Deck 21: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems

Question 1

Lymph originates in blood capillaries that pick up tissue fluid.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The antigenicity of a molecule is due to specific regions of it called haptens.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The __________ tonsils are the largest,and their surgical removal (tonsillectomy)used to be one of the most common surgical procedures performed in children.

A)adenoid
B)lingual
C)palatine
D)pharyngeal
E)nasopharyngeal

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Humoral immunity takes care of intracellular viruses,whereas cellular immunity takes care of extracellular viruses.

Question 5

Mucous membranes prevent most pathogens from entering the body because of the stickiness of the mucus and the presence of lysozymes.

Question 6

Clonal selection of T cells happens in the thymus.

Question 7

Red bone marrow is the point of origin of all immune cells of the lymphatic system.

Question 8

Cytotoxic T cells respond only to antigens bound to MHC-I proteins.

Question 9

Interleukins are chemical signals by which immune cells communicate with each other.

Question 10

Pyrogens act by increasing the set point for body temperature in the thalamus.

Question 11

Pus is made of dead neutrophils,macrophages,and other tissue debris from a damaged tissue.

Question 12

Naive T cells can synthesize antibodies.

Question 13

Some antibodies against foreign antigens can react to similar self-antigens,causing an autoimmune disease.

Question 14

Lymph is similar to blood plasma,but very low in __________.

A)protein
B)carbon dioxide
C)metabolic waste
D)electrolytes
E)sodium and potassium

Question 15

Which of the following forces does not help lymph to flow?

A)Rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessels
B)The thoracic pump
C)The skeletal muscle pump
D)The lymphatic node pump
E)Arterial pulsations squeezing lymphatic vessels

Question 16

Special lymphatic vessels,called lacteals,absorb dietary __________ that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries.

A)water
B)glucose
C)vitamins
D)amino acids
E)lipids

Question 17

Interferons are secreted in response to bacterial infections.

Question 18

Helper T cells respond only to epitopes attached to MHC proteins.

Question 19

Most Memory B cells are found circulating in the lymph.

Question 20

Lymphatic vessels recover about __________ of the fluid filtered by capillaries.

A)5%
B)15%
C)25%
D)50%
E)85%

Question 21

__________ are found especially in the mucous membrane,standing guard against parasites and allergens.

A)Monocytes
B)Lymphocytes
C)Basophils
D)Neutrophils
E)Eosinophils

Question 22

___________ employ a "respiratory burst" to produce bactericidal chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)and hypochlorite (HClO).

A)Neutrophils
B)Basophils
C)Cytotoxic T cells
D)Natural killer cells
E)Suppressor T cells

Question 23

When an enemy cell is present,a(n)__________ secrete perforins,which bore a hole in the enemy cell membrane.

A)interferon
B)interleukin
C)natural killer cell
D)antibody
E)opsonization

Question 24

A pyrogen is a substance that causes __________.

A)inflammation
B)opsonization
C)complement fixation
D)cytolysis
E)fever

Question 25

Removal of the __________ would be more harmful to a one-year-old child than an adult.

A)spleen
B)lymph node
C)thymus
D)appendix
E)palatine tonsil

Question 26

The __________ show(s)a remarkable degree of degeneration (involution)with age.

A)lymph nodes
B)thymus
C)spleen
D)pharyngeal tonsils
E)appendix

Question 27

The first of a series of neutrophil behaviors in inflammation is __________.

A)chemotaxis
B)margination
C)diapedesis
D)phagocytosis
E)opsonization

Question 28

The only lymphatic organ(s)with afferent lymphatic vessels is(are)the __________.

A)lymph nodes
B)thymus
C)spleen
D)red bone marrow
E)tonsils

Question 29

__________ is not a cardinal sign characteristic of inflammation.

A)Impaired use
B)Redness
C)Pain
D)Heat
E)Swelling

Question 30

One group of proteolytic enzymes secreted by natural killer (NK)cells is __________.

A)selectins
B)cytokines
C)granzymes
D)perforins
E)interferons

Question 31

__________ lacks the capacity to remember a pathogen or react differently to it in the future,whereas __________ utilizes memory cells to adapt to a given pathogen and ward it off more easily in the future.

A)Nonspecific resistance; cytotoxicity
B)Adaptive immunity; nonspecific resistance
C)A natural killer cell; a cytoxic T cell
D)Nonspecific resistance; adaptive immunity
E)Adaptive immunity; specific immunity

Question 32

__________ are secreted by cells infected with viruses,alerting neighboring cells and protecting them from becoming infected.

A)Complement system globulins
B)Interferons
C)Granzymes
D)Pyrogens
E)Perforins

Question 33

Complement C3b protein coats bacteria and stimulates phagocytosis by __________ during a process called __________.

A)lymphocytes and monocytes; opsonization
B)neutrophils and macrophages; cytolysis
C)mast cells and basophils; opsonization
D)mast cells and basophils; cytolysis
E)neutrophils and macrophages; opsonization

Question 34

__________ are the largest of the lymphatic vessels,and they empty into the __________.

A)Lymphatic trunks; collecting ducts
B)Lymphatic trunks; subclavian arteries
C)Lymphatic trunks; subclavian veins
D)Collecting ducts; subclavian veins
E)Collecting ducts; subclavian arteries

Question 35

Which of the following does(do)not belong to the second line of defense?

A)The macrophage system
B)Natural killer cells
C)Inflammation
D)The gastric juices
E)Interferon and the complement system

Question 36

Basophils of the blood help to get defensive leukocytes to the site quickly by releasing an anticoagulant called __________ and a vasodilator called __________.

A)bradykinin; histamine
B)selectin; prostaglandin
C)histamine; heparin
D)heparin; histamine
E)prostaglandins; selectin

Question 37

Complement fixation cannot lead to __________.

A)enhanced inflammation
B)opsonization
C)endogenous pyrexia
D)bacterial phagocytosis
E)cytolysis

Question 38

Immune surveillance is a process in which __________ nonspecifically detect and destroy foreign cells and diseased host cells.

A)T lymphocytes (T cells)
B)reticular cells
C)dendritic cells
D)macrophages
E)natural killer (NK) cells

Question 39

Which of these cellular agents does not participate in inflammation?

A)Cytotoxic T cells
B)Macrophage
C)Eosinophils
D)Neutrophils
E)Endothelial cells

Question 40

Which of the following is not an example of lymphatic tissue?

A)Peyer patches
B)MALT
C)Lymphatic nodules
D)Macrophages
E)Diffuse lymphatic tissue

Question 41

Which of the following is something antibodies do not do?

A)Link antigen molecules together
B)Neutralize antigens by binding to regions of an antigen that can be pathogenic
C)Bind to enemy cells, thus changing their shape so their complement-binding sites are exposed
D)Differentiate into memory antibodies, which upon reexposure to the same pathogen would mount a quicker attack
E)Bind antigen molecules of two or more enemy cells and stick them together

Question 42

Which of the following cannot act as antigen-presenting cells?

A)Reticular cells
B)Dendritic cells
C)Macrophages
D)B cells
E)T cells

Question 43

T cells achieve immunocompetence in the __________.

A)bone marrow
B)bloodstream
C)spleen
D)thymus
E)liver

Question 44

Memory T cells can be up to __________ old.

A)weeks
B)days
C)decades
D)years
E)months

Question 45

T cells undergo positive selection in the thymus,which means they __________.

A)react against self antigens
B)develop surface antigen receptors
C)remain alive but unresponsive
D)die and macrophages phagocytize them
E)multiply and form clones of identical T cells

Question 46

Cellular (cell-mediated)immunity is effective against __________.

A)allergens
B)venoms
C)cancer cells
D)extracellular viruses
E)toxins

Question 47

Antigen-presenting cells usually display processed antigens to T cells in the _____________.

A)blood plasma
B)lymph nodes
C)thymus
D)red bone marrow
E)liver

Question 48

Helper T (T_H)cells recognize antigens when they are bound to a(n)__________.

A)hapten
B)immunoglobulin
C)natural killer cell
D)major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein
E)basophil

Question 49

Which is the correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response?

A)Antigen recognition $\rarr$ antigen presentation $\rarr$ differentiation $\rarr$ clonal selection $\rarr$ attack
B)Antigen recognition $\rarr$ antigen presentation $\rarr$ clonal selection $\rarr$ differentiation $\rarr$ attack
C)Antigen presentation $\rarr$ antigen recognition $\rarr$ clonal selection $\rarr$ differentiation $\rarr$ attack
D)Antigen presentation $\rarr$ antigen recognition $\rarr$ clonal selection $\rarr$ attack differentiation
E)Antigen recognition $\rarr$ differentiation $\rarr$ antigen presentation $\rarr$ clonal selection $\rarr$ attack

Question 50

Helper T (T_H)cells do not __________.

A)secrete cytokines that stimulate clonal selection of B cells
B)secrete cytokines that stimulate clonal selection of cytotoxic T cells
C)secrete cytokines that stimulate macrophage activity
D)secrete inflammatory chemicals
E)secrete fever-producing chemicals

Question 51

__________ constitutes about 80% of circulating antibodies in plasma.

A)IgD
B)IgE
C)IgA
D)IgM
E)IgG

Question 52

One characteristic of the immune response is specificity.This means that __________.

A)immunity starts in defined organs in the body
B)immunity starts in specialized tissues in the body
C)immunity is carried on by a specific group of cells of the immune system
D)immunity is directed against a particular pathogen
E)immunity is carried on by a specific group of tissues of the immune system

Question 53

Vaccination stimulates __________ immunity.

A)natural active
B)artificial active
C)natural passive
D)artificial passive
E)nonspecific

Question 54

A(n)__________ is the region of the molecule that is recognized by antibodies.

A)epitope
B)antigen
C)hapten
D)major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
E)antibody monomer

Question 55

Each immunoglobulin (Ig)has __________ antigen-bonding site(s).

A)two
B)four
C)six
D)one
E)three

Question 56

__________ participate in both nonspecific resistance and immune response.

A)Memory T (T_M) cells
B)Regulatory T (T_R) cells
C)Natural killer (NK) cells
D)Helper T (T_H) cells
E)Cytotoxic T (T_C) cells

Question 57

The serum used for emergency treatment of snakebites stimulates __________ immunity.

A)artificial passive
B)artificial active
C)natural passive
D)natural active
E)artificial specific

Question 58

__________ are antimicrobial proteins.

A)Bradykinins
B)Interferons
C)Cytokines
D)Kinins
E)Prostaglandins

Question 59

The majority of T cells of the naive lymphocyte pool wait for the encounter with foreign antigens in the __________.

A)plasma
B)thymus
C)lymphatic tissues
D)lymph
E)blood plasma

Question 60

Cytotoxic T (T_C)cells are like natural killer (NK)cells because they both __________.

A)secrete interferons
B)secrete granzymes and perforin
C)participate in the immune response
D)participate in nonspecific resistance
E)secrete tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Question 61

Before B cells secrete antibodies,they differentiate into _________.

A)stem cells
B)antigen-presenting cells
C)plasma cells
D)T cells
E)macrophages

Question 62

Beta cell destruction that causes type 1 diabetes mellitus is a(n)__________.

A)anaphylactic hypersensitivity
B)type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity
C)type III (immune complex) hypersensitivity
D)type II (antibody-dependent cytotoxic) hypersensitivity
E)type I (acute) hypersensitivity

Question 63

Most common allergies are the result of __________.

A)autoimmune diseases
B)type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity
C)type III (immune complex) hypersensitivity
D)type II (antibody-dependent cytotoxic) hypersensitivity
E)type I (acute) hypersensitivity

Question 64

Autoimmune diseases are disorders in which the immune system fails to distinguish __________ from foreign ones.

A)self-immunoglobulins
B)self-antibodies
C)self-antigens
D)self-interleukins
E)self-complement proteins

Question 65

A person who is HIV-positive and has a helper T (T_H)cell count lower than __________ has AIDS.

A)20,000 cells/ $\mu$ L
B)5,000 cells/ $\mu$ L
C)1,000 cells/ $\mu$ L
D)200 cells/ $\mu$ L
E)50 cells/ $\mu$ L

Question 66

Which class of immunoglobulin provides passive immunity to the newborn?

A)IgD
B)IgE
C)IgM
D)IgA
E)IgG

Question 67

Bronchoconstriction,dyspnea,and widespread vasodilation are all characteristics of __________.

A)local anaphylaxis
B)anaphylactic shock
C)autoimmune disease
D)an HIV infection
E)AIDS

Question 68

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)targets mainly __________.

A)helper T cells
B)B cells
C)plasma cells
D)cytotoxic T cells
E)natural killer cells