Deck 2: Biological Beginnings

Question 1

When looking at the views proposed by evolutionary developmental psychologists,it is true that humans spend more time to reproductively mature than any other mammal.This is called

A)the course of childhood evolution.
B)evolutionary immaturity.
C)childhood evolutionary functioning.
D)extended childhood period.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Six-month-old Sally's closeness to her mother and father ensures feeding and protection.Her attachment is called

A)conditioned.
B)adaptive behaviour.
C)biologically determined.
D)culturally determined.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In the ______________ view of social cognitive theory,the evolutionary pressures create changes in biological structures for the use of tools,which enable organisms to manipulate,alter,and construct new environmental conditions.

A)one-sided evolutionism
B)physical evolutionism
C)bidirectional
D)monodirectional

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The evolutionary process that favours individuals that are best designed to reproduce and survive is called

A)cultural evolution.
B)adaptation.
C)natural selection.
D)biological determinism.

Question 5

Who is best associated with the process of natural selection?

A)Aristotle
B)William James
C)Charles Darwin
D)Sandra Scarr

Question 6

David Buss' ideas on evolutionary psychology have ushered in a whole new wave of interest in how evolution can explain human behaviour.He believes that evolution can

A)influence mating patterns.
B)influence how we make decisions.
C)influence how aggressive we are.
D)All of these.

Question 7

What does the statement "Many evolved psychological mechanisms are domain-specific" mean?

A)Abilities are developed to help deal with recurring problems faced by ancestors.
B)The mind consists of set of specialized modules and is not a general-purpose device that can be applied equally.
C)Both of these are correct.
D)None of these are correct.

Question 8

An approach emphasizing the importance of adaptation,reproduction,and "survival of the fittest" in explaining behaviour is

A)sociobiology.
B)evolutionary psychology.
C)ethology.
D)contextual life course theory.

Question 9

The approach of evolutionary psychology

A)has been in place as an approach for several hundred years.
B)is based on Bandura's theory of evolution by natural selection.
C)emphasizes adaptation and reproduction in behaviour.
D)is several hundred years old and is based on Bandura's theory of evolution by natural selection.

Question 10

Many examples of preparation for adulthood take place in childhood.Which of the following is not an example of this concept?

A)children learning much about their physical and social worlds through play
B)sex differences in the style of children's play
C)parents having extremely high expectations for their children in order to make them progress through childhood quickly
D)girls playing with dolls more often than boys, preparing them to be the primary caregivers for offspring

Question 11

Behaviour that promotes an organism's survival in its natural habitat is called

A)determinism.
B)cultural evolution.
C)thriving behaviour.
D)adaptive behaviour.

Question 12

Charles Darwin believed the individuals of a species who survive to reproduce are probably superior in a number of ways to those who do not.This means

A)the same as natural selection.
B)the survivors are better adapted to their world.
C)a gradual modification of an entire population could occur.
D)All of these.

Question 13

When twins are genetically identical,they

A)come from the same fertilized egg.
B)come from two different fertilized eggs.
C)are not the same sex.
D)None of these.

Question 14

Which is not a criticism of the Minnesota Study of twins reared apart?

A)Some twins had contact prior to the separation.
B)The researchers need to study something other than just personality traits.
C)Even strangers who spend some time together find similarities in their lives.
D)Adoption agencies tend to place adopted children into similar homes.

Question 15

When twins are dissimilar genetically,they

A)come from the same fertilized egg.
B)come from two different fertilized eggs.
C)have different genetic makeup.
D)come from two different fertilized eggs and have different genetic makeup.

Question 16

The basic premise of identical-twins-reared-apart research is that the origins of a behaviour can be identified by

A)varying both genetics and the environment.
B)holding both the environment and genetics constant.
C)holding an environment constant while varying genetics.
D)holding genetics constant while varying the environment.

Question 17

In 1859,Charles Darwin published his observations and thoughts in a book titled

A)Nature's Selective Process.
B)On the Origin of Species.
C)The Adaptation Process.
D)Superiority of the Species.

Question 18

The best-known studies of identical twins reared apart have been conducted

A)in Australia.
B)in Sweden.
C)at Harvard University.
D)in Minnesota.

Question 19

Albert Bandura rejects one-sided evolutionism in which

A)social behaviour is the product of evolved biology.
B)cognitive behaviour is the product of evolved humanism.
C)the theory is only applied to animals.
D)social behaviour is completely unrelated to evolved biology.

Question 20

Who is associated with social cognitive theory?

A)Charles Darwin
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Albert Bandura
D)Jean Piaget

Question 21

_______________________ is when a cell of the testes (in men)and ovaries (in women)duplicates its chromosomes and divides twice,thus forming four cells,each of which has only half of the genetic material of the parent cell.

A)Mitosis
B)Meiosis
C)Reproduction
D)None of these.

Question 22

__________________ consists of observable characteristics,including physical characteristics and psychological characteristics.

A)Genotype
B)Chromosomes
C)Phenotype
D)None of these.

Question 23

Every species must have mechanisms for transmitting characteristics from one generation to the next.These mechanisms often involve the principles of genetics.Each of us carries a genetic code that we inherit from _____________ and this code is located within _______________ in our body.

A)other cells; some cells
B)our parents; every cell
C)sperm only; some cells
D)egg only; every cell

Question 24

The Human Genome Project and the Celera Corporation completed a preliminary map of the

A)human genome.
B)animal genome.
C)genetic expression.
D)All of these.

Question 25

One surprising finding from the Human Genome Project was that humans were thought to have ______________ genes but scientists reported that we have approximately _____________.

A)5,000; 7,000
B)100,000; 20,500
C)10,000; 1,000
D)7,000; 100,000

Question 26

____________________ is the way an individual's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics.

A)Genotype
B)Phenotype
C)A recessive trait
D)None of these.

Question 27

Your skin pigmentation is an aspect of your

A)allele.
B)gene locus.
C)genotype.
D)phenotype.

Question 28

_________________ is the process by which each chromosome in the cell's nucleus duplicates itself.

A)Mitosis
B)Meiosis
C)Reproduction
D)None of these.

Question 29

_________________ consists of all of the person's genetic material.

A)Genotype
B)Chromosome
C)Phenotype
D)None of these.

Question 30

In describing the shape of a DNA molecule,the best analogy is that of a(n)

A)iceberg.
B)spiral staircase.
C)pentagon.
D)"X."

Question 31

The activity of genes,or __________________,is affected by the environment and by hormones that circulate in the blood.

A)reproduction
B)genetic expression
C)genetic stability
D)meiosis

Question 32

________________ is the person's genetic heritage; the actual genetic material.

A)Genotype
B)Phenotype
C)Dominant makeup
D)None of these.

Question 33

_____________ are units of heredity information and they are short segments of DNA.

A)Chromosomes
B)RNA
C)Genes
D)Abnormalities

Question 34

DNA stands for

A)divided nuclear atoms.
B)demonstrated natural alignment.
C)deoxyribonucleic acid.
D)None of these.

Question 35

In females,the gametes are created in the

A)cervix.
B)ovaries.
C)fallopian tubes.
D)vagina.

Question 36

The nucleus of each human cell,except gametes,contains ______ pair of chromosomes.

A)23
B)15
C)46
D)50

Question 37

____________ are the units of hereditary information.They are a blueprint for cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain life.

A)Chromosomes
B)Autosomes
C)Ovaries
D)Genes

Question 38

A single cell formed through fertilization is called a(n)

A)ovum.
B)gamete.
C)zygote.
D)embryo.

Question 39

Genotype is to phenotype as genes are to

A)the environment.
B)polygenetics.
C)recessiveness.
D)measurable characteristics.

Question 40

Every species has a mechanism for transmitting characteristics from one generation to the next.This mechanism is explained by the principles of

A)genetics.
B)accountability.
C)variability.
D)domination.

Question 41

What genetic disorder occurs only in females?

A)Down syndrome
B)Turner syndrome
C)XYY syndrome
D)Klinefelter syndrome

Question 42

Down syndrome appears approximately once in every

A)500 live births.
B)700 live births.
C)900 live births.
D)1,000 live births.

Question 43

According to the _______________________,if one gene of a pair is dominant and one is recessive,the dominant gene exerts its effect overriding the potential influence of the other,recessive gene.

A)sex-linked genes principle
B)dominant-recessive genes principle
C)polygenically inherited characteristics
D)reaction range

Question 44

Polygenetic effects are produced by

A)a dominant gene pair.
B)a recessive gene pair.
C)the interaction of many genes.
D)random genetic mutation.

Question 45

What is the chromosomal pattern for females?

A)XX chromosome pattern
B)XY chromosome pattern
C)XXY chromosome pattern
D)YY chromosome pattern

Question 46

Down syndrome is caused by the presence of a(n)________ chromosome.

A)extra
B)distorted
C)recessive
D)elongated

Question 47

Harriet has been diagnosed with Turner syndrome.What is her chromosomal pattern?

A)XX
B)XO
C)XY
D)XYY

Question 48

Ken has been diagnosed with phenylketonuria.If left untreated,what will result?

A)death
B)blindness
C)intellectual disability and hyperactivity
D)language problems and hearing loss

Question 49

Which of the following is a phenotype?

A)height
B)weight
C)skin pigmentation
D)All of these.

Question 50

Stacy has a short stature and a webbed neck.She is infertile and sexually underdeveloped.What genetic disorder does Stacy most likely have?

A)Turner syndrome
B)Klinefelter syndrome
C)phenylketonuria
D)sickle-cell anemia

Question 51

_____________________ is a mechanism in which genes have been modified in one of the parents and have differing effects depending on whether they are transmitted to the offspring through the egg or sperm.

A)Polygenic inheritance
B)Genetic imprinting
C)Genetic transmission
D)X-linked disease

Question 52

When asked to list examples of his phenotype,Doug would include all of the following except

A)skin colour.
B)DNA configuration.
C)height.
D)intelligence level.

Question 53

Dr.Pierce examines a 10-year-old who has intellectual disabilities,distinctive facial features,and an extra 21^st chromosome.Given this information,Dr.Pierce's diagnosis would most likely be

A)PKU.
B)XYY syndrome.
C)Down syndrome.
D)anencephaly.

Question 54

There is only one case in which a recessive gene exerts its influence.This is when

A)two genes of a pair are both recessive.
B)one gene is recessive and one is dominant.
C)two genes of a pair are both dominant.
D)None of these.

Question 55

Women between the ages of ____ and ____ are less likely to give birth to a child with Down syndrome than are younger or older women.

A)15; 20
B)16; 34
C)25; 30
D)None of these.

Question 56

Greg has been diagnosed with Klinefelter's syndrome.What is his chromosomal pattern?

A)XXY
B)XYY
C)XO
D)XY

Question 57

Tim is extremely tall,and has undeveloped testes and enlarged breasts.What genetic disorder does Tim most likely have?

A)sickle-cell anemia
B)Down syndrome
C)Fragile X syndrome
D)Klinefelter syndrome

Question 58

If one gene of a pair is dominant and one is recessive,the dominant gene exerts its effect,overriding the potential influence of the other,recessive gene.What is this process called?

A)gene-affected therapy
B)genetic surgery
C)dominant-recessive genes principle
D)None of these.

Question 59

It was once thought that individuals with a(n)____________ chromosome pattern were predisposed to aggression and violence.

A)XX
B)XY
C)XXY
D)XYY

Question 60

Both Bob and Sally have brown eyes,yet their newborn son has blue eyes.This can happen because

A)all infants have blue eyes that eventually turn brown.
B)each parent was carrying a dominant gene for brown eyes.
C)blue eyes are dominant.
D)each parent was carrying a recessive gene for blue eyes.

Question 61

Which of the following is a possible cause of a man's infertility problems?

A)The male may produce too few sperm.
B)The sperm may lack motility (the ability to move adequately).
C)The male may have a blocked passageway.
D)All of these

Question 62

During which of the following tests is an actual tissue sample removed from the placenta?

A)ultrasound sonography
B)amniocentesis
C)alpha-fetoprotein test
D)chorionic villus sampling

Question 63

Health Canada estimates that 1 in _____ Canadians of African descent are carriers of sickle-cell anemia.

A)5
B)8
C)10
D)400

Question 64

The emerging view is that many complex behaviours likely have some genetic _________________ that gives people a propensity for a particular developmental trajectory.

A)loading
B)splicing
C)setback
D)inability

Question 65

Jake has a genetic disorder that is treated by diet.He has

A)PKU.
B)Turner syndrome.
C)sickle-cell anemia.
D)Klinefelter syndrome.

Question 66

When can the chorionic villus sampling test be done?

A)between the 8^th and 10^th weeks of pregnancy
B)between the 11^th and 13^th weeks of pregnancy
C)between the 14^th and 20^th weeks of pregnancy
D)anytime throughout pregnancy

Question 67

Genetic counseling

A)helps people determine if they have genetic disorders.
B)encourages counselors to ask very personal questions.
C)can put a couple's minds at ease when there is no evidence of genetic disorders.
D)All of these.

Question 68

_____________________ is a prenatal medical procedure in which high-frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnant woman's abdomen.This test can detect many structural abnormalities in the fetus.

A)Amniocentesis
B)Alpha-fetoprotein test
C)Ultrasound sonography
D)Chorionic villi sampling

Question 69

In vitro fertilization refers to

A)allowing a fetus to grow outside the body.
B)removal of a fertilized ovum from the mother's body.
C)fertilization of an ovum outside of the mother's body in a laboratory.
D)fertilization of an ovum inside the mother's body through artificial insemination.

Question 70

Which of the following is not a prenatal test used to determine abnormalities?

A)amniocentesis
B)in vitro fertilization
C)chorionic villi sampling
D)maternal blood screening

Question 71

What genetic disorder occurs more often in persons of African descent?

A)Down syndrome
B)sickle-cell anemia
C)hemophilia
D)Klinefelter syndrome

Question 72

One prevalent consequence of fertility treatments is

A)decreased possibility of multiple births.
B)impossibility of multiple births.
C)increased possibility of multiple births.
D)birth of fraternal twins only.

Question 73

Which of the following is a possible cause of a woman's infertility problems?

A)The woman may not be ovulating.
B)The woman may be producing abnormal ova.
C)Her fallopian tubes may be blocked.
D)All of these.

Question 74

Which one of the following statements is incorrect about genetic counselors?

A)They identify families at risk by analyzing inheritance patterns and explore options with the family.
B)They can work in administrative positions or conduct research.
C)They can serve as educators and resource people for other health care professionals and the public.
D)They must have only an undergraduate degree in order to function as genetic counselors.

Question 75

Two birth defects can be determined from the maternal blood screening of a high-risk pregnant woman.What are these birth defects?

A)sickle-cell and diabetes
B)diabetes and cystic fibrosis
C)autism and language delays
D)spina bifida and Down syndrome

Question 76

Chorionic villus sampling brings a(n)______________ risk of miscarriage compared to amniocentesis.

A)slightly higher
B)extremely higher
C)reduced
D)equal

Question 77

Infertility is defined as the inability to

A)ever conceive a child.
B)ovulate on a regular cycle.
C)experience orgasm during intercourse.
D)conceive a child after one year of regular intercourse.

Question 78

Which one of the following diseases is not caused by genetic abnormalities?

A)cystic fibrosis
B)diabetes
C)hemophilia
D)All of these are genetically linked.

Question 79

Between Christa's 15^th and 18^th weeks of pregnancy,a prenatal medical procedure was done in which a sample of amniotic fluid was withdrawn by syringe and tested to discover if the fetus was suffering from any chromosomal or metabolic disorders.What is this procedure called?

A)maternal blood test
B)ultrasound
C)amniocentesis
D)chorionic villus sampling

Question 80

Nika,who is from Kenya,has been ill most of her life because of a blood disorder that prevents some of her body's cells from receiving oxygen.Nika likely suffers from

A)phenylketonuria.
B)hemophilia.
C)Tay-Sachs disease.
D)sickle-cell anemia.