Deck 5: Neurobiology of Alcohol and Other Drug Use

Question 1

Which of the following is not true about drug tolerance?

A)increases in doses used after a few heroin use episodes
B)reduced for amphetamines
C)can differ for different effects of a drug
D)is relatively mild for cocaine

Answer 1

B
reduced for amphetamines

Question 2

Alcohol disrupts the balance of the composition of the membrane so that:

A)passage of chemicals through the neurons is unaffected
B)chloride ion entry is increased by GABA
C)glutamate allows more calcium ions into cells
D)N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are activated

Answer 2

B
chloride ion entry is increased by GABA

Question 3

Ions are electrically charged particles which:

A)create neural transmission through the cell
B)help neurotransmitters cross into adjacent neurons
C)exert inhibitory effects on ability of a cell to relay signals
D)all of the above

Answer 3

D
all of the above

Question 4

Alcohol has all but which effect on neurotransmitters:

A)dopamine increases, but drops with continued drinking
B)norepinephrine is often higher with increasing arousal
C)inhibition of beta-endorphins
D)serotonin is reduced by heavy alcohol use

Question 5

Which 2 neurotransmitters are blocked by cocaine?

A)Serotonin, dopamine
B)Epinephrine, serotonin
C)dopamine, epinephrine
D)GABA, dopamine

Question 6

All but which is true of withdrawal symptoms:

A)start 12 to 24 hours after a drug is no longer used
B)can last up to several days
C)are treated with another drug from a different category
D)are treated with another drug from the same category

Question 7

Alcohol seems to be associated with higher levels of:

A)serotonin
B)norepinepherine
C)GABA
D)dopamine

Question 8

Which of the following statements is not true?

A)alcohol interferes with the release of neurotransmitters
B)alcohol causes neurotransmitter leakage from the synaptic vesicles
C)alcohol takes over the receptor sites that are normally stimulated by a specific neurotransmitter
D)alcohol increases neurotransmitter reproduction

Question 9

Drugs that must be absorbed through the stomach have a __________ impact whereas drugs that require inhalation have a _____________ impact on the brain.

A)Quicker, slower
B)Lower, higher
C)Slower, quicker
D)Higher, lower

Question 10

Tolerance involves all but:

A)lower effect of a given dose of a drug after continual use
B)adverse reactions if one stops use of an often-used drug
C)changes from using other drugs together
D)a tendency to increase the amount of a drug

Question 11

Depending on the drug, withdrawal symptoms generally start within:

A)4 to 6 hours
B)8 to 12 hours
C)12 to 24 hours
D)24 to 72 hours

Question 12

Nicotine absorption across membranes:

A)occurs in its non-ionized state or alkaline form
B)is potent in an ionized state in an acid environment
C)is readily absorbed from the acidity of the stomach
D)is ineffective in the mouth due to its acidity

Question 13

Which model can be regarded as the neural version of the opponent process model?

A)sensitization model
B)neural incentive sensitization model
C)incentive sensitization model
D)neural sensitization model

Question 14

The opponent process theory states that drug use produces:

A)an affective state which dissipates after use and results in an aftereffect emotional tone opposite to what the drug produced
B)an affective state which continues after use and results in an aftereffect emotional tone opposite to what the drug produced
C)an affective state which dissipates after use and results in an aftereffect emotional tone similar to what the drug produced
D)an affective state which continues after use and results in an aftereffect emotional tone similar to what the drug produced

Question 15

The average adult can oxidize one drink in approximately

A)one hour
B)two hours
C)three hours
D)four hours

Question 16

All but which is true of nicotine's effects:

A)activates cholinergic receptors
B)destroys neuropeptides
C)releases dopamine
D)affects acetylcholine

Question 17

Smoking as a means of drug delivery is:

A)very fast and produces potent effects on the brain
B)damages the lungs because of the high temperature
C)are weaker as they bypass the acidity of the stomach
D)involves detoxification on its first pass through the body

Question 18

The carbon monoxide (CO) produced by smoking cigarettes:

A)binds to hemoglobin better than with oxygen
B)increases delivery of oxygen throughout the body
C)is reduced by combustion
D)is known as second hand smoke

Question 19

All but which is true of neurotransmitters:

A)activated by impulses from other neurons
B)regulate flow of information among neurons
C)can inhibit signal transmission
D)allow ions to cross the synapse

Question 20

Dose-response curves for alcohol show all but:

A)effect of increased doses generally is constant
B)at low doses, effect is small, accelerates, and levels off at higher doses
C)higher doses may lead to reduced response levels
D)effect of a given dose varies with age and gender

Question 21

All but which are alcohol effects on functions of the endocrine system:

A)physical growth, response to stress
B)cardiovascular, immune, and reproductive functions
C)red and white blood cell function
D)production of cortisol, testosterone, and estrogen

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true about drinking:

A)1 to 2 drinks a day has been associated with less risk for heart disease
B)1 to 2 drinks a day has been associated with more risk for heart disease
C)2 to 3 drinks a day has been associated with more risk for heart disease
D)2 to 3 drinks a day has been associated with less risk for heart disease

Question 23

Naloxone and naltrexone (ReVia®) are all but which:

A)antagonists that block the effects of opiate drugs
B)competing with opioids for their receptor sites
C)neutralizers of opioids that reduce their effects
D)equal in effec tiveness

Question 24

A study comparing offspring of nondrinking mothers with those of mothers having an average of 1 or more drinks per day during pregnancy found the latter had all but.

A)lower birth weight,
B)smaller head circumference
C)slower growth
D)facial deformations

Question 25

All but which applies to the P300 wave

A)occurs 300 milliseconds after a stimulus occurs
B)has a 300-milliseconds duration
C)is of lower amplitude in alcoholics
D)measures processing of sensory input

Question 26

All but which applies to the metabolic breakdown of alcohol by the liver (Lieber, 1994):

A)involves alcohol dehydrogenase
B)uses the portal systemic encephalopathy system
C)uses the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system
D)oxidizes alcohol

Question 27

Alcohol's effect on the liver:

A)depends on the type of beverage
B)is reversible
C)reduces ability to clot blood
D)occurs mainly for people with fatty livers

Question 28

During adolesence, fetal alcohol babies have all except which problem below:

A)cognitive
B)perceptual
C)information processing
D)obesity

Question 29

Chronic heavy alcohol use causes all but:

A)buildup of fatty tissues in the liver
B)impaired liver metabolization of alcohol
C)hepatitis or inflammation of liver tissue
D)liver eliminates alcohol faster

Question 30

Alcoholics, as compared with nonalcoholics, have:

A)wider sulci (gaps between convolutions on the cortex)
B)smaller cerebral ventricles (cavities)
C)changes different from those typical of aging
D)smaller brains

Question 31

Methadone is:

A)an endogenous opiate
B)used for heroin addiction to develop aversions
C)an antagonist that competes for heroin receptor sites
D)widely accepted for treatment of heroin users

Question 32

Newborns of women who abuse opiates during pregnancy show all but which:

A)higher irritability
B)permanent poorer motor control
C)poorer motor control that lasts about a month
D)withdrawal-like symptoms

Question 33

Fetal alcohol syndrome in babies is distinguished by all of the following except:

A)elongated philtrum
B)sunken nasal nose bridge
C)cross eyed
D)small head circumference

Question 34

Alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD) involve all but the study of:

A)larger samples in the general population
B)only mothers who were heavy drinkers
C)long term development of the child
D)a wider range of drinking levels

Question 35

Caffeine:

A)is absorbed from the liver and distributed to body
B)stimulates adenosine receptors
C)speeds reuptake of its neurotransmitters
D)inhibits central nervous system activity