Deck 12: Forces of Evolutionary Change

Question 1

The geologist who,in 1830,renewed the idea of uniformitarianism by showing that gradual changes in some organisms could be represented in successive fossil layers was

A)Charles Darwin.
B)Charles Lyell.
C)Alfred Russel Wallace.
D)Jean Lamarck.
E)Georges Buffon.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

An organism's phenotype is

A)the action of single genes.
B)its observable properties.
C)not influenced by environment.
D)determined by traits acquired over the life of the organism.
E)All answers are correct.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The mode of natural selection in which two or more extreme phenotypes are fitter than the intermediate phenotype is

A)directional selection.
B)stabilizing selection.
C)disruptive selection.
D)artificial selection.
E)uniformitarianism.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The relatively short-term changes in allele frequencies within a species or population is

A)uniformitarianism.
B)artificial selection.
C)microevolution.
D)natural selection.
E)macroevolution.

Question 5

The three types of natural selection are

A)directional selection,artificial selection,and disruptive selection.
B)directional selection,artificial selection,and normalizing selection.
C)disruptive selection,stabilizing selection,and normalizing selection.
D)disruptive selection,stabilizing selection,and artificial selection.
E)directional selection,disruptive selection,and stabilizing selection.

Question 6

The French naturalist who in 1749 became one of the first scientists to suggest that closely-related species arose from a common ancestor and were changing was

A)Charles Darwin.
B)Georges Buffon.
C)James Hutton.
D)Georges Cuvier.
E)Charles Lyell.

Question 7

At Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A)allele frequencies change from one generation to the next so evolution occurs.
B)None of the answers are correct.
C)allele frequencies change from one generation to the next so evolution does not occur.
D)allele frequencies remain constant from one generation to the next so evolution does not occur.
E)allele frequencies remain constant from one generation to the next so evolution occurs.

Question 8

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation,p² + 2pq + q² = 1,2pq represents

A)the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals.
B)the frequency of homozygous dominant individuals.
C)the frequency of heterozygous individuals.
D)the frequency of homozygous recessive and heterozygous individuals.
E)the frequency of homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals.

Question 9

The mode of natural selection in which one extreme phenotype is fittest and the environment selects against the others is

A)directional selection.
B)disruptive selection.
C)stabilizing selection.
D)artificial selection.
E)uniformitarianism.

Question 10

The mode of natural selection in which extreme phenotypes are less fit than the optimal intermediate phenotype is

A)directional selection.
B)disruptive selection.
C)stabilizing selection.
D)artificial selection.
E)uniformitarianism.

Question 11

A gradual change from an ancestral type was referred to by Darwin as

A)uniformitarianism.
B)descent with modification.
C)fossils.
D)natural selection.
E)special creation.

Question 12

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation,p + q = 1,p and q represent the frequency of alleles in a population of diploid organisms if

A)two or more alleles exist for that gene.
B)two or more genes are needed to express a trait.
C)only two alleles exist for that gene.
D)the trait is polygenic.
E)only one allele exists for that genE.

Question 13

The entire collection of genes and their alleles is a population's

A)genotype.
B)phenotype.
C)dominant traits.
D)recessive traits.
E)gene pool.

Question 14

Antibiotic resistance is becoming more common in disease-causing bacteria because

A)antibiotics are used in feed for livestock.
B)antibiotics are sometimes prescribed for viral infections (due to pressure from patients).
C)some patients do not take the antibiotics as directed.
D)antibiotics are used to treat infections in cattle,chickens,and other animals used for agricultural purposes.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 15

The French taxonomist who,in 1809,was the first scientist to suggest that organisms that use one part of their body repeatedly would increase their abilities was

A)Charles Darwin.
B)Alfred Russel Wallace.
C)Jean Lamarck.
D)Georges Buffon.
E)Charles Lyell.

Question 16

According to Darwin,natural selection usually

A)neither preserves nor rejects harmful variations in a population.
B)preserves harmful variations and rejects favorable variations in a population.
C)preserves favorable and harmful variations in a population.
D)preserves favorable variations and rejects harmful variations in a population.

Question 17

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium will not occur in a population in which

A)mutations do not occur.
B)individuals mate at random.
C)natural selection does not occur.
D)individuals immigrate or emigrate.
E)sexual selection does not occur.

Question 18

Individuals whose red blood cells are the correct shape and are able to resist malaria have a better chance of reaching reproductive age.This is known as

A)heterozygote advantage.
B)homozygote advantage.
C)artificial selection.
D)heterozygote disadvantage.
E)dominant advantagE.

Question 19

The scientist who published "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" in 1859 was

A)Alfred Russel Wallace.
B)Jean Lamarck.
C)Georges Buffon.
D)Charles Darwin.
E)Charles Lyell.

Question 20

Genetic change in a population through multiple generations defines which of the following?

A)heredity
B)mitosis
C)phenotype
D)evolution
E)genotype

Question 21

Carriers of cystic fibrosis have some protection against intestinal infections such as cholera.However,people with two copies of the cystic fibrosis allele develop a life-threatening disease.The mutant allele is very common in people of northern European descent because of

A)disruptive selection.
B)directional selection.
C)artificial selection.
D)sexual selection.
E)stabilizing selection.

Question 22

The bottleneck effect

A)occurs when many members of a population die,resulting in a great loss of genetic diversity.
B)occurs when many members of a population reproduce,causing too much genetic diversity within the population.
C)occurs when small groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements,mating only among themselves.
D)occurs when large groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements,mating only among themselves.
E)does not occur in naturE.

Question 23

Darwin obtained which of the following in the Essay on the Principle of Population by Malthus?

A)Organisms are varied and some variations are inherited.
B)Populations grow constantly.
C)An individual's chance of survival is random.
D)Species do not change over time.
E)More individuals of a population are born than survive to reproducE.

Question 24

Sexually dimorphic features do not include

A)colored plumage.
B)intelligence.
C)antlers.
D)body size.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 25

Darwin made which observation while on his four-year voyage on the HMS Beagle?

A)More individuals of a population are born than survive to reproduce.
B)Populations grow constantly.
C)Organisms are varied and some variations are inherited.
D)An individual's chance of survival is random.
E)Species do not appear to change over timE.

Question 26

Use the Hardy-Weinberg equations: p + q = 1 and p² + 2pq + q² = 1.If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8,then what percent of the population will be homozygous recessive?

A)0.64
B)0.32
C)0.04
D)0.16
E)0.40

Question 27

Ancestors of giraffes with shorter necks could not reach branches high up in trees for food.This led to ____ for giraffes with longer necks.

A)stabilizing selection
B)disruptive selection
C)artificial selection
D)sexual selection
E)directional selection

Question 28

A male peacock has enormous tail feathers that it uses in mating displays to attract females.While the tail feathers are an advantage in mating,what is the potential disadvantage of these feathers to the male?

A)The feathers require a lot of energy to produce.
B)Bright feathers make males less susceptible to predation.
C)The feathers make the male more attractive to other males.
D)There are no disadvantages to having large tail feathers.
E)The large tail feathers would make it easier to fly.

Question 29

The North American bison was hunted to near-extinction in the 1800s.It has since recovered,but with decreased genetic diversity.This is an example of

A)founder effect.
B)a bottleneck effect.
C)natural selection.
D)increased mutation rate.
E)artificial selection.

Question 30

Alleles conferring red plumage to cardinal males are common because red plumage

A)makes males less susceptible to predation.
B)is helpful in attracting prey.
C)is preferred by female cardinals in choosing a mate.
D)allows male cardinals to easily identify each other.
E)is an example of genetic drift.

Question 31

The founder effect

A)occurs when large groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements,mating only among themselves.
B)occurs when small groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements,mating only among themselves.
C)occurs when many members of a population die,resulting in a great loss of genetic diversity.
D)occurs when many members of a population reproduce causing too much genetic diversity within the population.
E)does not occur in naturE.

Question 32

In the section "Investigating Life: Size Matters in Fishing Frenzy",a population declines when

A)death rate exceeds reproductive rate.
B)reproductive rate exceeds death rate.
C)reproductive and death rates are equal.
D)smaller animals are selectively removeD.
E)animals are removed randomly.

Question 33

The few ancestors of the Galapagos finches who colonized the islands is an example of

A)a bottleneck.
B)natural selection.
C)increased mutation rate.
D)artificial selection.
E)founder effect.

Question 34

Farmers and horticulturalists bred broccoli,cauliflower,kale,and cabbage from the wild mustard plant through _____.

A)artificial selection
B)evolution
C)genetic drift
D)natural selection
E)sexual selection

Question 35

Use the Hardy-Weinberg equations: p + q = 1 and p² + 2pq + q² = 1.If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8,then what percent of the population will be homozygous dominant?

A)0.32
B)0.16
C)0.04
D)0.64
E)0.40

Question 36

Darwin concluded from his observations of nature and readings that

A)individuals compete with one another for limited resources and only the fittest survive.
B)individuals compete with one another for limited resources and only the fittest reproduce.
C)population growth is unlimited,leading to the large numbers of organisms.
D)an individual's chance of survival and reproduction are mostly due to chance and changes in the environment.
E)species do not change over timE.

Question 37

Ancestors of the Galapagos finches had two different types of seeds to eat on some islands.Some seeds were very small,and required small beaks to handle.Other seeds were very large and required large strong beaks to crack.This led to ____ among the Galapagos finches.

A)directional selection
B)stabilizing selection
C)disruptive selection
D)artificial selection
E)sexual selection

Question 38

Use the Hardy-Weinberg equations: p + q = 1 and p² + 2pq + q² = 1.If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8,then what percent of the population will be heterozygous?

A)0.32
B)0.16
C)0.64
D)0.04
E)0.40

Question 39

Babies that are at a low birth weight are more likely to have health problems,while women will have difficulty delivering babies with high birth weight.Together this leads to ______ for babies of average birth weight.

A)stabilizing selection
B)disruptive selection
C)directional selection
D)artificial selection
E)sexual selection

Question 40

If an environment changes rapidly,organisms with ____ will be more likely to survive and reproduce.

A)existing beneficial mutations
B)existing neutral mutations
C)the ability to produce beneficial mutations
D)the ability to adapt their genotype
E)the correct allele frequency

Question 41

Natural selection is random because no individuals are eliminated from reproducing due to different environments.

Question 42

Nonrandom mating,mutations,and genetic drift are mechanisms of microevolution.

Question 43

In the section "Investigating Life: Size Matters in Fishing Frenzy",what was the dependent variable in the figure part a?

A)the mean weight of harvested fish
B)the generation
C)the age of the fish
D)the size at which the fish were harvested
E)the growth rate of fish

Question 44

Sexual selection is a type of natural selection resulting from variation in the ability to obtain mates.

Question 45

In the section "Investigating Life: Size Matters in Fishing Frenzy",historically fishermen kept larger fish and left smaller juvenile fish.Over time the average size of the fish would

A)increase by natural selection.
B)decrease by genetic drift.
C)decrease by natural selection.
D)increase by genetic drift.
E)remain unchanged.

Question 46

In the section "Investigating Life: Size Matters in Fishing Frenzy",what hypothesis were the researchers testing?

A)Harvesting larger fish would increase the size of fish in future generations.
B)Harvesting fish randomly would decrease the size of fish in future generations.
C)Harvesting larger fish would decrease the size of fish in future generations.
D)Harvesting fish randomly would increase the size of fish in future generations.
E)Slot limits would decrease the size of fish in future generations.

Question 47

In an evolutionary sense,"fitness" refers to an organism's contribution to the next generation's gene pool.

Question 48

In the section "Investigating Life: Size Matters in Fishing Frenzy",what was the independent variable in the figure part b?

A)the mean weight of harvested fish
B)the generation
C)the age of the fish
D)the size at which the fish were harvested
E)the growth rate of fish

Question 49

The chance that a mutation will occur is independent of whether a new phenotype will benefit a population.

Question 50

In the section "Investigating Life: Size Matters in Fishing Frenzy",a fish that eats other fish that in turn eat algae is a

A)secondary consumer.
B)producer.
C)primary consumer.
D)detritovore.
E)herbivorE.

Question 51

Artificial selection is responsible for many breeds of dogs and cats.

Question 52

Darwin believed that because of "differential reproductive success" a population would change over time.

Question 53

Natural populations usually fulfill the conditions needed for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Question 54

In the section "Investigating Life: Size Matters in Fishing Frenzy",the heritability of body size was 20% regulated by the environment (and 80% controlled by genes)in Atlantic silversides.What would happen to the figure if heritability was 80% regulated by the environment (and 20% regulated by genes)?

A)The changes in average size would occur more rapidly.
B)The changes in average size would occur more slowly.
C)No changes in average size would occur.
D)The fish would never get as large under the same environmental conditions.
E)The fish would avoid predation.

Question 55

Since the conditions needed for the Hardy-Weinberg principle do not occur in real populations,this principle has no importance in population studies.

Question 56

Today,40% of hospital Staphylococcus infections are resistant to all antibiotics except one.

Question 57

In the section "Investigating Life: Size Matters in Fishing Frenzy",larger fish represent ____ in an ecosystem.

A)producers
B)primary consumers
C)detritivores
D)herbivores
E)keystone predators

Question 58

Evolution occurs in individuals,not populations.

Question 59

In the section "Investigating Life: Size Matters in Fishing Frenzy",what did the researchers conclude from the figure?

A)Harvesting larger fish led to an increase in average size over time.
B)Harvesting fish in a slot limit led to a decrease in average size over time.
C)Harvesting fish in a slot limit led to an increase in average size over time.
D)Harvesting fish of the three treatments created different selective pressures and changed the genetic structure of the populations.
E)Harvesting larger fish led to a decrease in average size over timE.

Question 60

Evolution answers the question of how life began.

Question 61

Natural selection is one type of mechanism for evolution;evolution is the outcome.

Question 62

Which of the following will NOT lead to evolution?

A)mutation creating improved predator avoidance
B)allele which aids in obtaining food and nutrients
C)genetic change which better attracts mates
D)change in allele frequency of a population
E)non-genetic adjustment to environmental conditions

Question 63

Evolution cannot occur in

A)a single organism.
B)a population of cats.
C)humans.
D)a species.
E)asexual organisms.

Question 64

Microevolution can be observed during a human lifetime in which of the following?

A)humans
B)granite rock
C)lava
D)rodent with average life span less of 5 years
E)parrot with average life span of 100 years

Question 65

Evolution must include a change in

A)the gene pool of a population.
B)the genes of an individual.
C)the dominant phenotype.
D)the recessive phenotype.
E)the percentage of individuals in a population with the dominant phenotypE.

Question 66

Evolution cannot explain

A)how life started on Earth.
B)how birds and mammals came from reptiles.
C)how ocean-dwelling organisms moved to live on land.
D)how one species diversifies into many species.
E)how separate species may have very similar gene pools.

Question 67

Which of the following does NOT lead to natural selection?

A)adaptations
B)adjustments an individual makes during its lifetime
C)heritable traits that lead to an advantage over others
D)beneficial variations in some individuals of a population
E)All answers are correct.

Question 68

Evolution occurs

A)over generations.
B)during one lifetime.
C)at birth of an organism.
D)when a mutation occurs.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 69

"Survival of the fittest" refers to

A)natural selection.
B)selection of organisms with high reproductive contribution to the next generation.
C)selection of individuals with traits that increase fitness.
D)higher allele frequencies of individuals best fit for the current environmental conditions in the next generation.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 70

Populations of ______ evolve.

A)only animals
B)only plants and animals
C)all living organisms
D)only multicellular organisms
E)only unicellular organisms