Deck 13: Evidence of Evolution

Question 1

Fossils may be

A)from impressions left after an organism decays.
B)formed as organic matter is replaced by minerals,turning to stone.
C)formed when plant resin or tar preserves the specimen.
D)casts from footprints that have filled with mud and then turned to stone.
E)All answers are correct.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

If a structure has no apparent function in one species,yet is homologous to a functional organ in another species,this structure is termed

A)analogous.
B)homologous.
C)homeotiC.
D)vestigial.
E)heterologous.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

A gene that when mutated leads to organisms with structures in abnormal places is termed

A)parsimonious.
B)homeotic.
C)homologous.
D)vestigial.
E)dominant.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A fossil is defined as any evidence of an organism from

A)at least 500 years ago.
B)at least 1000 years ago.
C)at least 25,000 years ago.
D)at least 10,000 years ago.
E)at least 100,000 years ago.

Question 5

Absolute dating uses ______ to estimate how old a fossil is.

A)depth within rock layers
B)radioactive isotopes
C)a molecular clock
D)structural features
E)embryonic structures

Question 6

Relative dating uses ______ to estimate how old a fossil is.

A)radioactive isotopes
B)a molecular clock
C)structural features
D)depth within rock layers
E)embryonic structures

Question 7

If similarities between two structures in different organisms reflect common ancestry,these structures are

A)vestigial.
B)analogous.
C)homologous.
D)homeotic.
E)heterologous.

Question 8

Which of the following is most likely to be preserved as a fossil?

A)a leaf or stem
B)a bone or shell
C)an organ like an eye or lung
D)a complete large organism
E)an organism that died on land

Question 9

Potassium-40 is useful in determining the age of a fossil

A)in samples less than 25,000 years of age.
B)in samples of 40,000 to 50,000 years of age.
C)in samples 300,000 years of age and older.
D)in samples aged between 50,000 and 100,000 years of age.
E)in samples aged between 100,000 years and 250,000 years.

Question 10

If similarities between two structures in different organisms reflect independent evolution,these structures are

A)analogous.
B)vestigial.
C)homologous.
D)homeotic.
E)heterologous.

Question 11

If an isotope's half-life is 100 years,then

A)that isotope will no longer exist in 50 years.
B)that isotope will no longer exist in 200 years.
C)in 50 years only half of the atoms in a sample of that isotope will remain.
D)in 100 years only half of the atoms in a sample of that isotope will remain.
E)in 200 years only half of the atoms in a sample of that isotope will remain

Question 12

Earth once consisted of a single large landmass and one ocean.The landmass is named

A)PanthalassA.
B)Pangaea.
C)Laurasia.
D)Gondwana.
E)Ultima Continenta.

Question 13

Which of the following is least likely to be preserved as a fossil?

A)a bone or shell
B)a leaf or stem
C)an organ like an eye or lung
D)a complete large organism
E)an organism that died on land

Question 14

Carbon-14 is useful in determining the age of a fossil up to about

A)40,000 years ago.
B)10,000 years ago.
C)20,000 years ago.
D)50,000 years ago.
E)100,000 years ago.

Question 15

The sequence of eras beginning with the earliest era and proceeding forward to the most recent era in the geologic time scale is

A)Archean - Mesozoic - Cenozoic.
B)Cenozoic - Archean - Mesozoic.
C)Archean - Paleozoic - ProterozoiC.
D)Mesozoic - Cenozoic - Paleozoic.
E)Paleozoic - Mesozoic - Cenozoic.

Question 16

The Cretaceous and Jurassic periods are part of the

A)Mesozoic erA.
B)Archean era.
C)Proterozoic era.
D)Cenozoic era.
E)Paleozoic era.

Question 17

Marsupials are mammals that

A)lay eggs.
B)do not give live birth.
C)have evolved recently.
D)carry their young in a pouch.
E)breathe through gills.

Question 18

The half life of ¹⁴C is 5,730 years.If you test a fossilized bone and find that it has 1/8^th the ¹⁴C as a modern bone,you could conclude that it is approximately __ years old.

A)5,730 x 2 = 11,460
B)5,730 x 1 = 5,730
C)5,730 x 8 = 42,960
D)5,730 / 8 = 716
E)5,730 x 3 = 17,190

Question 19

The half life of ¹⁴C is 5,730 years.11,460 years after an organism dies what percent of the initial ¹⁴C will still be present in the organism bones?

A)50%
B)25%
C)75%
D)100%
E)0%

Question 20

The abundant remains of ammonites in Oklahoma indicate

A)that Oklahoma was in the past a vast desert with almost no rainfall.
B)that Oklahoma was in the past part of a mountain range that has now eroded.
C)that Oklahoma was in the past covered by a shallow ocean.
D)that Oklahoma was part of a vast tropical forest.
E)that Oklahoma was always a grassland.

Question 21

If many human genes differ in about 10% of their bases from another species' same genes and substitutions occur at an estimated rate of 2% per one million years then

A)approximately 5 million years have passed since the two species diverged.
B)approximately 3 million years have passed since the two species diverged.
C)approximately 10 million years have passed since the two species diverged.
D)approximately 20 million years have passed since the two species divergeD.
E)approximately 200,000 years have passed since the two species diverged.

Question 22

The fossil record is often incomplete,simply because scientists will never be able to discover some of the fossils that are buried deep in the earth.

Question 23

Within the country of Indonesia,the island of Sumatra has tigers and rhinos,while to the East,the island of Sulawesi has cockatoos and tree kangaroos.What is the best explanation for this observation?

A)The climates on the two islands are very different,allowing some species to survive,and others not.
B)Some species can migrate between islands and others cannot.
C)Animals in Sumatra evolved independently,while those in Sulawesi came from Australia.
D)Animals in Sumatra came from Asia,while those in Sulawesi came from Australia.
E)Animals in Sumatra and Sulawesi both came from Asia,but those in Sulawesi migrated farther.

Question 24

In a fruit fly embryo,the homeotic gene Antp determines where legs grow.When the promoter of Antp is mutated,flies grow legs from their head instead of antennae.In this mutation

A)Antp must be turned off in the body.
B)the Antp protein is no longer functional.
C)antennae grow where the legs would normally be found.
D)Antp must be turned on in the heaD.
E)Antp is turned off in the head.

Question 25

Amphibians,birds,and mammals look the most similar as _____.

A)newborns
B)embryos
C)adults
D)fossils
E)juveniles

Question 26

In a fruit fly embryo,the end that becomes the head contains high amounts of the protein bicoid.What may happen if you injected high levels of bicoid in the other end of the embryo?

A)It would fail to develop a head.
B)It would develop two heads.
C)Legs would grow out of its head.
D)It would not grow legs.
E)It would not have segments.

Question 27

The number of differences between cytochrome c of humans and cytochrome c of other organisms is as follows: Rhesus monkey - 1 difference;pigeon - 12 differences;fruit fly - 24 differences.The order in which these species are most similar to humans is

A)Rhesus monkey,pigeon,fruit fly.
B)pigeon,Rhesus monkey,fruit fly.
C)pigeon,fruit fly,Rhesus monkey.
D)Rhesus monkey,fruit fly,pigeon.
E)fruit fly,pigeon,Rhesus monkey.

Question 28

Placental mammals give birth to more fully developed offspring than marsupial mammals and therefore have a greater chance of survival.This helps to explain why placental mammals from North America displaced many native South American marsupial mammals when a land bridge formed between the two continents.

Question 29

Evolution occurs in

A)individuals.
B)communities.
C)species.
D)genotypes.
E)alleles.

Question 30

Earth's history spans about 4.6 billion years.

Question 31

If many genes from two species differ in about 5% of their bases and substitutions occur at an estimated rate of 5% per one million years then

A)approximately 1 million years have passed since the two species diverged.
B)approximately 5 million years have passed since the two species diverged.
C)approximately 10 million years have passed since the two species diverged.
D)approximately 20 million years have passed since the two species divergeD.
E)approximately 50 million years have passed since the two species diverged.

Question 32

The femur in a snake and pelvis in a whale are examples of

A)homologous structures.
B)analogous structures.
C)homeotic structures.
D)vestigial structures.
E)heterologous structures.

Question 33

The fossil record indicates that at one time marsupials were common to both Australia and South America,but today most South American marsupials have become extinct.The most probable explanation for marsupials being common to Australia yet not very common to South America today is that

A)South American marsupials were displaced by placental mammals when a land bridge formed between North America and South America about seven million years ago.
B)marsupials were able to flourish in South America because of its isolation from other land masses.
C)placental mammals are less fully developed than marsupials when born and therefore have a better chance of survival after birth.
D)South American and Australian marsupials interbreD.
E)marsupials can survive only in warm climates like Australia.

Question 34

The wings of a bat and a bird are examples of

A)analogous structures.
B)homologous structures.
C)vestigial structures.
D)homeotic structures.
E)heterologous structures.

Question 35

Why do different mutations accumulate in two species once they diverge?

A)They can no longer mate and exchange mutated genes.
B)The molecular clock runs at different speeds in different species.
C)All answers are correct.
D)Natural selection favors mutations in one species over another.
E)Convergent evolution causes the difference in mutations.

Question 36

When ocean levels dropped about 70 million years ago,marsupial mammals moved into North America and displaced many of the placental mammal species.

Question 37

The wings of a bat and an insect are examples of

A)analogous structures.
B)homologous structures.
C)vestigial structures.
D)homeotic structures.
E)heterologous structures.

Question 38

Dinosaurs lived essentially during the Paleozoic era.

Question 39

The abundant presence of ammonite fossils in a large area indicates that the area was once part of an ocean.

Question 40

The observation that most aquatic animals,like fish,penguins,and whales,all have streamlined bodies and fins or flippers for steering are a result of

A)sexual selection.
B)artificial selection.
C)analogous selection.
D)vestigial selection.
E)convergent evolution.

Question 41

Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?

A)streamlined body shape in marine predators
B)lack of pigmentation and working eyes in cave-dwelling and deep-sea organisms
C)wings and ability to fly in birds and insects
D)marsupial moles and placental moles
E)All answers are correct.

Question 42

Skeletal organization relating to limbs used for movement in vertebrates would be an example of analogous structures.

Question 43

In the section "Investigating Life: Evolving Backwards",what is the significance of the marine fossil snakes (highlighted in the figure)?

A)Is an ancestor to modern-day snakes and has same anatomical organization as modern-day snakes
B)Is an outgroup unrelated to modern-day snakes
C)Has the same anatomical organization as modern-day snakes
D)Has a common ancestor to modern-day snakes,but placed in a derived group
E)Is the ancestor to modern-day snakes,but has different anatomical organization than modern-day snakes

Question 44

Skeletal organization relating to limbs used for movement in vertebrates would be an example of homologous structures.

Question 45

The techniques used to study molecular evolution are based on the comparison of nucleotide and amino acid sequences among species.

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT a vestigial structure in humans?

A)tail bone
B)muscles which wiggle ears
C)muscles which make body hair erect when cold
D)wisdom teeth
E)thumbs

Question 47

In the section "Investigating Life: Evolving Backwards",how did the scientists test the hypothesis?

A)Examined decrease in length of hindlimbs in land-dwelling snakes.
B)Compared anatomy of fossil ancestors and extant snakes.
C)Examined decrease in length of hindlimbs in marine snakes.
D)Compared terrestrial,freshwater,and marine snakes.
E)Compared anatomy of snakes,other reptiles,mammals,and birds.

Question 48

What can be used as a molecular clock to estimate the time since organisms diverged from a common ancestor?

A)DNA
B)all types of RNA
C)only ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
D)ATP
E)All answers are correct.

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT evidence that supports evolutionary theory?

A)fossil links between species
B)vestigial structures
C)analogous structures
D)embryonic development
E)shared DNA sequences

Question 50

In the section "Investigating Life: Evolving Backwards",what structures were examined between species?

A)analogous
B)convergent
C)homologous
D)vestigial
E)homeotic

Question 51

What is needed to estimate species relatedness with a molecular clock?

A)DNA accumulates mutations at a regular rate
B)known mutation rate for a gene
C)the number of differences in DNA sequences for a gene in two species
D)the same gene identified in two species
E)All answers are correct.

Question 52

In the section "Investigating Life: Evolving Backwards",what was hypothesized about the loss of legs in modern-day snakes?

A)Snakes descended from land-dwelling or marine ancestors.
B)Snakes descended only from burrowing lizards on land.
C)Snakes descended only from marine lizards.
D)Snakes do not have forelimbs or hindlimbs.
E)Some extant snakes have forelimbs or hindlimbs.

Question 53

In the section "Investigating Life: Evolving Backwards",what is the significance of Najash rionegrina,an extinct,land-dwelling species of snake with functional legs,pelvis,and sacrum?

A)Has a common ancestor to modern-day snakes,but placed in a derived group
B)Has the same anatomical organization as modern-day snakes
C)Is an ancestor to modern-day snakes,but has different anatomical organization than modern-day snakes
D)Is an ancestor to modern-day snakes and has same anatomical organization as modern-day snakes
E)Is an outgroup unrelated to modern-day snakes