Deck 24: Water,Electrolyte,and Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

The kidneys neutralize more acid or base than any other buffer system.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

In which compartment would fluid accumulate in edema?

A)Intracellular fluid
B)Transcellular fluid
C)Tissue (interstitial) fluid
D)Blood plasma
E)Lymph

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Where is the greatest volume of water in the body found?

A)Intracellular fluid (ICF)
B)Extracellular fluid (ECF)
C)Tissue (interstitial) fluid
D)Blood plasma and lymph
E)Transcellular fluid

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Uncompensated alkalosis is a pH imbalance that can only be corrected with clinical intervention.

Question 5

Aldosterone promotes potassium excretion.

Question 6

In a state of water balance,average daily fluid gains and losses are equal.

Question 7

The three physiological buffer systems are urinary,digestive,and respiratory.

Question 8

Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic receptors called osmoreceptors.

Question 9

Acidosis is a pH lower than 7,whereas alkalosis is a pH higher than 7.

Question 10

Hyponatremia is usually a result of hypotonic hydration.

Question 11

Hypocalcemia causes muscle weakness,whereas hypercalcemia causes potentially fatal muscle tetanus.

Question 12

The kidneys secrete ADH in response to dehydration.

Question 13

Most body water intake is from __________,whereas most body water lost is via __________.

A)metabolic water; cutaneous transpiration
B)metabolic water; sweat
C)drinking; cutaneous transpiration and expired air
D)drinking; urine
E)drinking; radiation

Question 14

Hypovolemia refers to a reduction in total body water while maintaining normal osmolarity.

Question 15

Chloride homeostasis is regulated as a side effect of sodium homeostasis.

Question 16

Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic neurons called __________.

A)baroreceptors
B)proprioceptors
C)nociceptors
D)osmoreceptors
E)mechanoreceptors

Question 17

A buffer system converts a weak acid or base into a strong one.

Question 18

Natriuretic peptides promote sodium and potassium excretion.

Question 19

What determines osmosis from one fluid compartment to another?

A)The temperature difference between compartments
B)The relative concentration of solutes in each compartment
C)The relative volume in each compartment
D)The relative size of each compartment
E)The blood pressure

Question 20

Blood plasma osmolarity is higher than intracellular fluid osmolarity.

Question 21

A hemorrhage results in which of the following?

A)A decrease in water volume without significantly affecting the osmolarity
B)A decrease in water volume and an increase in osmolarity
C)A decrease in water volume and a decrease in osmolarity
D)An increase in ECF volume but a decrease in ICF volume
E)A decrease in ECF volume but an increase ICF volume

Question 22

What is the principal cation of the ECF?

A)Ca²⁺
B)Cl^-
C)K⁺
D)Na⁺
E)P_i

Question 23

Which of the following does not stimulate aldosterone secretion?

A)Hypotension
B)Hyponatremia
C)Hyperkalemia
D)High blood sodium concentration
E)High blood potassium concentration

Question 24

What is the total body water (TBW)content of a 70 kg young male?

A)10 L
B)20 L
C)40 L
D)60 L
E)70 L

Question 25

What is the greatest determinant of the intracellular water volume?

A)K⁺
B)Na⁺
C)Ca²⁺
D)Cl^-
E)PO₄^3-

Question 26

Which of the following occurs with hypokalemia?

A)Cells are partially depolarized.
B)There is more diffusion of potassium into the cells.
C)Cells are more excitable.
D)The resting membrane potential is more positive.
E)Cells are hyperpolarized.

Question 27

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?

A)It stimulates angiotensin II secretion.
B)It promotes water conservation.
C)It stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors.
D)It inhibits salivation and thirst.
E)It targets the cerebral cortex.

Question 28

In response to dehydration,osmoreceptors stimulate the secretion of __________.

A)ADH
B)calcitonin
C)ANP
D)sodium ions
E)bicarbonate ions

Question 29

What is the function of aldosterone?

A)It increases both Na⁺ and K⁺ reabsorption.
B)It increases both Na⁺ and K⁺ secretion.
C)It increases Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ secretion.
D)It reduces Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ secretion.
E)It causes the urine to be more diluted.

Question 30

What is the most significant solute in determining the distribution of water among fluid compartments?

A)Na⁺
B)Cl^-
C)Ca²⁺
D)K⁺
E)P_i

Question 31

Which of the following can prolonged exposure to cold weather lead to?

A)Fluid sequestration in the upper limbs
B)Hypotonic hydration
C)Hypervolemia
D)Increased sensible water loss
E)Increased respiratory water loss

Question 32

Women have a tendency to retain water during part of the menstrual cycle because estrogen mimics the action of what?

A)ADH
B)Aldosterone
C)Atrial natriuretic hormone
D)Oxytocin
E)Prolactin

Question 33

Water output is largely controlled by varying ___________.

A)metabolic water production
B)sweating
C)cutaneous transpiration
D)drinking
E)urine volume

Question 34

Long-term inhibition of thirst is mostly associated with which of the following?

A)Cooling of the mouth
B)Distention of the stomach by ingested water
C)A drop in blood osmolarity
D)Moistening of the mouth
E)Increased salivation

Question 35

Which of these conditions is not a result of hyperkalemia?

A)Cells are more excitable.
B)The resting membrane potential is more negative.
C)The cells are partially depolarized.
D)The cells are more sensitive to stimulation.
E)There is less diffusion of potassium out of the cells.

Question 36

Hypernatremia is a plasma __________ concentration above normal.

A)Ca²⁺
B)Na⁺
C)K⁺
D)Cl^-
E)P_i

Question 37

Where are cells with aldosterone receptors found?

A)Adrenal cortex
B)Adrenal medulla
C)Posterior pituitary
D)Proximal convoluted tubule
E)Distal convoluted tubule

Question 38

What is the most abundant cation in the ICF?

A)Ca²⁺
B)Na⁺
C)K⁺
D)Cl^-
E)P_i

Question 39

Which of the following is not caused by hypernatremia?

A)Water retention
B)Edema
C)Hypertension
D)Interstitial fluid accumulation
E)A reduction in plasma volume

Question 40

Which of the following occurs when blood volume and pressure become too high?

A)ADH release is inhibited.
B)ADH release is stimulated.
C)The renal tubules reabsorb more water.
D)The renal tubules reabsorb more sodium.
E)The kidneys produce less urine.

Question 41

How do the kidneys compensate respiratory acidosis?

A)By secreting more bicarbonate ions
B)By secreting more hydrogen ions
C)By secreting more sodium ions
D)By reabsorbing more hydrogen ions
E)By reabsorbing more ammonia

Question 42

Hypokalemia can result from all of the following except __________.

A)chronic vomiting
B)diarrhea
C)heavy sweating
D)aldosterone hyposecretion
E)excessive use of laxatives

Question 43

Which buffer system accounts for 75% of all chemical buffering in the body fluids?

A)The protein buffer system
B)The bicarbonate system
C)The phosphate system
D)The carbonic acid system
E)The ammonium buffer system

Question 44

Which of the following is not a role of calcium in the body?

A)It participates in muscle contraction.
B)It is a significant component of nucleic acids.
C)They serve as second messengers.
D)It activates exocytosis.
E)It is important in blood clotting.

Question 45

What protein is the most important buffer in blood plasma?

A)Fibrinogen
B)Albumin
C)Alpha globulin
D)Gamma globulin
E)Transferrin

Question 46

Which of the following is a result of phosphate excretion from the body?

A)An increase in free potassium ions in the ECF
B)An increase in free calcium ions in the ECF
C)An increase in free chloride ions in the ICF
D)A decrease in free potassium ions in the ECF
E)A decrease in free calcium ions in the ECF

Question 47

What is the normal pH of tissue fluid?

A)6.95-7.05
B)7.05-7.15
C)7.15-7.25
D)7.25-7.35
E)7.35-7.45

Question 48

Which of the following describes an antiport system on the basal side of renal tubule cells?

A)It transports bicarbonate from the tubular fluid back into the tubule cells.
B)It transports H⁺ in both directions across the epithelium.
C)It transports CO₂ from the blood into the tubule cells.
D)It exchanges K⁺ for Na⁺.
E)It exchanges H⁺ for Na⁺.

Question 49

What are the major chemical buffer systems of the body?

A)The urinary and respiratory
B)The urinary and digestive
C)The bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein
D)The bicarbonate, nucleic acids, and protein
E)The bicarbonate, phosphate, and nitrate

Question 50

Which of the following represents the complete chemical reaction for the bicarbonate buffer system?

A)CO₂ + H₂O H₂CO₃
HCO₃^- + H⁺
B)CO₂ + H₂O HCO₃^- + H⁺
H₂CO₃
C)H₂CO₃ CO₂ + H₂O
HCO₃^- + H⁺
D)H₂CO₃ HCO₃^- + H⁺
E)CO₂ + H₂O HCO₃^- + H⁺

Question 51

What protein is the most important buffer in erythrocytes?

A)Albumin
B)Fibrinogen
C)Gamma globulin
D)Hemoglobin
E)Myoglobin

Question 52

Acidosis has what effect on the resting membrane potential of nerve cells?

A)It causes repolarization.
B)It causes depolarization below threshold.
C)It causes hyperpolarization.
D)It causes depolarization above threshold.

Question 53

When the renal tubules secrete hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid,they __________ at the same time.

A)secrete potassium
B)secrete sodium
C)reabsorb potassium
D)secrete chloride
E)reabsorb sodium

Question 54

Which of the following accurately describes the inorganic phosphates (P_i)of the body fluids?

A)They are not a significant component of nucleic acids.
B)They are not important for cell membrane structure.
C)They are not necessary in the linking of endergonic with exergonic reactions.
D)They form crystals with calcium in the presence of calsequestrin.
E)They participate in the activation of some enzymes.

Question 55

The bicarbonate buffer system would not work very well in the human body if not for the action of the respiratory system,which ___________.

A)supplies the buffer system with CO₂
B)supplies the buffer system with O₂
C)expels HCO₃^- produced by the buffer system
D)expels H⁺ produced by the buffer system
E)expels CO₂ produced by the buffer system

Question 56

What is the most abundant anion in the ECF?

A)HCO₃^-
B)PO₄^3-
C)HPO₄^2-
D)H₂PO₄^-
E)Cl^-

Question 57

Which of the following characterizes a weak base?

A)It binds a little OH^- and has a weak effect on pH.
B)It binds a lot of OH^- and has a strong effect on pH.
C)It binds a little H⁺ and has a weak effect on pH.
D)It resists changes in OH^-.
E)It lowers the pH.

Question 58

How is calcium concentration in the body regulated?

A)By hormones
B)By sodium and calcium concentrations in the plasma
C)By chloride and phosphate concentrations in the plasma
D)By the parasympathetic nervous system
E)By the sympathetic nervous system

Question 59

Proteins can buffer a drop in pH with their ___________ side groups and can buffer an increase in pH with their __________ side groups.

A)-NH₂; -PO₄
B)-PO₄; -COOH
C)-NH₂; -COOH
D)-COOH; -NH₂
E)-PO₄; -NH₂

Question 60

Chloride homeostasis is achieved mainly as a result of ____________ homeostasis.

A)H₂PO₄^-
B)PO₄^3-
C)HCO₃^-
D)Na⁺
E)K⁺

Question 61

An excessive intake of antacids can lead to which of the following?

A)Metabolic alkalosis
B)Metabolic acidosis
C)Respiratory alkalosis
D)Respiratory acidosis
E)Digestive alkalosis

Question 62

A patient suffering from diabetic acidosis would display which of the following symptoms?

A)Hyperventilation
B)Hypoventilation
C)Decreased H+ secretion by the kidneys
D)Decreased ammonia secretion by the kidneys

Question 63

Breathing into and out of a paper bag for a long period of time will lead to __________.

A)metabolic alkalosis
B)metabolic acidosis
C)urinary alkalosis
D)urinary acidosis
E)respiratory acidosis

Question 64

Chronic vomiting can lead to which of the following?

A)Metabolic acidosis
B)Metabolic alkalosis
C)Respiratory alkalosis
D)Respiratory acidosis
E)Lymphatic alkalosis

Question 65

Emphysema can lead to which of the following?

A)Metabolic acidosis
B)Metabolic alkalosis
C)Respiratory alkalosis
D)Respiratory acidosis
E)Digestive alkalosis