a common ancestor.
D)Bacteria need to make human proteins to live inside the human body.
E)Humans and bacteria use different genetic material.

Question 42

Streptomyces are obligate aerobic soil bacteria that infect may root plants,causing scabs on their surfaces.You would expect to find more Streptomyces near the surface of the soil.

Question 43

Protists can be heterotrophs.

Question 44

Most bacteria inside and on the human body cause disease.

Question 45

An organism to which oxygen is toxic is an obligate anaerobe.

Question 46

Mitochondria in algae are thought to have arisen from which source?

A)cyanobacteria
B)anaerobic bacteria
C)photosynthetic viruses
D)aerobic bacteria
E)Algae lack mitochondria.

Question 47

All protists

A)are prokaryotes.
B)lack a nucleus.
C)lack membrane-bounded organelles.
D)are eukaryotes.
E)are multicellular.

Question 48

Based on the endosymbiont theory,which of the following would you expect to find in a chloroplast?

A)cellulose
B)a nucleus
C)silica
D)DNA
E)a mitochondrion

Question 49

Autotrophs must acquire carbon from organic molecules produced from other organisms.

Question 50

Many prokaryotes play vital roles in global nutrient cycles.

Question 51

Heterotrophs must acquire carbon from organic molecules produced from other organisms.

Question 52

DNA sequence evidence suggests that plants,fungi,and animals arose from different lineages of unicellular protists.This suggests which of the following?

A)Protists evolved before the other three kingdoms.
B)Early ancestors to plants,fungi,and animals could interbreed.
C)Multicellular organisms arose only once in evolutionary history.
D)All unicellular organisms are now extinct.
E)The animal,plant,and fungal kingdoms contain some single celled organisms.

Question 53

All protists are single-celled.

Question 54

Antibiotics usually are not dangerous to use in treating bacterial infections because most antibiotics exploit structures and functions in bacteria that are not present in host cells.

Question 55

Infections by Heliobacter pylori cause 90% of peptic ulcers in the U.S.These bacteria have pili that are expressed in acidic conditions.A characteristic of this organism is

A)an ability to attach to cells in the host organism's stomach.
B)an ability to move in the direction opposite the pili.
C)an ability to avoid ingestion by cells in the immune system.
D)an ability to induce a large antibody response.
E)an ability to enter the blood stream.

Question 56

Cyanobacteria are phototrophic.Which of the following would they also be considered?

A)heterotrophic
B)autotrophic
C)chemotrophic
D)obligate anaerobes
E)aerobic

Question 57

Chloroplasts in algae probably arose from which source?

A)cyanobacteria
B)aerobic bacteria
C)anaerobic bacteria
D)photosynthetic viruses
E)aerobic fungi

Question 58

Pili are bacterial structures used primarily for motility.

Question 59

Prokaryotes lack which of the following?

A)a nucleus
B)RNA
C)DNA
D)a cell membrane
E)a cell wall

Question 60

Because archaea were first found in environments that lacked oxygen or were very hot,acidic,or salty,they were nicknamed "extremophiles."

Question 61

Protists can be autotrophs.

Question 62

The largest algae are

A)kelp.
B)diatoms.
C)red algae.
D)golden algae.
E)green algaE.

Question 63

Some protozoa move using false feet called

A)flagellA.
B)pseudopodia.
C)cilia.
D)antennae.
E)spikes.

Question 64

Where in a diatom would you find its yellowish photosynthetic pigment?

A)in the plasma membrane
B)in the cytoplasm
C)in the cell wall
D)in the nucleus
E)in chloroplasts

Question 65

A jellylike substance produced by red algae and used as a culture medium for microorganisms is

A)red ooze.
B)All answers are correct.
C)gelatin.
D)agar.
E)algin.

Question 66

Chlamydomonas is unicellular and photosynthetic.Chlamydomonas is which of the following?

A)a slime mold
B)an apicomplexan
C)an amoeba
D)a protozoan
E)a green alga

Question 67

Water molds are unlike fungi in that water molds have cell walls containing cellulose,whereas fungi have cell walls containing chitin.

Question 68

Malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum,a non-motile protist that contains a cluster of microtubules at one end of the cell.Once injected into the bloodstream,these microtubules are used to attach to red blood cells.In areas of the world where malaria is endemic,people have a relatively high incidence of the allele for

A)sickle cell.
B)blue eyes.
C)cystic fibrosis.
D)mental retardation.
E)hemophilia.

Question 69

A substance produced by brown algae that is used as an emulsifying and thickening agent in many foods and other products is

A)agar.
B)red ooze.
C)gelatin.
D)carageenan.
E)algin.

Question 70

Which protists produce much of the Earth's oxygen?

A)amoeba
B)slime molds
C)algae
D)protozoa
E)radiolarians

Question 71

A dinoflagellate has two flagella.

Question 72

Slime molds may exist as either single amoeboid cells or large masses of cells that behave as one multicellular organism.

Question 73

Silica walls are characteristic of

A)diatoms.
B)euglenoids.
C)red algae.
D)brown algae.
E)slime molds.

Question 74

Dictyostelium discoideum straddles the boundary between unicellular and multicellular.Its feeding phase consists of individual amoeba-like cells that move independently,feeding on bacteria.When the food runs out,cells begin to aggregate into a multicelled structure.The cells differentiate into a base,stalk,and spores;only the spores survive to colonize a new habitat.What is the advantage of forming spores?

A)The spores will eat the other cells.
B)The spores are photosynthetic.
C)Spores are smaller and can be transported to new habitats.
D)Spores can mate with other species.
E)Spores have flagella and can swim to new habitats.

Question 75

Diatoms and brown algae contain yellowish photosynthetic pigments.

Question 76

The Irish potato famine in the mid 1840s was caused by which heterotrophic protist decomposer that secreted digestive enzymes onto potatoes?

A)a water mold
B)a red alga
C)a dinoflagellate
D)a protozoan
E)a fungus

Question 77

Cytoplasmic extensions by which some protozoa move are

A)ciliA.
B)flagella.
C)pseudopodia.
D)All answers are correct.
E)pili.

Question 78

Dictyostelium discoideum straddles the boundary between unicellular and multicellular.Its feeding phase consists of individual amoeba-like cells that move independently,feeding on bacteria.When the food runs out,cells begin to aggregate into a multicelled structure.The cells differentiate into a base,stalk,and spores;only the spores survive to colonize a new habitat.Dictyostelium discoideum is which of the following?

A)a protozoan
B)an apicomplexan
C)an alga
D)a diatom
E)a slime mold

Question 79

Dictyostelium discoideum straddles the boundary between unicellular and multicellular.Its feeding phase consists of individual amoeba-like cells that move independently,feeding on bacteria.When the food runs out,cells begin to aggregate into a multicelled structure.The cells differentiate into a base,stalk,and spores;only the spores survive to colonize a new habitat.Dictyostelium discoideum is which of the following?

A)an autotroph
B)a heterotroph and autotroph
C)a heterotroph
D)a detritovore
E)a heterotroph and detritovore

Question 80

Euglena and dinoflagellates have chloroplasts and flagella.This means they are which of the following?

A)photosynthetic only
B)mobile only
C)multicellular only
D)both photosynthetic and mobile
E)both multicellular and mobile