Deck 8: Interpersonal Processes

Question 1

Surveys of inmates of federal prisons and crime statistics provide evidence for alcohol and drugs as being dangerous substances that contribute to many undesirable social consequences. What are some possible limitations to this evidence?

A)alcohol measurement issues
B)overestimates
C)self-report
D)all of the above

Answer 1

D
all of the above

Question 2

A study investigating whether alcohol consumption would increase aggression found:

A)aggression higher with more alcohol
B)aggression higher with more alcohol but only for those individuals expecting alcohol to lead to aggression
C)ruminators showed less alcohol-related aggression
D)aggression higher with more alcohol for those experienced with alcohol

Answer 2

B
aggression higher with more alcoh ol but only for those individuals expecting alcohol to lead to aggression

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Illicit drugs may not cause aggressive behavior so much as aggressive individuals are more prone to seek them, and under their influence, may be more violent
B)Illicit drugs may cause aggressive behavior so much as aggressive individuals may become more violent when unable to get them
C)Illicit drugs may not be causes of aggressive behavior so much as aggressive individuals are less prone to seek illicit drugs but when under their influence, may become more violent
D)Illicit drugs may cause aggressive behavior because under their influence, impaired judgment leads to violence

Answer 3

A
Illicit drugs may not cause aggressive behavior so much as aggressive individuals are more prone to seek them, and under their influence, may be more violent

Question 4

With retrospective recall of past alcohol and other drug use:

A)reports of temporal proximity of drinking in relation to offenses are reliable
B)reports of drinking may be more valid if the offender is assessed at the crime scene
C)dichotomous or yes/no assessment of drinking is more accurate
D)one can determine the causal role of alcohol and other drugs on criminal activities

Question 5

How do the results of naturalistic studies differ from experimental findings in the lab?

A)naturalistic studies show that aggressive individuals tend to drink heavily whereas lab experiments show alcohol use preceding aggression
B)lab experiments show that aggressive individuals tend to drink heavily whereas naturalistic studies show alcohol use preceding aggression
C)naturalistic studies show that aggressive individuals tend to drink heavily whereas lab experiments show alcohol use following aggression
D)lab experiments show that aggressive individuals tend to drink heavily whereas naturalistic studies show alcohol use following aggression

Question 6

The relationship of alcohol to violent crimes among inmates may be all but which:

A)inflated, as intoxicated offenders are caught more than are light drinkers or nondrinkers
B)distorted as some cases involve mistaken or false charges
C)easily generalizable to the general population ^{d.a spurious relationship due to some third variable}

Question 7

Which of the following statements refer to the attention-allocation model?

A)alcohol has a myopic effect on attention that may facilitate aggression since the individual focuses on less salient provocative, rather than less salient inhibitory, cues in hostile situations
B)alcohol has a myopic effect on attention that may facilitate aggression because the individual focuses on the more salient provocative, rather than more salient inhibitory, cues in hostile situations
C)alcohol has a myopic effect on attention that may facilitate aggression because the individual focuses on the more salient provocative, rather than less salient inhibitory, cues in hostile situations.
D)alcohol has a myopic effect on attention that may facilitate aggression because the individual focuses on the less salient provocative, rather than more salient inhibitory, cues in hostile situations

Question 8

The tendency of alcohol to release our inhibitions of aggression is termed __________.

A)alcohol myopia
B)alcohol aggression
C)alcohol disinhibition
D)alcohol thoughtlessness

Question 9

Based on naturalistic correlational evidence, alcohol use often _____________ violent behavior.

A)precedes
B)accompanies
C)both a and b
D)b only

Question 10

"Alcohol myopia" (Josephs & Steele, 1990) occurs in situations where:

A)alcohol inhibits aggression
B)attention allocation is diminished by alcohol
C)external cues inhibit aggression
D)alcohol facilitates aggression at the neurological level

Question 11

What factors are involved in determining whether alcohol might affect aggression?

A)the setting
B)the relationship to the other person
C)personality and present mood
D)all of the above

Question 12

A study of pharmacological effects on the alcohol-aggression relationship in which males administered shocks to an unseen "opponent " on a competitive task showed that:

A)high alcohol led to higher aggression compared to the placebo condition, regardless of which beverage they expected to receive
B)pharmacological factors are needed to explain the relationship of drinking and aggression
C)pharmacological factors are not needed to explain the relationship of drinking and aggression
D)a and b

Question 13

To determine the role of drinking to aggressive offenses:

A)offenders who do not drink are a needed control group
B)sober control groups are not needed to assess effects of alcohol use by offenders
C)if a high percentage of violent offenders were drinking at the time of offense, alcohol was a cause of their offenses
D)third variables can be ignored

Question 14

The term alcohol myopia attributes greater aggression after drinking to:

A)visual impairment
B)impaired weighing of pros and cons of different behaviors
C)higher value of aggression
D)tendency to see actions of others as hostile

Question 15

The relationship between factors involved in determining whether alcohol might affect aggression is ___________ rather than _____________.

A)unidirectional, reciprocal
B)reciprocal, unidirectional
C)direct, indirect
D)causal, correlational

Question 16

Almost _________ of prison inmates claim to have been affected by alcohol, other drugs, or both at the time they committed their offenses.

A)none
B)all
C)half
D)a third

Question 17

When similar criteria for defining use of alcohol and illicit drugs were used, all but which was found:

A)the majority of prisoners reported use of alcohol at the time of their offense
B)about the same percent of state inmates reported using alcohol versus other drugs at the time of their offense
C)among federal inmates, more reported alcohol than other drug use at the time of their offense
D)overall, less than a third of prisoners reported alcohol use at the time of their offense

Question 18

Which of the following type of drug counters the commonly held beliefs about drug effects on aggression?

A)alcohol
B)benzodiazepines
C)cocaine
D)heroin

Question 19

What limitations do controlled observations of lab experiments encounter with drug research?

A)use of small doses over short periods
B)using drug dependent individuals
C)use of large doses over short periods
D)use of small doses over long periods

Question 20

A study by Pernanen (1991) showed all but which of the following:

A)whether the inmate met the criteria for alcohol dependence was unrelated to offense type
B)intoxication may impair cognitive processes and judgments, leading to the misinterpretation of cues which in turn lead to violent interactions
C)when inmates are alcohol dependent is often related to the type of offense
D)it is more likely that the acute effect of alcohol rather than some personality factor related to chronic use is the factor contributing to violence.

Question 21

Social drinkers who competed against a fictitious opponent (Giancola & Zeichner, 1995) were more aggressive:

A)only if blood alcohol levels were high
B)when provoked if they had an aggressive personality
C)only for those with aggressive personality traits
D)regardless of gender, if they were intoxicated

Question 22

Third variables that may affect the relation between alcohol use and sexual risk behavior are:
A)personality

A)attitudes
B)beliefs
C)all of the above

Question 23

Adolescent alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use and risky sexual behavior over an 18-month period (Duncan et al., 1999) showed:

A)only alcohol use was related to risky sex
B)use of all three substances was related to risky sexual behavior
C)relationship of drugs and sex differ for boys and girls
D)b and c

Question 24

Male alcoholics and their wives, compared to controls (O'Farrell, Choquette, Cutter, & Birchler, 1997) reported all but:

A)less sexual satisfaction
B)more sexual dysfunction
C)painful intercourse for wives
D)more marital infidelity

Question 25

One review (Bux, 1996) of problem drinking among gay men and lesbians found:

A)gay men not at higher risk for drinking heavily
B)gay men at higher risk for drinking problems than heterosexual men
C)gay men more likely to abstain than heterosexuals
D)lesbians more likely to abstain than heterosexuals

Question 26

Which of the following statements is true about alcohol use and sexual risk taking?

A)Alcohol use was more strongly related to unprotected sex among homosexuals than heterosexuals
B)Alcohol use more strongly related to unprotected sex among males than females
C)Alcohol use was more strongly related to unprotected sex among ethnic minorities than for non-ethnic minorities
D)Alcohol use was more strongly related to unprotected sex among adolescents than for adults

Question 27

Surveys dealing with recall of specific sexual incidents rather than overall sexual behavior provide stronger evidence about the role of alcohol because:

A)memory is more accurate
B)temporal relationship between drinking and sex may be identified
C)lying is less likely
D)corroboration from the partner is possible

Question 28

A study of substance use and sexual activity in a nationally representative sample of young adults (Graves & Leigh, 1995) found all but which:

A)marijuana use was related to more sex activity
B)heavy drinkers were less likely to use condoms
C)high association of drinking and unsafe sex
D)more sex partners for those who drank more