Deck 13: Leadership

Question 1

The Iowa studies, led by Kurt Lewin, examined all of the following leadership styles EXCEPT:

A)laissez-faire.
B)democratic.
C)authoritarian.
D)consideration.

Answer 1

consideration.

Question 2

If a leader is able to influence his or her work group to produce successful, long-term performance, that leader is:

A)ubiquitous.
B)invitational.
C)formal.
D)effective.

Answer 2

effective.

Question 3

_____ is a social process through which an individual intentionally exerts influence over others to structure their behaviors and relationships.

A)Requisition
B)Power
C)Leadership
D)Confabulation

Answer 3

Leadership

Question 4

According to French and Raven (1958), which of these is NOT a base of power?

A)coercive power
B)authoritarian power
C)reward power
D)legitimate power

Question 5

Based on the Ohio State studies, the dimension of leadership behavior that relates to the extent to which leaders define their roles and their subordinates' roles in achieving group goals is the:

A)initiating-structure behavior.
B)consideration behavior.
C)control behavior.
D)contingency behavior.

Question 6

Fernando is the human resources manager responsible for making all decisions about employee raises and promotions in his company. He has:

A)reward power.
B)referent power.
C)coercive power.
D)authoritarian power.

Question 7

After the 1950s, interest in leader traits disappeared. Leadership researchers then turned their attention to:

A)leader behaviors.
B)leader-member exchanges.
C)situational variables.
D)implicit leadership.

Question 8

Recent research suggests that extraversion and _____ are related to the emergence of a leader.

A)agreeableness
B)emotional stability
C)conscientiousness
D)openness to experience

Question 9

Research by Hendricks and Payne (2007) found that Big Five characteristics affect motivational constructs like _____, which in turn impact(s) leadership effectiveness.

A)corporate partnerships
B)leadership self-efficacy
C)traits
D)leader-member exchange

Question 10

Harold is the only employee in his restaurant who knows the secret recipe for its famous prize-winning apple pie. Harold has likely gained:

A)referent power.
B)legitimate power.
C)reward power.
D)expert power.

Question 11

In the 1950s, research on leadership was:

A)mostly based on theory and previous research.
B)largely based on commonsense notions of leadership and social interactions.
C)focused on the situation in which leadership takes place.
D)focused on behaviors that leaders actually perform.

Question 12

Latrice is well-liked and respected by her colleagues. Even though she is not a supervisor, her colleagues often do what she suggests because she is so admired. In this case, we might say that Latrice has:

A)legitimate power.
B)reward power.
C)coercive power.
D)referent power.

Question 13

Sheila's company has promoted her to the position of Senior Vice President of Accounting. Sheila possesses a(n):

A)expert base of power.
B)referent base of power.
C)reward base of power.
D)legitimate base of power.

Question 14

A small group of employees is working to solve a budgetary problem. To identify who might emerge as the leader of the group, one may want to examine each employee's:

A)aggression.
B)physical energy.
C)behavioral flexibility.
D)goal orientation.

Question 15

Which leadership theory focuses on identifying the individual characteristics that make people good leaders?

A)contemporary
B)behavioral
C)trait
D)contingency

Question 16

Which trait was NOT studied by early trait theorists?

A)intelligence
B)gender
C)decision-making
D)need for power

Question 17

If someone described Bonita as an "effective leader," they would probably mean that she:

A)has elicited successful performances from her team members.
B)has a high degree of reward power.
C)is disliked by her followers.
D)forces her team members to do things they don't want to do.

Question 18

An individual's potential influence over the attitudes and behaviors of others is referred to as:

A)suggestion.
B)power.
C)isolation.
D)aggression.

Question 19

Hazel gets her subordinates to obey her by yelling at them and threatening to fire them. Many of them have been written up for minor infractions, and most are afraid of her. In this case, we might argue that Hazel has:

A)legitimate power.
B)reward power.
C)coercive power.
D)referent power.

Question 20

Recent research suggests that conscientiousness and _____ are related to the emergence of a leader.

A)agreeableness
B)extraversion
C)emotional stability
D)openness to experience

Question 21

According to House's (1971) path-goal theory, leader behaviors that involve mentoring, guidance, and coaching are known as:

A)instrumental leader behaviors.
B)developmental leader behaviors.
C)participative leader behaviors.
D)achievement-oriented leader behaviors.

Question 22

House's (1996) concept of _____ is quite similar to initiating-structure behaviors.

A)directive leader behaviors
B)supportive leader behaviors
C)achievement-oriented leader behaviors
D)participative leader behaviors

Question 23

According to the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ), which behavioral phrase refers to a leader's consideration?

A)The leader lets group members know what is expected of them.
B)The leader schedules the work to be done.
C)The leader is willing to make changes.
D)The leader encourages the use of uniform procedures.

Question 24

According to House's (1971) path-goal theory, leader behaviors that clarify performance goals and evaluation standards are known as:

A)directive leader behaviors.
B)supportive leader behaviors.
C)achievement-oriented leader behaviors.
D)participative leader behaviors.

Question 25

Anita is a leader who spends time organizing tasks for her subordinates, yet she also takes the time to support and encourage them. Anita is _____ in initiating structure and _____ in consideration.

A)low; high
B)high; low
C)low; low
D)high; high

Question 26

Brandon is a leader who spends a great deal of time organizing tasks and schedules for his subordinates. He tends to spend very little time, however, supporting and encouraging them. Brandon is _____ on the initiating-structure dimension of behavior and _____ on the consideration dimension of behavior.

A)high; low
B)low; high
C)high; high
D)low; low

Question 27

House's (1996) concept of _____ is quite similar to consideration behaviors.

A)directive leader behaviors
B)participative leader behaviors
C)supportive leader behaviors
D)achievement-oriented leader behaviors

Question 28

In general, which statement BEST summarizes research on leader behaviors?

A)Both initiating structure and consideration are important behaviors, but findings on how they affect performance have been inconsistent.
B)Research shows that consideration is more important than initiating structure for leadership effectiveness.
C)Research shows that initiating structure is more important than consideration for leadership effectiveness.
D)Researchers have concluded that discussing leader behaviors is not particularly useful in applied settings.

Question 29

The leadership theories that formally take into account situational and contextual variables are referred to as:

A)behavior theories.
B)trait theories.
C)contemporary theories.
D)contingency theories.

Question 30

According to House's (1971) path-goal theory, leader behaviors that stress subordinates' personal accomplishments and encourage excellent performance are known as:

A)supportive leader behaviors.
B)directive leader behaviors.
C)participative leader behaviors.
D)achievement-oriented leader behaviors.

Question 31

According to the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ), "Tries out his or her ideas in the group" and "Decides what shall be done and how it will be done" are statements that measure:

A)leadership self-efficacy.
B)behavioral flexibility.
C)initiating structure.
D)consideration.

Question 32

The first theory to consider how leader characteristics might interact with situational variables to determine leader effectiveness was:

A)House's path-goal theory.
B)Fiedler's contingency theory.
C)Bass's transformational leadership theory.
D)Stogdill's great man/great woman theory.

Question 33

According to Fiedler, it is best to have task-oriented leaders when a situation has:

A)only very high control.
B)moderate control.
C)only very low control.
D)either very high or very low control.

Question 34

Joely is a leader who spends a great deal of time supporting and encouraging her employees. She tends to spend very little time, however, scheduling tasks and defining roles for them. Joely is _____ on the initiating structure dimension and _____ on the consideration dimension.

A)high; high
B)low; low
C)high; low
D)low; high

Question 35

_____ focuses on the reciprocal relationships between subordinates and leaders.

A)Path-goal theory
B)Leader-member exchange theory
C)Contingency theory
D)Transactional leadership theory

Question 36

According to Fiedler, the extent to which a leader perceives he or she has control of a circumstance is known as:

A)task structure.
B)situational favorability.
C)contextual structure.
D)directive behaviors.

Question 37

Allen is completing a questionnaire that requires him to describe the single worst colleague has ever encountered and to evaluate him or her on a scale of bipolar adjectives (e.g., pleasant-unpleasant, friendly-unfriendly). Allen is likely completing the:

A)Leadership Opinion Questionnaire.
B)Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire.
C)Leader-Member Exchange Survey.
D)Least Preferred Coworker Scale.

Question 38

According to Fiedler, a favorable situation for leadership is defined by three dimensions that include:

A)positive relationships with subordinates, well-defined tasks, and decision-making power.
B)directive, need-oriented, and supportive behaviors.
C)need for achievement, self-esteem, and task structure.
D)subordinate satisfaction, effort, and performance.

Question 39

_____ is an example of a leader behavior that would be characterized as consideration.

A)Planning ahead for future assignments
B)Emphasizing participative decision-making
C)Assigning specific tasks to subordinates
D)Defining work procedures

Question 40

According to Fiedler, relationship-oriented leaders are best in situations of:

A)very high control.
B)moderate control.
C)very low control.
D)either very high or very low control.

Question 41

According to leader-member exchange (LMX) theory, which of these is characteristic of in-group subordinates' relationships with their leaders?

A)mutual trust
B)unshared responsibility
C)competition
D)task-oriented treatment

Question 42

Recent research on implicit leadership theory (ILT) has indicated that subordinates give more favorable ratings to:

A)African Americans and males.
B)Whites and males.
C)Whites and females.
D)African Americans and females.

Question 43

Vina gives her subordinates challenging problems and encourages them to find creative solutions to them. The facet of transformational leadership she is showing is:

A)inspirational motivation.
B)idealized influence.
C)individualized consideration.
D)intellectual stimulation.

Question 44

Alessandro is careful to give his subordinates tasks suited to their talents, goals, and abilities. In this case, the facet of transformational leadership he is showing is:

A)idealized influence.
B)inspirational motivation.
C)individualized consideration.
D)intellectual stimulation.

Question 45

The theory that views leadership as the outcome of a perceptual process involving both leaders and subordinates is:

A)leader-member exchange theory.
B)path-goal theory.
C)transformational leadership theory.
D)implicit leadership theory.

Question 46

Why might I/O researchers be particularly concerned about some of the findings related to implicit leadership theory (ILT)?

A)This theory recommends that leaders engage in favoritism with their subordinates.
B)This theory suggests that women are unlikely to be effective leaders.
C)This theory indicates that subordinates' ratings of leaders may not reflect leaders' actual behaviors.
D)This theory argues that truly effective leadership skills cannot be taught.

Question 47

Nishii and Mayer (2009) found that LMX differentiation:

A)led to higher performance in the long run.
B)led to lower satisfaction.
C)led to status differences within a team.
D)indicated that leaders did not know much about their team members.

Question 48

One of the main differences between leader-member exchange (LMX) theory and behavior-based theories is that LMX theory:

A)suggests that leaders treat subordinates differently from one another.
B)suggests that playing favorites can improve group performance.
C)is not concerned with task-related behaviors.
D)appears to be unrelated to any meaningful outcomes.

Question 49

Nikki is a manager who not only motivates her team to exceed its goals but also helps her subordinates see the value in their work beyond the paycheck. Nikki is most likely engaged in:

A)transformational leadership.
B)transactional leadership.
C)implicit leadership.
D)contingent leadership.

Question 50

Akoni is a very charismatic leader. All of his subordinates want to emulate him. The facet of transformational leadership Akoni embodies is:

A)idealized influence.
B)intellectual stimulation.
C)inspirational motivation.
D)individualized consideration.

Question 51

Marta believes that a leader is someone who is charismatic, encouraging, and forceful. In this case, one might call this concept of a leader a:

A)role model.
B)falsehood.
C)prototype.
D)prejudice.

Question 52

Which of these is a common characteristic among the new leadership theories?

A)They explain why so many businesses are struggling.
B)They stress emotionally distant behaviors such as coercion.
C)They encourage an increase in subordinates' self-esteem and satisfaction.
D)They account for the leader's perceived situational control.

Question 53

According to research on leader-member exchange (LMX) theory, which statement is false?

A)Positive LMX relationships are related to favorable performance ratings.
B)LMX relationship quality is significantly related to job satisfaction.
C)LMX relationship quality is unrelated to turnover intentions.
D)Employees in favorable LMX relationships are more likely to accept organizational change.

Question 54

According to implicit leadership theory, one's mental representation of a leader is known as a:

A)role model.
B)prototype.
C)cognition.
D)model.

Question 55

Janet is a leader who focuses on outlining clear expectations for her team. In a weekly email, she informs her team of the rewards they will receive for meeting her expectations. Janet is most likely engaged in:

A)transformational leadership.
B)transactional leadership.
C)implicit leadership.
D)authoritarian leadership.

Question 56

According to implicit leadership theory (ILT), leadership effectiveness may be:

A)more about subordinates' perceptions than about leaders' actions.
B)based on leaders' traits and behaviors.
C)increased when there is a discrepancy between subordinates' and leaders' ILTs.
D)derived from high-quality relationships with subordinates.

Question 57

Recent findings suggest that perceptions of leader-member exchange (LMX) variability can lead to lower levels of satisfaction and well-being when:

A)the leader is female.
B)members of a group communicate frequently.
C)some members of a team telecommute.
D)there is high variability within a work group.

Question 58

One common characteristic among the new leadership theories is that they:

A)explain how leaders adapt their behaviors to new situations.
B)emphasize organization and task completion.
C)make use of cutting-edge technologies.
D)encourage subordinates to identify with the leader's values.

Question 59

Mila thinks her boss, Elliot, is a very effective leader. When Mila is asked whether Elliot is collegial and professional with his peers, she says yes, even though she's never actually observed Elliot around his peers. This issue is most relevant to which theory of leadership?

A)leader-member exchange theory
B)transformational leadership theory
C)path-goal theory
D)implicit leadership theory

Question 60

Which of these is a component of transformational leadership?

A)industrialized structuring
B)idealized influence
C)contingent reinforcement
D)institutional consideration

Question 61

_____ theory was popular in the 1950s and has reemerged in the last 30 years.

A)Power
B)Behavioral
C)Trait
D)Contingency

Question 62

Based on the Ohio State studies, the dimension of leadership behavior that relates to the extent to which leaders act in a supportive way and show respect for their subordinates is:

A)initiating-structure behavior.
B)consideration behavior.
C)control behavior.
D)contingency behavior.

Question 63

The ability to assess and manage one's own emotions as well as understand the feelings others is known as:

A)perceptual capability.
B)leader-emotion exchange.
C)cognitive prototyping.
D)emotional intelligence.

Question 64

According to research on gender and leadership, which statement is true?

A)Male leaders exhibit higher levels of transformational leadership behaviors than female leaders.
B)Male leaders often are perceived as more effective than women because of the "masculine advantage."
C)Men are perceived as more effective leaders overall than are women.
D)Women emerge more often as leaders in socially oriented situations.

Question 65

Across all countries, research has found that the leadership traits that appear to be important are:

A)those that match cultural expectations.
B)transactional.
C)extraversion and agreeableness.
D)intelligence-related.

Question 66

Eastern cultures tend to indicate that _____ is important to leadership; Western cultures tend to indicate that _____ is important to leadership.

A)intelligence; determination
B)determination; intelligence
C)allocentrism; idocentrism
D)idocentrism; allocentrism

Question 67

According to the Glass Ceiling Commission, in 1991 women held _____ of administrative and management positions and _____ of top leadership positions.

A)80%; 20%
B)43%; 5%
C)50%; 50%
D)20%; 30%

Question 68

Research on the training of leaders on emotional and social skills:

A)suggests that this training is successful.
B)has not provided conclusive results.
C)suggests that this training can actually worsen social skills.
D)demonstrates that these skills can be taught, but they do not translate to improved leader performance.

Question 69

According to Eagly's research on gender and leadership, women are:

A)more participative than men.
B)more task-oriented than men.
C)less participative than men.
D)less interpersonally oriented than men.

Question 70

Transformational leaders express more _____ than do non-transformational leaders.

A)positive emotions
B)positive moods
C)negative emotions
D)negative moods

Question 71

The process through which transformational leaders increase subordinates' ability to see problems from a new perspective is known as:

A)contingent reinforcement.
B)inspirational motivation.
C)individualized consideration.
D)intellectual stimulation.

Question 72

Research in South Korea suggests that leaders high in emotional intelligence are effective because they:

A)are better at gaining power and influence through coercion.
B)can train their followers to be more empathetic and relationship-oriented.
C)engage in more transformational behaviors.
D)demonstrate a better balance of task-oriented and relationship-oriented behaviors.

Question 73

According to Eagly et al. (2003), female leaders are more likely to engage in _____ behaviors, and male leaders are more likely to engage in _____ behaviors.

A)ineffective transactional; effective transactional
B)effective transactional; transformational
C)ineffective transactional; transformational
D)transformational; ineffective transactional

Question 74

Lisbet encourages her subordinates to fight for a common cause. She also focuses on seeing the best in people and wants everyone to work for the greater good. In this case, the facet of transformational leadership she is demonstrating is:

A)individualized consideration.
B)idealized influence.
C)inspirational motivation.
D)intellectual stimulation.

Question 75

Research suggests that transformational leadership is most effective when it is combined with aspects of:

A)implicit leadership.
B)coercive power.
C)transactional leadership.
D)idocentrism.

Question 76

Which of these was identified as a prototypical leadership trait by U.S. participants in a research study?

A)shyness
B)trustworthiness
C)industriousness
D)regretful

Question 77

Two conflicting outcomes that can result from transformational leadership are:

A)dependence on the leader and empowered self-direction.
B)organizational commitment and turnover intentions.
C)job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction.
D)motivation and actual turnover.

Question 78

The glass ceiling is a phenomenon in which:

A)people with low status in an organization have difficulty determining what they need to do to move up.
B)leaders ensure they are being transparent in their decision-making so that subordinates understand their reasoning.
C)people who want to move up in the organization sometimes collide with people currently in the position who are not interested in moving up and out of that position.
D)qualified individuals cannot move up in an organization because of discrimination.

Question 79

An ongoing study on culture and leadership is known as:

A)Project Lead.
B)the CULTR commission.
C)the EARTH report.
D)the GLOBE project.

Question 80

The "feminine advantage" refers to the theory that:

A)women are more effective leaders because they are more inclusive and nurturing.
B)women are more likely to emerge as leaders when they are found to be attractive and feminine.
C)women are more likely to emerge as leaders when they are seen as aggressive and dominant.
D)women are more likely to gain positions of leadership because hiring managers overcompensate for their stereotypical attitudes.