Deck 5: Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development

Question 1

What percentage of children continue to suck their thumbs after they have started school?

A)10 percent
B)25 percent
C)40 percent
D)80 percent

Answer 1

C

Question 2

When a child learns how to walk,which two controls are closely linked?

A)locomotion and eye-hand coordination
B)postural and language
C)locomotion and postural
D)None of these.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Gannon reacted to the pan dropping on the floor by arching his back and throwing his head,arms,and legs out,which demonstrates what reflex?

A)movement
B)rooting
C)sucking
D)Moro

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Kiley was born with the reflex to obtain food; this is the ____________ reflex.

A)movement
B)rooting
C)sucking
D)Moro

Question 5

What are built-in reactions to certain stimuli that govern the newborn's movements?

A)reflexes
B)habits
C)reactions
D)responses

Question 6

If you touch an infant's palms,you will elicit the ________ reflex.

A)rooting
B)Moro
C)grasping
D)Babinski

Question 7

Which of the following reflexes is permanent?

A)rooting
B)stepping
C)blinking
D)grasping

Question 8

Parents proudly announce milestones such as crawling,sitting alone,and first steps.These milestones

A)show that a child is being transformed from a baby to a toddler.
B)make sure that no other child is doing as well as their child.
C)intimidate other parents who have slower children.
D)None of these.

Question 9

When Carmen touches a rattle to her baby's palm,the baby's hand automatically closes around it.Based on this description,you should conclude that this infant is under ____ months old and is demonstrating the ________ reflex.

A)3; grasping
B)6; grasping
C)2; Babinski
D)6; Babinski

Question 10

Gesell believes that motor development comes about through the unfolding of a genetic plan called

A)organogenesis.
B)maturation.
C)memory.
D)an activity plan.

Question 11

Who is associated with the dynamic systems view of how people develop motor skills?

A)Arnold Gesell
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Jean Piaget
D)Erik Erikson

Question 12

Which statement below is not true about babies' postures?

A)After 2 months, infants can hold their heads erect.
B)By 2 months of age, babies can sit while supported on someone's lap.
C)By 6 or 7 months, babies should be able to sit independently.
D)By 8 or 9 months, babies can usually pull themselves up and hold on to a chair.

Question 13

Calvin notices that whenever his newborn son's cheek comes in contact with a soft blanket,his son turns toward the blanket and makes a sucking motion.His friend explains that this is in part due to the

A)Moro reflex.
B)Babinski reflex.
C)rooting reflex.
D)grasping reflex.

Question 14

What reflexes disappear around 3 months of age and are replaced by the infant's voluntary eating?

A)sucking and tonic neck
B)sucking and rooting
C)Moro and rooting
D)tonic neck and rooting

Question 15

Learning how to _________________ is a dynamic process that is linked with sensory information from the skin,joints,and muscles,which tell humans where we are in space.

A)eat
B)use correct posture
C)solve cognitive problems
D)use only fine motor skills

Question 16

What would you not expect of a newborn's introduction to being placed in water?

A)The newborn would stiffen his or her body and pull back from the water.
B)The newborn would have no fear of the water.
C)The newborn would hold his or her breath naturally.
D)The newborn would contract his or her throat to keep water out.

Question 17

In order to develop motor skills,infants must perceive something in the environment that motivates them to act and use their perceptions to finely tune their movements.This is the same as saying

A)perception is not important to motor development.
B)motivation is only a very small part of the motor development.
C)motor skills represent solutions to the infant's goals.
D)motor skills represent complete withdrawal.

Question 18

The stories of Stevie Wonder and Andrea Bocelli address the point that

A)in extreme cases people with disabilities can succeed in everyday life.
B)people who are blind are most likely excellent singers.
C)children who lose one channel of sensation often compensate for their loss by enhancing their sensory skills in another area.
D)None of these.

Question 19

When 3-year-old Mario plows his tricycle into the side of his 1-month-old brother Michael's crib,what response will Michael likely show?

A)Moro reflex
B)Babinski reflex
C)grasping reflex
D)rooting reflex

Question 20

Most infant reflexes that disappear during the first year after birth

A)were not necessary for survival.
B)are incorporated into more complex, voluntary action.
C)reappear during the second year.
D)were learned, not genetically based.

Question 21

Which statement below is true about elementary-aged children?

A)Generally they have difficulty in sitting and paying attention for short periods of time.
B)They are as physically fit as they will ever be.
C)They become more fatigued by long periods of sitting than by running and jumping.
D)They can engage better in passive learning rather than active learning.

Question 22

In various cultures,mothers stimulate infants' motor development through techniques such as stroking,massaging,or stretching.These infants

A)often reach milestones later than children without the physical stimulation.
B)often reach milestones at the same time as children without the physical stimulation.
C)often reach milestones earlier than children without the physical stimulation.
D)are not consistent enough in their development to draw conclusions.

Question 23

According to the Gibsons' ecological view,which of the following is an affordance?

A)A pot may afford you something in which to cook.
B)A pot may afford you something on which to bang.
C)A chair may afford you something on which to sit.
D)All of these.

Question 24

Child development experts believe that motor activity during the second year is vital to the child's competent development and they should have

A)as many restrictions as possible.
B)only restrictions for safety.
C)only restriction for social development.
D)no restrictions.

Question 25

Infants hardly have any control over fine motor skills at birth.However,when learning to reach and grasp

A)the sensory cues do not guide reaching by a 4-month-old infant.
B)the infant does not have to see her own hands in order to reach for an object.
C)the infant does not try to coordinate his thumb and forefinger.
D)the infant's grasp of objects will not vary differently depending on the object's size.

Question 26

Jacob is 4 years old.Which of the following is true about his fine motor skills?

A)He sometimes has trouble building high towers with blocks because he wants to place each block perfectly.
B)He has lost some interest in building towers because he wants to build a house or store.
C)His fine motor skills are much more precise than they were at 3 years of age.
D)Although he sometimes has trouble building high towers with blocks because he wants to place each block perfectly, he has fine motor skills that are more precise than when he was 3 years of age.

Question 27

Sensation is to perception as

A)vision is to hearing.
B)transmission is to interpretation.
C)dominant is to recessive.
D)gross motor is to fine motor.

Question 28

Pediatricians recommend that exercise for keeping an infant physically fit should not include

A)stretching.
B)massage.
C)exercise classes.
D)None of these are recommended.

Question 29

By ages _______ to ________ children begin to show manipulative skills similar to the abilities of adults.

A)6; 8
B)8; 10
C)10; 12
D)12; 14

Question 30

The interpretation of what is sensed is called

A)sensation.
B)perception.
C)stimulation.
D)habituation

Question 31

Which of the following is not a fine motor skill?

A)grasping a toy to play
B)using a spoon to eat
C)running across the playground
D)zipping a jacket to go play outside

Question 32

When a child takes large steps that can exceed their leg length,it may mean they

A)have increased balance and strength.
B)are early risk takers.
C)have early signs of ADHD behaviour.
D)lack all sense of balance.

Question 33

When sound waves produced by an animal excite receptors in 2-year-old Ben's ears,_______________ has occurred.When that sound is identified as being the "moo" of a cow,______________ has occurred.

A)sensation; perception
B)basic perception; intermodal perception
C)perception; sensation
D)reception; sensation

Question 34

Children's participation in sports can provide

A)exercise.
B)opportunities to learn how to compete.
C)positive self-esteem.
D)All of these.

Question 35

What division of childhood will Rafael be in if he can demonstrate all of the following skills: running,climbing,skipping rope,swimming,bicycle riding,and skating?

A)toddlerhood
B)early childhood
C)elementary grades
D)both toddlerhood and elementary grades

Question 36

What could be a negative outcome of participating in sports?

A)a highly competitive personality
B)win-at-all-costs attitude
C)physical strain on the child's body
D)All of these.

Question 37

If an infant's motor activity is restricted

A)that infant will probably reach the milestones of motor development at a normal age.
B)it will be impossible for the infant to reach the next motor development milestones.
C)the infant will always be severely delayed.
D)None of these will occur.

Question 38

Which of the following skill(s)is needed in order to walk upright?

A)balance on one leg while the other is swinging forward
B)shift weight from one leg to another
C)take steps that are at least 10 inches apart
D)the ability to both balance on one leg and to shift weight from one leg to another.

Question 39

At what age would a child be expected to walk?

A)6 months
B)9 months
C)12 months
D)15 months

Question 40

According to Eleanor and James Gibson,we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us.Perception brings us into contact with the environment in order to interact with and adapt to it.These ideas support the

A)Freudian view.
B)social emotional view.
C)ecological view.
D)ethological view.

Question 41

How early in life have children been tested for depth perception?

A)2 months old
B)6 months old
C)1 year old
D)18 months old

Question 42

_________________ is the recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation.

A)Habituation
B)Dishabituation
C)Discrimination
D)Situation paradigm

Question 43

Research on perception has shown that children as young as ________ of age prefer patterned displays rather than non-patterned displays.

A)1 week
B)2 to 3 weeks
C)2 months
D)3 months

Question 44

When Derrick can detect the origin of a sound,he is

A)familiarizing.
B)localizing.
C)sequencing.
D)originating.

Question 45

Pitch is the perception of the frequency of a sound.Infants

A)are less sensitive to low-pitched sounds.
B)are more likely to hear high-pitched sounds.
C)have no ability to distinguish sounds with different pitches until about 3 years of age.
D)are less sensitive to low-pitched sounds and are more likely to hear high-pitched sounds.

Question 46

________________________ is when sensory stimulation is changing but perception of the physical world remains constant.

A)Size constancy
B)Shape constancy
C)Perceptual constancy
D)Depth perception

Question 47

Robert Fantz placed infants in a "looking chamber" that had two displays on the ceiling above the infant's head.This approach is used to study a child's

A)hearing.
B)vision.
C)heart rate.
D)arm movement.

Question 48

________________ is the recognition that an object remains the same shape even though its orientation to us changes.

A)Size constancy
B)Shape constancy
C)Perceptual constancy
D)Depth perception

Question 49

If you visited Robert Fantz's vision lab you would most expect to see a

A)looking chamber.
B)strange situation paradigm.
C)visual cliff.
D)photographic dome.

Question 50

What question were Gibson and Walk investigating by constructing a miniature cliff with a dropoff covered by glass in their laboratory? (They placed infants on the edge of this visual cliff and their mothers coaxed them to crawl onto the glass.)

A)How fast can a young child crawl?
B)Can a young child be separated from his mother without concern?
C)How early in life does depth perception develop?
D)Does a child become upset when being tested when the mother does not physically hold the child?

Question 51

_________________ is the name given to decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus.

A)Habituation
B)Dishabituation
C)Discrimination
D)Situation paradigm

Question 52

Reading Dr.Seuss's classic story The Cat in the Hat to the child in the mother's womb,according to a recent research project,showed that the

A)newborn recognized the story after birth.
B)infant sucked on a nipple in a different way when the mother read the story.
C)infant's brain has a remarkable ability to learn even before birth.
D)All of these.

Question 53

When a child is about 4 or 5 years old,most children's eye muscles are developed enough for them to move their eyes efficiently across a series of letters.What,then,would we expect of children entering the first grade at 6 years of age?

A)They will not be able to focus far away.
B)Children at this age are predominantly farsighted.
C)They can focus their eyes and sustain their attention effectively on close-up objects.
D)Although children at this age are farsighted, they can focus their eyes and sustain their attention effectively on close-up objects.

Question 54

The newborn's vision is estimated to be _______ on the well-known Snellen chart used for eye examinations.

A)20/20
B)20/40
C)20/100
D)20/240

Question 55

At birth,babies can distinguish between _______________________.All of the eye's colour-sensitive receptors (cones)function by 2 months of age.

A)blue and red
B)red and green
C)yellow and green
D)red and black

Question 56

Two types of perceptual constancy are

A)monocular and size.
B)binocular and shape.
C)monocular and binocular.
D)size and shape.

Question 57

To assess an infant's attention to sound,researchers often use a method called

A)high-attitude sucking.
B)disinterested sucking patterns.
C)high-amplitude sucking.
D)None of these.

Question 58

Among the measures researchers might use in habituation studies,which one of the following is not used?

A)sucking behaviour
B)heart rate
C)respiration
D)All of these are used.

Question 59

________________ is the recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from the object.

A)Size constancy
B)Shape constancy
C)Perceptual constancy
D)Depth perception

Question 60

Studying whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli is referred to as the visual ________ method.

A)discrimination
B)preference
C)covering
D)cognition

Question 61

The main thrust of research in Esther Thelen's ___________________ approach is to explore how people assemble motor behaviours for perceiving and acting.

A)dynamic systems
B)ecological
C)perception-cognition
D)perception-motor coupling

Question 62

What smell do newborns not like?

A)strawberry
B)vanilla
C)fish
D)their mother.

Question 63

In the field of perceptual development,nature proponents are referred to as __________ and those who emphasize learning and experience are called _________.

A)empiricists; nativists
B)nativists; constructivists
C)constructivists; empiricists
D)nativists; empiricists

Question 64

Watching an object while exploring it manually helps infants to discriminate its texture,size,and hardness.This is an example of how ________ guides ________.

A)perception; action
B)action; perception
C)perception; a verbal response
D)action; a withdrawal from the object

Question 65

Name and define four reflexes that are present at birth.

Question 66

Sensitivity to taste is present in an infant

A)before birth.
B)at 1 month.
C)at 3 months.
D)at 6 months.

Question 67

In the past,why was circumcision performed on newborns without anesthesia?

A)It was illegal to give a newborn anesthesia.
B)It was believed that newborns do not feel pain.
C)The expense was too great.
D)Anesthetics at the time were not effective on children.

Question 68

The main theme of the ________________ approach of Eleanor and James J.Gibson is to discover how perception guides action.

A)dynamic systems
B)ecological
C)perception-cognition
D)perception-motor coupling

Question 69

Compare and contrast the fine motor activities of an infant,a preschool child,and a grade-school child.

Question 70

__________________,exploratory forms of intermodal perception exist in newborns.

A)Intermediate
B)Crude
C)Excellent
D)None of these.

Question 71

____________________ involves integrating information from two or more sensory modalities,such as vision and hearing.

A)Taste
B)Smell
C)Intermodal perception
D)Elementary perception

Question 72

In one study,infants as young as 3 months old looked more at their mother when they also heard her voice and longer at their father when they also heard his voice.This is an example of ________ perception.

A)preferential
B)multiple
C)intermodal
D)interpersonal

Question 73

Discuss the milestones in gross motor coordination in the first year of life and tell the sequence in which the baby will learn them.

Question 74

Explain the dynamic systems view of the development of motor skills.

Question 75

Explain the difference between sensation and perception.

Question 76

Which of the statements below is true?

A)Perceptual and motor development do not occur in isolation from one another but instead are coupled.
B)Perceptual and cognitive development occur in isolation and are not coupled.
C)Perceptual development is always displayed separately.
D)Motor development is always displayed separately.

Question 77

Compare and contrast the gross motor activities of a preschool child to a child in grade school.

Question 78

Studying infants whose cataracts were removed at different points in development,Maurer and colleagues discovered that those whose cataracts were removed and new lenses placed in their eyes __________ months after birth showed a normal pattern of visual development.

A)no more than nine
B)in the first several
C)six to twelve
D)at least twelve

Question 79

A baby as young as ____________ can differentiate between the smell of his mother's breast milk from the nursing pad and that of another mother.

A)1 day old
B)6 days old
C)10 days old
D)2 weeks old

Question 80

With regard to smell,newborns' expressions on their faces indicate that

A)they do not differentiate odours.
B)they do differentiate odours.
C)they can clearly show a preference.
D)not only can they differentiate odours, but they can clearly show a preference.