Deck 16: A--Specific Disorders and Treatments

Question 1

Tom has auditory hallucinations in which he hears voices saying, "cut yourself and die." This is an example of a positive symptom of schizophrenia.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Rachel and Rhonda are identical twins, and they have each just broken off relationships with their boyfriends. Rachel feels guilty and sad about ending her relationship; Rhonda feels ending her relationship is probably a good decision. According to the research, Rachel and Rhonda are equally likely to develop depression following this same, negative life event.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Norbert suffers many negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Norbert is more likely to be given an atypical antipsychotic drug than a traditional antipsychotic.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Avoidance learning offers one good explanation for why phobias are not ordinarily extinguished without treatment.

Question 5

People are not born with phobias. Therefore, there is no genetic predisposition for phobias.

Question 6

Nearly all drugs that commonly produce addictions stimulate receptors in the hippocampus.

Question 7

Panic disorder is more commonly diagnosed in men than in women.

Question 8

Some people who suffer from the seasonal affective disorder experience periods of depression during the summer months.

Question 9

Research has demonstrated that monkeys can learn to fear snakes by watching videotapes of other monkeys showing fear of snakes.

Question 10

On the average, antidepressant medications are more effective than the known types of psychotherapy in treating depression.

Question 11

Tina is constantly bothered by worries that others see as exaggerated. There are times that Tina finds herself worrying and she doesn't even know why. Tina has recently begun to take antidepressants, and they have improved her condition. Based on this information, the most appropriate diagnosis for Tina would be generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 12

Women are about twice as likely to suffer depression as men. The explanation for this difference that currently has received the strongest research support has to do with the hormonal differences between the sexes.

Question 13

The process of addiction changes the organization of several brain areas, including areas involved in motivation and attention.

Question 14

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is effective in treating depression because it helps people to forget depressing memories.

Question 15

Most people with major depression experience sleep abnormalities such as awakening earlier than usual without being able to go back to sleep.

Question 16

There is a stronger genetic basis for Type I alcoholism than there is for Type II alcoholism.

Question 17

People diagnosed with schizophrenia typically have two or more personalities that alternate taking control of the body.

Question 18

Schizophrenia has been found in all ethnic groups.

Question 19

At this point in time, there is strong agreement among psychologists that alcoholism is a disease.

Question 20

Alfred believes that his wife is trying to poison him so she can collect his life insurance. Alfred is experiencing a delusion of persecution.

Question 21

People who suffer from ____________________ typically enter REM sleep much more quickly than normal after falling asleep.

Question 22

Cigarette smokers who switch to "low nicotine" brands tend to smoke ____________________ cigarettes than before and inhale ____________________ deeply.

Question 23

People who find it difficult or impossible to quit a self-destructive habit are said to have a ____________________ on it or an ____________________ to it.

Question 24

Sarah finds herself suffering from depression for about two months almost every winter. Julie may receive a diagnosis of ____________________.
or

Question 25

The ____________________, which are fl uid-fi lled cavities in the brain, are larger than normal in people with schizophrenia.

Question 26

A repetitive, unwelcome train of thought is known as ____________________.

Question 27

____________________ antidepressant drugs act (in part) by increasing the number of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine molecules in the synapses.

Question 28

One explanation of why people develop fears of some objects more readily than other objects is that we are predisposed to develop fears for items that have been dangerous in our history. This explanation supports a/an _____________________ view of phobias.

Question 29

Someone who has periods of depression that alternate with periods of mania is said to have ____________________ condition.
or

Question 30

____________________ is a useful substitute for morphine and heroin, because it satisfies the craving without disrupting behavior as greatly as morphine and heroin do.

Question 31

One reason why phobias are so persistent is that they are related to ____________________, a kind of learning that is very resistant to extinction.

Question 32

Addicted drug users rarely get intense pleasure, also called ____________________, from a drug, but they continue to ____________________ anyway.

Question 33

In John B. Watson's analysis of phobia learning, the conditioned stimulus was ____________________ and the unconditioned stimulus was _____________________.

Question 34

Disulfiram, available under the trade name ____________________, is now sometimes used in the treatment of alcoholism, for which it is regarded as only moderately effective.

Question 35

_____________________ is a fear of open or public places.

Question 36

_____________________ is a fear of open or public places.

Question 37

A ____________________ is an extreme, persistent fear that interferes with normal living.

Question 38

People with ____________________ are almost constantly plagued by exaggerated worries.
or

Question 39

A key symptom of panic disorder is ____________________.

Question 40

Of all the people who try to quit alcohol or other drugs on their own, an estimated ____________________ manage to succeed, though not necessarily on their first try.
or

Question 41

Opiates are a class of drugs that are derived from opium and are often used for pain relief. For those who cannot quit using opiates through behavioral treatments, researchers have sought to find a nonaddictive substitute that would satisfy the craving for opiates without harmful side effects. Describe two drugs that have been used to help people who are addicted to opiates.

Question 42

Alcoholism is a complex disorder that appears to be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Twin studies indicate a strong genetic basis for alcoholism and these studies have led researchers to question whether there are multiple types of alcoholism. Describe the two types of alcoholism presented in your chapter.

Question 43

A phobia is an extreme, persistent fear that interferes with normal living. Phobias are often described as irrational due to the excessive degree of the fear, which leads to avoidance behaviors and panic in the presence of the feared object. One common and usually successful type of behavior therapy for phobia is systematic desensitization. Describe how systematic desensitization might be used to treat someone who fears heights. How might this be modified to use virtual reality technology?

Question 44

People with panic disorder (PD) have frequent periods of anxiety and occasional attacks of panic-rapid breathing, increased heart rate, chest pains, sweating, faintness, and trembling. One of the possible treatments for panic disorders is cognitive-behavioral therapy. Describe the lessons taught in cognitive-behavioral therapy in terms of panic disorders.

Question 45

The widely misunderstood term schizophrenia is based on Greek roots meaning "split mind." To be diagnosed with schizophrenia, according to DSM-IV, someone must exhibit a deterioration of daily activities, including work, social relations, and self-care. He or she must also exhibit at least two additional symptoms out of a list of five possible types of symptoms. Name three of the five symptoms and describe the difference between positive and negative symptoms.