Deck 7: DNA Structure and Gene Function

Question 1

A group of genes,a promoter,and an operator that control transcription are called a(n)

A)translational unit.
B)chromosome.
C)ribosome.
D)envelope.
E)operon.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

The double helix of DNA is composed of building blocks called

A)amino acids.
B)monosaccharides.
C)phospholipids.
D)disaccharides.
E)nucleotides.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

A three-base sequence (loop)in tRNA that is complementary to a three-base sequence in mRNA is

A)a codon
B)an anticodon
C)a promoter
D)a terminator
E)an amino acid attachment site

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The step of translation in which amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide is

A)mitosis.
B)initiation.
C)elongation.
D)termination.
E)transcription.

Question 5

The rungs of the DNA ladder are formed by base pairs

A)joined by covalent bonds.
B)joined by hydrogen bonds.
C)joined by ionic bonds.
D)NOT joined to each other.

Question 6

What type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome?

A)complementary RNA
B)messenger RNA
C)ribosomal RNA
D)double-stranded RNA
E)transfer RNA

Question 7

What process converts the mRNA "message" into a sequence of amino acids?

A)transcription
B)replication
C)mitosis
D)amino acid synthesis
E)translation

Question 8

DNA differs from RNA because,unlike RNA,

A)DNA contains uracil.
B)DNA contains thymine.
C)DNA can catalyze some chemical reactions.
D)DNA is single strandeD.
E)DNA contains ribosE.

Question 9

A tRNA molecule is "bilingual" because it binds to

A)amino acids and DNA
B)DNA and mRNA codons
C)promoters and amino acids
D)codons of mRNA and amino acids
E)promoters and terminators

Question 10

In the lac operon,the protein that binds to the operator to prevent transcription is

A)the repressor.
B)RNA polymerase.
C)DNA polymerase.
D)the promoter.
E)lactosE.

Question 11

The "Central Dogma" of molecular biology described by Watson and Crick describes

A)the passing of genetic information from DNA to RNA by translation.
B)the passing of genetic information from RNA to protein by transcription.
C)the inheritance of traits between generations.
D)the production of energy in a cell.
E)the directional flow of genetic information in cells.

Question 12

In eukaryotic cells,sequences of mRNA removed before translation are called

A)introns.
B)anticodons.
C)exons.
D)rRNA.
E)terminators.

Question 13

Which of the following does NOT occur during termination of translation?

A)The initiator tRNA brings the amino acid methionine.
B)Ribosomal subunits separate from each other.
C)The polypeptide is released.
D)The ribosome halts at a "stop" codon.
E)Release factors bind to the stop codon and release the remaining tRNA.

Question 14

What type of RNA carries the information that specifies a protein?

A)transfer RNA
B)ribosomal RNA
C)messenger RNA
D)double-stranded RNA
E)complementary RNA

Question 15

The step of translation in which release factors bind to a stop codon is:

A)mitosis.
B)termination.
C)initiation.
D)elongation.
E)transcription.

Question 16

The step of translation in which an mRNA,a small ribosomal subunit,and the initiator tRNA are aligned together is

A)initiation.
B)mitosis.
C)elongation.
D)termination.
E)transcription.

Question 17

RNA differs from DNA in many ways,including

A)DNA contains deoxyribose and RNA contains ribose.
B)DNA contains thymine and RNA contains uracil instead of thymine.
C)All are correct.
D)DNA is double stranded and RNA is single strandeD.
E)RNA can catalyze some chemical reactions and DNA cannot.

Question 18

Initiation,elongation,and termination are the three main steps in

A)translation only.
B)transcription and translation.
C)transcription only.
D)photosynthesis.

Question 19

In DNA molecules,

A)cytosine pairs with adenine.
B)thymine pairs with uracil.
C)adenine pairs with uracil.
D)adenine pairs with thymine.
E)cytosine pairs with thyminE.

Question 20

A DNA sequence that signals the start of a gene is

A)a codon.
B)an anticodon.
C)a terminator.
D)a promoter.
E)an amino acid attachment sitE.

Question 21

Cells have only two copies of most genes,but can make hundreds of copies of a protein from those genes per second,because

A)during translation multiple DNA codons can encode the same amino acid.
B)during translation multiple copies of the same mRNA can be produced from one gene.
C)during translation DNA can replicate making more copies of the gene.
D)during translation proteins can replicate.
E)during translation multiple ribosomes can bind to the same mRNA simultaneously.

Question 22

A change in a cell's DNA sequence is

A)replication.
B)transcription.
C)a mutation.
D)translation.
E)an operon.

Question 23

Only one of the two strands of DNA is transcribed because

A)RNA polymerase binds to the promoter,initiating transcription on only one strand of DNA.
B)the start of transcription is random along the chromosome and does not always occur on a gene.
C)RNA polymerase binds to the terminator,stopping transcription on one strand of DNA.
D)both strands are transcribed,but only one strand of DNA contains a reading frame.
E)DNA consists of only one strand in the nucleus of the cell.

Question 24

Amanatin is a toxin found in the death cap mushroom,Amanita phalloides.It inhibits RNA polymerase,thus blocking

A)transcription.
B)translation.
C)replication.
D)cell division.
E)RNA splicing.

Question 25

The length of a DNA sequence is _____ than the mature mRNA transcribed from it,because

A)shorter;it does not contain exons.
B)equal;it was transcribed from the DNA sequence.
C)longer;it does not contain introns.
D)shorter;each codon of three bases encodes only one amino aciD.
E)longer;each codon of one amino acid encodes three bases.

Question 26

The DNA sequence ATGCATGC will pair with which of the following DNA strands?

A)TACGTACG
B)TACCTACC
C)ATGCATGC
D)TTGCATCC
E)CGTACGTA

Question 27

Why would it take more energy to separate DNA with the sequence GCGCGCGC and its complementary strand than the sequence ATATATAT and its complementary strand?

A)A's and T's do not form pairs between separate DNA strands.
B)The helix is wound more tightly in G and C base pairs.
C)G and C base pairs form more hydrogen bonds between DNA strands.
D)The sequence containing G's and C's is longer.
E)G and C base pairs form more covalent bonds between DNA strands.

Question 28

If

A)the repressor will NOT bind the operator,thus allowing transcription of the lac operon genes.
B)the repressor will bind the operator,thus allowing transcription of the lac operon genes.
C)the repressor will NOT bind the operator,thus preventing transcription of the lac operon genes.
D)the repressor will bind the operator,thus preventing transcription of the lac operon genes.
E)coli bacterium are grown in the absence of lactose

Question 29

In a "frameshift" mutation

A)the codon that mutates causes no change in the amino acid specified.
B)the codon that mutates causes a stop codon to occur instead of the placement of an amino acid.
C)the mutation does not occur in a codon.
D)the mutation is caused by an addition or deletion of one or more nucleotides.
E)the mutation is not in DNA.

Question 30

If the DNA in a cell consists of 20% adenine,then it will also contain ___ guanine.

A)20%
B)80%
C)30%
D)40%
E)10%

Question 31

Using the genetic code,predict what type of mutation has occurred in the hemoglobin sickle cell anemia allele.
Normal allele GGAAUGAAACAGGAACCC
Mutant allele GGAAUGAAACAGGUACCC

A)a point mutation,Val to Glu
B)a frame shift
C)addition of a new stop codon
D)a point mutation,Glu to Val

Question 32

How many codons are in the mRNA sequence GGAAUGAAACAGGAACCC?

A)0 because mRNA has only anticodons
B)6
C)27
D)9
E)3

Question 33

If

A)the repressor will bind the operator,thus allowing transcription of the lac operon genes.
B)the repressor will NOT bind the operator,thus preventing transcription of the lac operon genes.
C)the repressor will NOT bind the operator,thus allowing transcription of the lac operon genes.
D)the repressor will bind the operator,thus preventing transcription of the lac operon genes.
E)coli bacterium are grown in the presence of lactose

Question 34

What type of mutation occurred in the following?
Normal allele GGAAUGAAACAGGAACCC
Mutant allele GGAAUGAAACAGGUACCC

A)substitution
B)insertion
C)deletion
D)frameshift

Question 35

What are proteins that initiate transcription in eukaryotes by recognizing sequences within the promoter region of a gene and attracting RNA polymerase?

A)repressors
B)inducers
C)transcription factors
D)TATA boxes
E)poly A tails

Question 36

In a "silent" mutation

A)the codon that mutates causes a change in the amino acid specified.
B)the codon that mutates does not cause a change in the amino acid specified.
C)the codon that mutates causes a stop codon to occur instead of the placement of an amino acid.
D)the mutation does not occur in a codon.
E)the mutation is not in DNA.

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a cause of mutation?

A)Errors in DNA replication
B)Errors during meiosis
C)Exposure to radiation
D)Exposure to tobacco
E)All of the choices are causes of mutations.

Question 38

What type of mutation occurred in the following?
Normal allele GGAAUGAAACAGGAACCC
Mutant allele GGAAUGAAAUCAGGAACCC

A)insertion
B)substitution
C)deletion
D)frameshift

Question 39

The DNA sequence ATGCATGC will pair with which of the following RNA strands?

A)UACGUACG
B)CGAUCGAU
C)AUGCAUGC
D)TAGCTAGC
E)UAGCTAGC

Question 40

If the DNA in a cell consists of 20% adenine,it will also have _____ thymine.

A)30%
B)80%
C)40%
D)20%
E)10%

Question 41

Cystic fibrosis may be caused by a protein that does not fold correctly.

Question 42

In eukaryotes,transcription copies only one gene from one DNA strand of the chromosome.

Question 43

Using the genetic code,what is the sequence of amino acids represented by the codons AUGUCAACGUGA?

A)Met,Ser,Thr,(Stop)
B)Tyr,Ser,Cys,Thr
C)Ser,Tyr,Leu,Val
D)Met,Val,Asp,Met

Question 44

Which DNA mutation leads to the change of a single amino acid in a protein?

A)deletion
B)insertion
C)substitution
D)frameshift

Question 45

A gene is any DNA sequence that is transcribed to any type of RNA.

Question 46

In the section "Investigating Life: Clues to the Origin of Language",what did scientists discover was the primary cause for language disorder in the affected family?

A)The cause was one mutation in a single gene on one chromosome.
B)The disorder was not inherited but related to diet.
C)Affected family members were lacking vocal chords.
D)The cause was multiple mutations in multiple genes on one chromosome.
E)The cause was multiple mutations in multiple genes on many chromosomes.

Question 47

A gene is an RNA sequence that is transcribed to mRNA only.

Question 48

In eukaryotes,a mRNA molecule can only be translated by one ribosome at a time.

Question 49

If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence ATTCGACGCTA,then the complementary strand has the nitrogenous base sequence

A)TAAGCTGCGAT.
B)ATCGCAGCTTA.
C)UAAGCUGCGAU.
D)ATTCGACGCTA.

Question 50

There are only two main types of RNA needed to make proteins,tRNA and rRNA.

Question 51

In the section "Investigating Life: Clues to the Origin of Language",FOXP2 sequences differed the most between mice and _____.

A)rhesus monkeys
B)gorillas
C)chimpanzees
D)humans
E)All answers are correct.

Question 52

In the bacterium
E.coli,a repressor protein binds to the operator region of the DNA in the absence of lactose,thus preventing the transcription of the genes of the lactose operon.

Question 53

What role do hydrogen bonds play in the DNA molecule?

A)Hydrogen bonds link complementary nitrogenous bases,thus keeping the two strands of DNA parallel to each other.
B)Hydrogen bonds link the two strands of DNA end to end during transcription and translation.
C)Hydrogen bonds link the two strands of DNA end to end during transcription only.
D)Hydrogen bonds link the complementary deoxyribose sugars,thus maintaining a separation between the two DNA strands.

Question 54

The type of RNA that delivers amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis is tRNA.

Question 55

A poly A tail is added to the mature mRNA after transcription.

Question 56

The process by which cells use the information of RNA to make proteins is called transcription.

Question 57

In the section "Investigating Life: Clues to the Origin of Language",how did the researchers estimate that the original mutation occurred 300,000-400,000 years ago?

A)They estimated by examining the fossil record.
B)They estimated by using a molecular clock.
C)They found the mutation in chimpanzee DNA.
D)They found the mutation in Neandertal DNA.
E)They found the mutation in 300,000 year old mice remains.

Question 58

Little energy is needed for protein production because cells are efficient in transcription and translation.

Question 59

All prokaryotic DNA is transcribed,but not all eukaryotic DNA is transcribed.

Question 60

In prokaryotic cells,gene expression is regulated by preventing mRNA from exiting the nucleus.

Question 61

The stage of viral replication in which the new viruses leave the host cell is

A)release
B)attachment
C)penetration
D)synthesis
E)assembly

Question 62

Which of the following is conducted by both prokaryotes and eukaryotes during protein synthesis?

A)Transcription starts at a promoter on the DNA.
B)Introns are removed from the mRNA.
C)Transcription occurs in the nucleus.
D)All answers are correct.
E)Some mRNA molecules are degraded and never translated.

Question 63

Most viruses

A)infect only a few closely-related species.
B)infect only animal cells.
C)infect a wide variety of organisms.
D)cannot infect living cells.
E)infect only plant cells.

Question 64

Viruses

A)consist of only a single cell.
B)are smaller than cells.
C)consist of multiple cells.
D)contain a nucleus.
E)contain ribosomes.

Question 65

Mutations create new alleles that

A)are beneficial to the organism's fitness.
B)have no effect on the fitness of the organism.
C)decrease the fitness of the organism.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 66

Viruses that infect bacteria are:

A)not known to exist.
B)prions.
C)bacteriophages.
D)composed of only proteins.
E)viroids.

Question 67

Mutations cause incorrect sequencing of nucleic acids.Incorrect sequencing of DNA will result in new alleles,and it may lead to evolution.Incorrect sequencing of mRNA will result in a faulty protein,but it will not lead to evolution.

Question 68

The type of viral infection in which a virus enters a host cell and remains dormant in the host cell's chromosome is

A)a rare form of viral infection.
B)a transgenic infection.
C)a lytic infection.
D)a systematic infection.
E)a lysogenic infection.

Question 69

The stage of viral replication in which viral components are put together to form new viruses is

A)release.
B)assembly.
C)attachment.
D)penetration.
E)synthesis.

Question 70

The correct sequence of stages of viral replication is

A)attachment - synthesis - penetration - assembly - release
B)penetration - attachment - assembly - synthesis - Release
C)penetration - attachment - synthesis - release - assembly
D)attachment - penetration - assembly - synthesis - release
E)attachment - penetration - synthesis - assembly - release

Question 71

A layer of membrane attached to a virus is called

A)an envelope.
B)a protein coat.
C)a chromosome.
D)a plasmiD.
E)a nucleus.

Question 72

The shape of a virus is determined by

A)its DNA.
B)its RNA.
C)its envelope.
D)its host.
E)its coat protein organization.

Question 73

The stage of viral replication in which the host cell produces viral nucleic acids and proteins is

A)release.
B)attachment.
C)synthesis.
D)penetration.
E)assembly.

Question 74

The stage of viral replication in which the viral nucleic acid is released inside the cell is

A)penetration.
B)release.
C)attachment.
D)synthesis.
E)assembly.

Question 75

HIV is a

A)double-stranded DNA virus.
B)single-stranded RNA virus.
C)single-stranded DNA virus.
D)double-stranded RNA virus.
E)prion.

Question 76

The stage of viral replication in which the virus binds to a cell surface receptor is

A)release
B)penetration
C)synthesis
D)attachment
E)assembly

Question 77

The genetic information in viruses

A)is found in the nucleus of the virus.
B)is always DNA.
C)is either DNA or RNA.
D)is always RNA.
E)can be replicated outside of a cell.

Question 78

Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by viruses?

A)the common cold and influenza
B)smallpox and mononucleosis
C)polio and rabies
D)AIDS and warts
E)diabetes

Question 79

Treatment of a viral infection by inoculating the host with a bacterial virus

A)is chemotherapy.
B)is phage therapy.
C)is radiation therapy.
D)is antibiotic therapy.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 80

The type of viral infection in which a virus enters a host cell,immediately replicates,and causes the host cell to burst is

A)a rare form of viral infection.
B)a transgenic infection.
C)a lysogenic infection.
D)a lytic infection.
E)a systematic infection.