Deck 4: Physical Development and Health

Question 1

Which of the following is the most pronounced physical change in middle and late childhood?

A)head circumference
B)waist circumference
C)leg length
D)proportional changes in relation to height

Answer 1

D

Question 2

In the preschool years,both boys and girls

A)slim down as the trunks of their bodies lengthen.
B)put on additional weight as the trunks of their bodies lengthen.
C)slim down but the trunks of their bodies do not change.
D)put on additional weight but the trunks of their bodies do not change.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Infants grow to approximately one and a half times their birth length during their first year of life.How is this growth spread out over the year?

A)approximately 10 cm every other month
B)most of the growth occurs in the last 6 months
C)approximately 2.5 cm per month
D)in unpredictable spurts

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Like most infants,Jordan learns to throw before he learns to kick.Which principle best explains this developmental pattern?

A)proximodistal
B)dominant-recessive
C)cephalocaudal
D)biodynamic

Question 5

______________ is a period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that takes place in early adolescence for both boys and girls.

A)Growth hormone
B)Puberty
C)Physical challenge
D)Menarche

Question 6

What is the average weight of a North American newborn?

A)2.5 kg
B)3.2 kg
C)4.5 kg
D)5.1 kg

Question 7

Who is closest to half of her adult height?

A)Kara, who is five years old
B)Heather, who is seven years old
C)Victoria, who is four years old
D)Sarah, who is two years old

Question 8

The average age of menarche,a girl's first menstruation,in Canada is approximately ________.

A)10 years
B)12 ½ years
C)15 ½ years
D)18 years

Question 9

The period of middle and late childhood¾from about 6 to 11 years of age¾involves

A)slow and consistent growth for both boys and girls.
B)a huge growth spurt for girls.
C)a huge growth spurt for boys.
D)slow and consistent growth for boys only.

Question 10

Infants double their birth weight by 4 months of age,and nearly triple their birth weight by

A)6 months of age.
B)10 months of age.
C)12 months of age.
D)18 months of age.

Question 11

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the cephalocaudal pattern of development?

A)head, neck, shoulders, middle trunk
B)middle trunk, shoulders, neck, head
C)trunk, arms and legs, hands, fingers and toes
D)fingers and toes, hands, arms and legs, trunk

Question 12

At birth,Kelley weighed 8 pounds.Her mother became concerned when she lost body weight,but her obstetrician assured her that most newborns do lose weight before they learn to adjust to neonatal feeding.About what percent of their body weight is lost before they make this adjustment?

A)2 to 3 percent
B)10 percent
C)5 to 7 percent
D)16 percent

Question 13

As a toddler,Megan's head size is disproportionately large in comparison to the rest of her body.This illustrates what principle of growth?

A)proximodistal
B)cephalocaudal
C)hierarchical
D)independence of systems

Question 14

Since development occurs in a cephalocaudal sequence,what can Sarah,an infant,control first?

A)legs
B)arms
C)head
D)hands

Question 15

The sequence in which growth starts at the centre of the body and moves toward the extremities is referred to as the

A)proximodistal pattern.
B)cephalocaudal pattern.
C)hierarchical integration.
D)independence of systems.

Question 16

When Roberto observes his two children drawing,he notes a striking difference in their motor behaviour.Two-year-old Mona makes crude drawings utilizing mostly upper arm movement,whereas 6-year-old Mary makes very precise strokes utilizing fine finger movements.This difference is best explained by the ________ principle.

A)proximodistal
B)dominant-recessive
C)cephalocaudal
D)hierarchical

Question 17

There are wide variations in the onset and progression of puberty.Which of the following is an appropriate example?

A)Puberty might begin as early as 10 years of age or as late as 13 ½ years of age for boys.It might end as early as 13 years of age or as late as 17 years of age.
B)Puberty might begin as early as 8 years of age or as late as 13 ½ years of age for boys.It might end as early as 12 years of age or as late as 17 years of age.
C)There is no prediction of when puberty will begin or end¾not even within a range of years or months.
D)There is an exact prediction of when puberty will begin.

Question 18

What is the average length of a North American newborn?

A)30.8 cm
B)40.8 cm
C)50.8 cm
D)60.8 cm

Question 19

A review of the height and weight of children around the world concluded that two important contributors to height differences are

A)environment and nutrition.
B)ethnic origin and nutrition.
C)environment and ethnic origin.
D)gender and ethnic origin.

Question 20

___________________________ is the absence or deficiency of growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate the body to grow.

A)Growth hormone overactivity
B)Pituitary hormone supply
C)Growth hormone deficiency
D)None of these.

Question 21

Which combination is the most noticeable aspect of female pubertal development?

A)breasts enlarge; pubic hair appears
B)deeper voice; pubic hair appears
C)a halt in the growth spurt; breasts enlarge
D)breasts enlarge; an extreme growth spurt

Question 22

A neuron is a(an)_______ cell that handles information _______________ at the cellular level.

A)transmission; adaptation
B)underdeveloped; transition
C)nerve; processing
D)nerve; interpretation

Question 23

The growth spurt ushers in the most rapid increases in growth since infancy.It occurs in girls

A)1 year earlier than boys.
B)2 years earlier than boys.
C)at the same time as in boys.
D)2 years later than boys.

Question 24

Which of the following is not in control of the secretion of key hormones?

A)hypothalamus
B)menarche
C)gonads
D)pituitary gland

Question 25

______________________ are the tiny gaps between neurons where connections between axons and dendrites take place; as the infant develops,these connections between axons and dendrites proliferate.

A)Cerebrums
B)Synapses
C)Myelin sheaths
D)Nuclei

Question 26

Early maturing girls have an increased vulnerability to a number of problems,such as

A)depression.
B)early smoking and drinking.
C)eating disorders.
D)All of these.

Question 27

A layer of fat cells that encases most axons and helps nerve impulses travel faster is called the

A)cerebrum.
B)myelin sheath.
C)neurons.
D)dendrites.

Question 28

_________________________ is the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other.

A)Temporalization
B)Lateralization
C)Occipital divide
D)Differentiation

Question 29

_______________________ are powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream.

A)Gonads
B)Structures
C)Hormones
D)Pituitary glands

Question 30

Which of the following is not the most noticeable area of sexual maturation in boys?

A)penis elongation
B)testes development
C)growth of facial hair
D)a complete halt in the growth spurt

Question 31

What area of the cerebrum is involved in hearing?

A)frontal lobe
B)parietal lobe
C)temporal lobe
D)occipital lobe

Question 32

The timing for the emergence of puberty is

A)environmental.
B)completely related to stress.
C)completely related to nutrition.
D)programmed into the genes of every human being.

Question 33

Earlier adolescence is a time when most children are

A)very proud of their physical changes.
B)dissatisfied with their body image.
C)completely unaware of their changes.
D)in denial about their changes.

Question 34

The testes in males and the ovaries in females are termed the

A)hypothalamus.
B)pituitary glands.
C)gonads.
D)None of these.

Question 35

_______________________ is an androgen that is key to puberty in boys,while _______________ plays an important role in female pubertal development

A)Estradiol; testosterone
B)Testosterone; estradiol
C)Adrenarche; testosterone
D)Testosterone; testosterone

Question 36

What makes up about 80 percent of the brain's volume and covers the lower portions of the brain like a large cap,playing critical roles in many important human functions?

A)cerebrum
B)cerebellum
C)cerebral cortex
D)myelin sheath

Question 37

It is difficult to study brain development in infants because

A)scans pose a radiation risk.
B)infants wiggle too much for the examinations.
C)the latest brain-imaging technologies can't make out fine details.
D)All of these.

Question 38

__________________ is the structure in the brain best known for monitoring eating,drinking,and sex.

A)Hypothalamus
B)Pituitary gland
C)Gonads
D)None of these.

Question 39

In order for menarche to begin,estradiol levels must increase how many times over?

A)2
B)4
C)8
D)16

Question 40

Which of the following is important in controlling growth and regulating other glands?

A)hypothalamus
B)pituitary gland
C)gonads
D)None of these.

Question 41

Which statement is not true about young children and SIDS?

A)Soft bedding is not recommended.
B)There is no difference in the death rate of infants exposed or not exposed to second-hand smoke.
C)It is more common in groups of low-socioeconomic status.
D)The risk is higher for infants who have a sibling who died of SIDS.

Question 42

Myelination in the areas of the brain related to focusing attention is not complete until

A)middle or late childhood.
B)infancy.
C)adulthood.
D)late adolescence.

Question 43

When a 2-month-old can reach out and grab a small toy,what part of the brain is at work?

A)the prefrontal cortex
B)the cognitive control centres
C)the language control centres
D)None of these.

Question 44

The Canadian Foundation for the Study of Infant Deaths and the Public Health Agency of Canada have recommended that infants be placed to sleep

A)on their sides.
B)on their stomachs.
C)on their backs.
D)propped up with their heads higher than their feet.

Question 45

The key developments of the brain in the first two years include the

A)personal contact cerebellum.
B)environment and genetics.
C)myelin sheath and dendrite connections.
D)None of these.

Question 46

Depressed brain activity has been found in children who grow up in a(n)__________ environment.

A)enriched
B)complex
C)deprived
D)inflexible

Question 47

Most adults spend about _____ of their time in REM sleep,while infants spend about ____ of their time in REM sleep.

A)one-fifth; half
B)half; one-fifth
C)half; half
D)one-third; half

Question 48

Risk of SIDS is highest at ________ months of age.

A)1 to 2
B)2 to 4
C)4 to 6
D)6 to 8

Question 49

Which of the following is not a benefit of shared sleeping?

A)promoting breastfeeding
B)responding more quickly to the baby's cries
C)evidence of greater brain development
D)detection of potentially dangerous breathing pauses in the baby

Question 50

The brains of animals growing up in an enriched environment develop better than the brains of animals reared in standard or isolated conditions.The brains of the animals in the enriched environment weighed more,had thicker layers,and had more neural connections.This statement is a strong argument that

A)animal and human research is very different.
B)early enrichment can benefit the young in a species.
C)animal and human research is very different and that early enrichment can benefit the young in a species.
D)None of these.

Question 51

Leading researcher Charles Nelson points out that while adolescents are capable of very strong emotions,their prefrontal cortex hasn't developed to the point at which they can control their

A)speech.
B)motor skills.
C)passions.
D)None of these.

Question 52

All of the following have been shown to be related to shorter sleep duration in infants EXCEPT

A)maternal depression during pregnancy.
B)infant TV viewing.
C)poor infant nutrition.
D)early introduction of solid foods.

Question 53

In comparing Scarlett's overall sleep pattern with that of her 2-month-old infant son,the main difference is that her son spends more time ____________ than she does.

A)in deep sleep
B)in REM sleep
C)sleeping during nighttime hours
D)following a rhythmic sleep pattern

Question 54

When are neural connections formed?

A)entirely at birth
B)early in life
C)around 10 years of age
D)around 25 years of age

Question 55

From age six through puberty,the most dramatic growth in the brain takes place in the ________ lobe.

A)temporal
B)parietal
C)both the temporal and parietal
D)frontal

Question 56

Newborns sleep _________ hours a day.

A)10 to 11
B)12 to 13
C)14 to 15
D)16 to 17

Question 57

At birth,the newborn's brain is about what percentage of its adult weight?

A)25 percent
B)50 percent
C)75 percent
D)90 percent

Question 58

Scientists believe that the adolescent's brain

A)has stopped growing.
B)is still growing.
C)is shrinking.
D)None of these.

Question 59

REM refers to

A)nutritional needs in infancy.
B)reflexes and rhythmic motor behaviour.
C)perceptual-motor coupling.
D)a recurring sleep stage during which dreams commonly occur.

Question 60

The reason why adolescents have an increase in risk taking and other problems is due to

A)an immature prefrontal cortex but active limbic system.
B)lateralization.
C)cognitive delay.
D)hippocampus extension.

Question 61

Breastfeeding can have positive effects for the child,including

A)fewer infections.
B)fewer allergies.
C)reduced obesity rates.
D)All of these.

Question 62

Because it is better than formula for the infant's health,Health Canada and the World Health Organization strongly endorse breastfeeding for the first ________ of life.

A)year
B)6 months
C)2 years
D)month

Question 63

In adolescents between 10 and 19 years of age,which one of the following is not a leading cause of death?

A)drug use
B)accidents
C)leukemia
D)cardiovascular disease

Question 64

________________________ are the most common cause of severe injury and death in middle and late childhood.

A)Infectious diseases
B)Congenital abnormalities
C)Falls
D)Motor vehicle accidents

Question 65

In order to reduce resistance to going to bed for a young child,which of the following should not be used?

A)Read the child a story.
B)Have the child play hard just before bedtime in order to use up energy.
C)Give the child a bath.
D)Let the child sit on the caregiver's lap to listen to music.

Question 66

Accidents are the ________ cause of death in young children.

A)third
B)leading
C)second
D)fourth

Question 67

Researchers have found that adolescents sleep an average of ____ hours and ____ minutes when given the opportunity to sleep as long as they like.

A)4; 30
B)6; 20
C)7; 45
D)9; 25 Refer to pages 123-124

Question 68

If adolescents need more sleep before beginning their school day,which of the following should be done?

A)Ensure that the adolescent goes to bed by 9:30 pm.
B)Shorten the school day so the adolescent can take a small rest.
C)Start the school day later so the adolescent can sleep in longer.
D)Make sure the adolescent has his or her own room so as not to be disturbed.

Question 69

It is recommended that Mary's infant son should consume about ____ calories for each pound that he weighs.

A)10
B)25
C)50
D)100

Question 70

The World Health Organization and UNICEF have concerns about feeding newborns and infants in

A)the United States.
B)impoverished countries.
C)Canada.
D)None of these.

Question 71

Research has revealed that parental ________ is a risk factor for asthma and higher blood pressure in children,as well as young children's sleep problems,including sleep-disordered breathing.

A)heart disease
B)smoking
C)alcohol abuse
D)depression

Question 72

When feeding her infant son,Dawn follows the guidelines endorsed by most nutritionists.Thus,she tries to make sure that her 10-pound son takes in about ________ calories per day.

A)100
B)300
C)500
D)1,000

Question 73

Which one of the following mothers can breastfeed her baby?

A)the mother who is infected with AIDS
B)the mother who has already breastfed three of her other children
C)the mother who has active tuberculosis
D)the mother who is taking an unsafe drug that can be transmitted through her milk

Question 74

Cancer is the _____________ leading cause of death in children 1 to 14 years of age.

A)third
B)leading
C)second
D)fourth

Question 75

Which of the following statements about breastfeeding is true?

A)It can be unsanitary.
B)It helps immunize the newborn from disease.
C)Breast-fed babies do not gain weight as quickly as bottle-fed babies.
D)Most women find the practice disgusting.

Question 76

The World Health Organization and UNICEF are in favour of

A)breastfeeding over bottle feeding.
B)bottle feeding over breastfeeding.
C)early introduction of solid foods.
D)breastfeeding for the first 2 weeks only.

Question 77

________ percent of children in Canada are living in poverty with no health care provided.

A)Two
B)Eight
C)Eighteen
D)Twenty-two

Question 78

Difficulty going to sleep or staying asleep is called

A)nightmares.
B)night terrors.
C)delayed sleep.
D)insomnia.

Question 79

Adolescents experience a shift in ___________ that delays the body's onset of sleep.

A)testosterone
B)melatonin
C)food intake
D)estrogen

Question 80

Basima is a caring but uneducated mother living in rural Iraq.While watching television she sees images of healthy bottle-fed infants.In an attempt to provide the best nutrition for her 3-month-old son,she quits breastfeeding and switches to formula.Unfortunately for Basima,the well water she uses to mix the formula is unsanitary.Given this information,her son will most likely

A)die of SIDS.
B)have delayed sensory development.
C)gain unwanted weight.
D)develop marasmus.