Deck 2: The Chemistry of Life

Question 1

The high heat capacity of water makes it a very ineffective coolant.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

In an exchange reaction,covalent bonds are broken and new covalent bonds are formed.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A solution is a mixture of two or more substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Ionic bonds break apart in water more easily than covalent bonds do.

Question 5

Potassium,sodium,and chlorine are trace elements.

Question 6

All amino acids have both a carboxyl group and an amino group attached to a central carbon.

Question 7

ATP is the body's most important form of long-term energy storage.

Question 8

Chemical reactions in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones are called catabolic reactions.

Question 9

Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and an atomic mass of 16.How many valence electrons does it have?

A)2
B)4
C)6
D)8
E)16

Question 10

Minerals are organic elements extracted from the soil by plants.

Question 11

Hydrogen,deuterium,and tritium are three isotopes of hydrogen.

Question 12

Unsaturated fatty acids have as much hydrogen as they can carry.

Question 13

Sodium has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic mass of 23.Sodium has __________.

A)12 neutrons and 11 protons
B)12 protons and 11 neutrons
C)12 electrons and 11 neutrons
D)12 protons and 11 electrons
E)12 electrons and 11 protons

Question 14

Molecules composed of two or more atoms are called compounds.

Question 15

The chemical properties of an atom are determined by its __________.

A)protons
B)electrons
C)neutrons
D)protons and neutrons
E)particles

Question 16

The opposite of a dehydration synthesis reaction is a hydrolysis reaction.

Question 17

The pH of blood plasma is approximately 7.4,which is slightly acidic.

Question 18

Na (atomic no.11)reacts with Cl (atomic no.17)to become stable.In the reaction,Na will ____________,while Cl will ____________.

A)accept one electron; give up one electron
B)give up one proton; accept one proton
C)share one electron with chlorine; share one electron with sodium
D)become an anion; become a cation
E)give up one electron; accept one electron

Question 19

A dipeptide is a molecule with two peptide bonds.

Question 20

The most abundant element in the human body,by weight,is __________.

A)nitrogen
B)hydrogen
C)carbon
D)oxygen
E)calcium

Question 21

In a workout your muscle cells produce lactic acid,yet you maintain a constant blood pH because _________.

A)metabolic acids are neutralized in muscle cells before released into the blood
B)metabolic bases are produced at the same rate by muscle cells to neutralize the acids
C)the respiratory system removes excess H⁺ from the blood before the pH is lowered
D)the body contains chemicals called buffers that resist changes in pH
E)endothelial cells secrete excess H⁺ to prevent a decrease in pH

Question 22

Oxygen has an atomic number of eight.When two oxygen atoms come together,they form a(n)__________ bond.

A)hydrogen
B)nonpolar covalent
C)polar covalent
D)ionic
E)Van der Waals

Question 23

Which of these is a cation? Check all that apply.
_____ O₂
__X__ K+
__X__ Na+
__X__ Ca²⁺
_____ Cl^-

Question 24

Which of these has the highest H⁺ concentration?

A)Lemon juice, pH = 2.3
B)Red wine, pH = 3.2
C)Tomato juice, pH = 4.7
D)Saliva, pH = 6.6
E)Household ammonia, pH = 10.8

Question 25

The breakdown of glucose to yield carbon dioxide,oxygen,and ATP can be described as __________.

A)anabolic and endergonic
B)catabolic and exergonic
C)anabolic and exergonic
D)catabolic and endergonic
E)anabolic and exothermic

Question 26

Blood contains NaCl,protein,and cells.The NaCl is in a(n)__________,the protein is in a(n)__________,and the cells are in a __________.

A)emulsion; solution; suspension
B)solvent; emulsion; colloid
C)colloid; suspension; solution
D)suspension; colloid; solution
E)solution; colloid; suspension

Question 27

The bonding properties of an atom are determined by its __________.

A)electrons
B)protons
C)positrons
D)neutrons
E)photons

Question 28

Potential energy stored in bonds is released as __________ energy.

A)electromagnetic
B)electrical
C)chemical
D)heat
E)kinetic

Question 29

What type of bond attracts one water molecule to another?

A)An ionic bond
B)A peptide bond
C)A hydrogen bond
D)A covalent bond
E)A hydrolytic bond

Question 30

__________ account for 98.5% of the body's weight.

A)Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, sodium, potassium, and chlorine
B)Carbon, oxygen, iron, sodium, potassium, and chlorine
C)Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, sodium, potassium, and chlorine
D)Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sodium, and potassium
E)Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus

Question 31

Which of these is the most appropriate to express the number of molecules per volume?

A)Molarity
B)Volume
C)Percentage
D)Weight per volume
E)Milliequivalents per liter

Question 32

The most relevant free energy in human physiology is the energy stored in __________.

A)electrolytes ionized in water
B)free radicals with an odd number of electrons
C)radioisotopes
D)the chemical bonds of organic molecules
E)Van der Waals forces

Question 33

A chemical reaction that removes electrons from an atom is called a(n)__________ reaction.

A)reduction
B)condensation
C)hydrolysis
D)anabolic
E)oxidation

Question 34

When jumping into water you notice resistance.This resistance is caused by water's __________.

A)adhesiveness
B)cohesiveness
C)hydrophobic tension
D)hydrophilic tension
E)osmotic equilibrium

Question 35

When table salt,sodium chloride (NaCl),is placed in water __________.

A)Na⁺ and Cl^- form ionic bonds with each other
B)Na⁺ and Cl^- form polar covalent bonds with each other
C)Na⁺ and Cl^- form hydrogen bonds with water
D)Ionic bonds between Na⁺ and Cl^- are broken
E)Na⁺ and Cl^- become separated by their Van der Waals forces

Question 36

Which of these is hydrophobic?

A)Glucose
B)K⁺
C)Cl^-
D)Water
E)Fat

Question 37

The breakdown of glycogen (an energy-storage compound)is an example of a(n)__________ reaction.

A)exergonic
B)endergonic
C)exchange
D)synthesis
E)equilibrium

Question 38

__________ differ from one another in their number of neutrons and atomic mass.

A)Cations
B)Anions
C)Isotopes
D)Electrolytes
E)Free radicals

Question 39

A solution that resists a change in pH when an acid or base is added to it is a(n)__________.

A)buffer
B)catalyst
C)reducing agent
D)oxidizing agent
E)colloid

Question 40

A solution with pH 4 has __________ the H⁺ concentration of a solution with pH 8.

A)½
B)2 times
C)4 times
D)10,000 times
E)1/10,000

Question 41

Which of the following equations depicts an exchange reaction?

A)AB $\rarr$ A + B
B)A + B $\rarr$ AB
C)AB + CD $\rarr$ AC + BD
D)AB $\rarr$ A^- + B⁺
E)A + B $\rarr$ AB $\rarr$ C + D

Question 42

Which of the following is not an organic compound?

A)C₁₆H₁₈N₃ClS
B)Na₂HPO₃(H₂O)₅
C)CH₄
D)C₃H₇O₂N

Question 43

Proteins perform all of the following functions except __________.

A)catalyze metabolic reactions
B)give structural strength to cells and tissues
C)produce muscular and other forms of movement
D)regulate transport of solutes into and out of cells
E)store hereditary information

Question 44

A drastic conformational change in a protein in response to extreme heat or pH is called __________.

A)contamination
B)denaturation
C)saturation
D)sedimentation
E)deconformation

Question 45

Which of these molecules is hydrophobic?

A)Glucose
B)Cholesterol
C)Amino acid
D)Protein
E)Disaccharide

Question 46

__________ is a monosaccharide,whereas __________ is a polysaccharide.

A)Fructose; sucrose
B)Galactose; maltose
C)Lactose; glycogen
D)Glucose; starch
E)Cellulose; glucose

Question 47

__________ are major components of cell membranes,and are said to be __________.

A)Triglycerides; hydrophobic
B)Steroids; hydrophilic
C)Bile acids; fat-soluble
D)Eicosanoids; water-soluble
E)Phospholipids; amphiphilic

Question 48

The folding and coiling of a protein into a globular shape is the __________ structure of the protein.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)quaternary
E)denatured

Question 49

Proteins are __________ built from __________ different amino acids.

A)monomers; 10
B)molecules; 10
C)polymers; 20
D)macromolecules; 40
E)polypeptides; 20

Question 50

Which of the following is a disaccharide?

A)Galactose
B)Lactose
C)Glucose
D)Fructose
E)Amylose

Question 51

Triglycerides consist of a 3-carbon compound called __________ bound to three __________.

A)pyruvate; fatty acids
B)lactic acid; glycerols
C)eicosanoid; steroids
D)glycerol; fatty acids
E)sterol; fatty acids

Question 52

The breakdown of starch by digestive enzymes into glucose molecules is a(n)__________ reaction.

A)synthesis
B)decomposition
C)exchange
D)anabolic
E)reduction

Question 53

Proteoglycans are composed of __________.

A)carbohydrates and fats
B)nucleic acids and fats
C)carbohydrates and proteins
D)proteins and fats
E)nucleic acids and proteins

Question 54

Which one of the following would not increase the rate of a reaction?

A)An increase in reactant concentrations
B)A rise in temperature
C)The presence of a catalyst
D)The presence of an enzyme
E)A decrease in reactant concentrations

Question 55

In general,__________ have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen.

A)enzymes
B)proteins
C)lipids
D)carbohydrates
E)nucleic acids

Question 56

Table sugar is a disaccharide called __________ and is made up of the monomer(s)__________.

A)maltose; glucose and sucrose
B)sucrose; glucose and fructose
C)lactose; glucose and galactose
D)glycogen; glucose and fructose
E)glucose; galactose and fructose

Question 57

A(n)__________ is a group of atoms that determines many of the properties of an organic molecule.

A)carboxyl group
B)functional group
C)hydroxyl group
D)amino group
E)phosphate group

Question 58

Which of the following terms encompasses all of the other ones?

A)Catabolism
B)Anabolism
C)Metabolism
D)Oxidation reactions
E)Reduction reactions

Question 59

A __________ reaction breaks a __________ down into its monomers.

A)hydrolysis; polymer
B)dehydration synthesis; molecule
C)dehydration synthesis; polymer
D)polymer; molecule
E)condensation; reactant

Question 60

The formula of an amino group is __________; the formula of a carboxyl group is __________.

A)-COOH; -OH
B)-CH₃; -NH₂
C)-OH; -SH
D)-NH₂; -COOH
E)-SH; -H₂PO₄

Question 61

The concentration of a solution may be expressed by all of the following except _________.

A)weight per volume
B)percentage
C)molarity
D)pH

Question 62

__________ is the substrate of __________.

A)Glucose; lactose
B)Lactase; glucose
C)Lactose; lactase
D)Galactose; lactose
E)Sucrase; sucrose

Question 63

Amylase is a digestive enzyme that breaks starches down into sugars through __________ reactions.

A)hydrolysis
B)dehydration synthesis
C)anabolic
D)endergonic

Question 64

In the following reaction,what is(are)the product(s)? CO₂ + H₂O ---> H₂CO₃

A)H₂CO₃
B)CO₂ and H₂O
C)CO₂ and H₂CO₃
D)H₂O and H₂CO₃

Question 65

Minerals are found in all of the following except __________.

A)bones and teeth
B)vitamins
C)thyroid hormone
D)electrolytes

Question 66

Which of the following is not a nucleotide?

A)RNA
B)GTP
C)ATP
D)cAMP

Question 67

ATP__________ endergonic and exergonic reactions.

A)opposes
B)decomposes
C)reduces
D)links
E)dehydrates

Question 68

An enzyme is substrate-specific because of the shape of its __________.

A)active site
B)receptor
C)secondary structure
D)terminal amino acid
E)alpha chain

Question 69

Which of the following will increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

A)An increase in reactant concentration
B)An increase in product concentration
C)A decreased temperature
D)Enzyme inhibition

Question 70

All enzymes are __________.

A)cofactors
B)proteins
C)lipids
D)carbohydrates
E)nucleic acids

Question 71

Carbon is very versatile in forming bonds with other atoms because it has __________ valence electrons.

A)four
B)two
C)eight
D)six

Question 72

Nucleic acids are __________ of __________.

A)monomers; monosaccharides
B)monomers; ATP
C)polymers; nucleotides
D)polymers; cAMP
E)polymers; DNA

Question 73

An atom with 12 electrons,13 neutrons,and 11 protons is a(n)__________.

A)anion
B)cation
C)free radical
D)isotope

Question 74

The vibration of an ear drum is an example of __________ energy.

A)kinetic
B)potential
C)elastic
D)radiant