Deck 9: Enlightened Thought and the Republic of Letters

Question 1

In what novel did Rousseau describe his view of an ideal education?

A)Sophie
B)Émile
C)Candide
D)Mariamne
E)Artemire

Answer 1

Émile

Question 2

Montesquieu was the first philosophe to address

A)the natural rights of men.
B)the natural rights of women.
C)the institution of slavery.
D)the social contract between commoners and kings.
E)the relationship between people and the Church.

Answer 2

the institution of slavery.

Question 3

Which philosophe believed that each person was born a tabula rasa,or blank slate?

A)Voltaire
B)Hume
C)Hobbes
D)Locke
E)Diderot

Answer 3

Locke

Question 4

Joseph II's Serfdom Patent

A)was accepted and implemented fully throughout the Austrian Empire.
B)was only implemented in areas outside the Austrian Empire.
C)was never implemented in any form throughout the Austrian Empire.
D)was met with resistance,particularly in the eastern regions of the Austrian Empire.
E)was only implemented within Hungary.

Question 5

Where did the Enlightenment begin?

A)London
B)Paris
C)Berlin
D)Rome
E)Madrid

Question 6

The strongest signal that the papacy was losing power in Western Europe was

A)the expulsion of Jesuits from Catholic countries.
B)the decision to allow only Protestants to serve parlements in France.
C)the requirement that all Catholics leave Austria.
D)the end of the Inquisition in Portugal.
E)the fact that Louis XV converted to Protestantism when he took the French throne.

Question 7

One of the main reasons that monarchs instituted educational reforms was to ensure that there were enough

A)educated priests.
B)educated civil servants.
C)women who received an education.
D)educated merchants to expand trade.
E)peasants who could understand their role in society.

Question 8

Salons spread enlightenment ideas by

A)organizing public lectures.
B)organizing public concerts.
C)sending secret messages through elaborate hairstyles.
D)allowing discussions in private homes without fear of police interference.
E)inviting the lower classes to private homes to hear political discussions.

Question 9

Philosophes helped create which modern discipline?

A)English
B)philosophy
C)history
D)math
E)political science

Question 10

What type of government did Montesquieu believe could guarantee both order and freedom?

A)constitutionalism
B)democracy
C)republicanism
D)monarchy
E)despotism

Question 11

Rousseau's The Social Contract called for surrendering of natural rights to

A)the general will.
B)the monarch.
C)the Church.
D)the parliament.
E)the nobles.

Question 12

Methodism became popular by stressing

A)that all people were equal in God's eyes.
B)that the upper classes should abandon all their possessions.
C)that all land should be equally distributed among the classes.
D)that all Protestants in England should return to Catholicism.
E)that all Protestants should leave the Anglican Church.

Question 13

The rococo style depended on what new material that was imported from China?

A)ivory
B)glass
C)stucco
D)porcelain
E)marble

Question 14

Salons in Paris were hosted mainly by

A)priests.
B)nobles.
C)women.
D)university professors.
E)educated middle-class merchants.

Question 15

William Hogarth's work embodied the trend of moving away from classical subjects in paintings by focusing on

A)the Church.
B)the common people.
C)the monarchy.
D)nobles.
E)nature.

Question 16

Both Montesquieu and Voltaire favored the governmental system of which country?

A)France
B)Austria
C)Spain
D)England
E)Sweden

Question 17

What was the religious group that suffered the most intolerance and persecution across Europe during the eighteenth century?

A)Protestants in England
B)Catholics in the Rhineland
C)Jews in Eastern Europe
D)Jesuits in Spain
E)Puritans in Scotland

Question 18

Locke argued that monarchs derived their power from

A)a social contract between rulers and the ruled.
B)the divine right of kings.
C)the absolute power of kings.
D)the election of representatives to Parliament.
E)the courts or parlements of France.

Question 19

Which philosophe contributed 5,000 articles to the Encyclopedia,which was an attempt to organize and classify all human knowledge?

A)Montesquieu
B)Rousseau
C)Voltaire
D)Locke
E)Diderot

Question 20

Voltaire's favorite target for criticism was

A)the monarch.
B)the Church.
C)merchants.
D)peasants.
E)nobles.

Question 21

Physiocrats believed that _____________ was the source of all wealth.

A)trade
B)gold
C)silver
D)livestock
E)land

Question 22

What were Voltaire's beliefs about religion,and how were they reflected both in his book Candide and in his interest in the Calas Affair?

Question 23

Kant believed that individuals understood the universe through

A)reason alone.
B)inborn characteristics.
C)their unique experiences.
D)religious premonition.
E)literature.

Question 24

What was one of the major threats to public opinion in the eyes of royal officials in France during the last period of the Enlightenment?

A)propaganda distributed by English wool traders
B)the monarchy's inability to present a cohesive public image
C)the opulence of Paris salons,which rivaled the riches of the royal court
D)banned books that had been smuggled into France
E)the illiteracy of the masses

Question 25

Adam Smith's economic theory of "laissez-faire" called for governments

A)to regulate their economies strictly.
B)to leave individuals alone to choose what is in their best economic interests.
C)to regulate trade with colonies,yet allow freedom for trade with other European countries.
D)to regulate strictly only the most profitable trade.
E)to regulate trade strictly only when threatened by another European country.

Question 26

What does the textbook identify as a key factor in the development of the concept of public opinion during the late eighteenth century?

A)an increase in the publication of newspapers
B)the increase in salons throughout France
C)the publication of scientific tracts from royal societies
D)the opening of museums in Western Europe
E)an increase in the number of middle-class men attending universities

Question 27

What sorts of social and cultural changes,and what new social groups and institutions,allowed the spread of Enlightenment ideas?