Deck 12: Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

Question 1

Your sympathetic nervous system has just been activated. What are you most likely to do?

A) fall asleep
B) breathe harder and perspire
C) slow your breathing and heart rate
D) increase your salivation and digestion rate

Answer 1

breathe harder and perspire

Question 2

Research using brain imaging, such as PET and fMRI, has revealed that:

A) the limbic system controls negative emotions only.
B) the limbic system controls positive emotions only.
C) different emotions activate unique areas of the brain, so these scans indicate what emotion the person is experiencing.
D) different emotions activate some of the same areas of the brain, so these scans cannot indicate what emotion the person is experiencing.

Answer 2

different emotions activate some of the same areas of the brain, so these scans cannot indicate what emotion the person is experiencing.

Question 3

The physiology of emotion refers to:

A) changes that include changes in perception.
B) changes that include increased anger.
C) changes that include increased fist clenching.
D) changes that include increased heart rate.

Answer 3

changes that include increased heart rate.

Question 4

Activity of the parasympathetic nervous system leads to an increase in

A) sweating.
B) breathing rate.
C) heart rate.
D) digestion.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using self reports to measure emotions?

A) Self reports can be administered quickly.
B) Self report scales have demonstrated validity.
C) Self reports are about the only option available for difficult to observe emotions.
D) Self reports are easy to administer.

Question 6

Which of the following statements regarding emotion is TRUE?

A) Emotion has been a popular research topic for as long as psychology has been a science.
B) Although emotion has become a popular research topic, it is very difficult to define.
C) Although emotion is difficult to define, psychologists agree that emotion is unrelated to the concept of motivation.
D) The intensity of an emotion is negatively correlated with the intensity of current motivations.

Question 7

Although emotion is difficult to define, most psychologists would agree that emotion includes the following four dimensions:

A) cognition, feelings, actions, physiology
B) cognition, actions, perceptions, beliefs
C) physiology, phenomenology, phrenology, actions
D) physiology, phrenology, cognition, actions

Question 8

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A) It controls the muscles of the face.
B) It controls the muscles of the arms and legs.
C) It readies the body for vigorous emergency actions.
D) It decreases heart rate and promotes digestion.

Question 9

Activity of the parasympathetic nervous system leads to an increase in

A) electrical conduction of the skin.
B) digestion.
C) breathing rate.
D) blood pressure.

Question 10

According to the James-Lange theory:

A) emotion is our perception of autonomic changes.
B) frustration leads to aggression.
C) intermediate arousal levels produce the best performance on difficult tasks.
D) the limbic system of the brain is critical for emotional behavior.

Question 11

Which part of the nervous system readies the body for "fight or flight" activities?

A) parasympathetic nervous system
B) somatic nervous system
C) peripheral nervous system
D) sympathetic nervous system

Question 12

In extremely frightening situations people's hearts race, they sweat, and they lose control over bowel and bladder functioning. These responses are due to

A) activation of the sympathetic nervous system and inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system.
B) activation of the parasympathetic nervous system and inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system.
C) simultaneous activation in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
D) simultaneous shutting down of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Question 13

Axons from both the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system extend to the

A) muscles.
B) bones.
C) internal organs.
D) cerebral cortex.

Question 14

Arousal of the sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for

A) relaxation.
B) digestive activities.
C) vigorous activity.
D) continuation of whatever it is already doing.

Question 15

The neuron clusters of the sympathetic nervous system:

A) are located within the heart and other internal organs.
B) operate independently of the rest of the nervous system.
C) are located to the left and right of the spinal cord.
D) are attached to the medulla and the lower part of the spinal cord.

Question 16

Which part of the autonomic nervous system, if any, prepares the body for "fight or flight"?

A) parasympathetic nervous system
B) sympathetic nervous system
C) both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems equally
D) neither the sympathetic nor the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 17

Robert is a participant in a study of emotions. He is asked to indicate how happy he feels on a scale from 1 (not at all happy) to 7 (extremely happy). What measurement technique is being used in this study?

A) behavioral observation
B) physiological measurement
C) self report
D) functional phenomenology index

Question 18

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems make up the __________ nervous system.

A) somatic
B) central
C) mammalian
D) autonomic

Question 19

Robert is a participant in a study of emotions. Although he is not aware of it, the psychologist conducting the study is monitoring and recording his facial expressions. What measurement technique is being used in this study?

A) behavioral observation
B) physiological measurement
C) self report
D) functional phenomenology index

Question 20

A micro expression refers to?

A) a very brief, involuntary expression of emotion.
B) any false expression that masks the person's true feelings
C) a self report technique for measuring briefly experienced feeling states.
D) an emotion that is not intensely experienced.

Question 21

The view that emotions are our perceptions of autonomic changes and body movements is known as the

A) opponent-process theory.
B) James-Lange theory.
C) Schachter and Singer theory.
D) Cannon-Bard theory.

Question 22

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions,

A) emotions and autonomic arousal occur simultaneously but independently of each other.
B) the stronger the autonomic arousal, the weaker the emotion.
C) emotions lead to actions.
D) actions lead to emotions.

Question 23

According to common sense, emotions cause body movements and autonomic changes. Which of the following disagrees with common sense on this point?

A) opponent-process theory
B) James-Lange theory
C) frustration-aggression hypothesis
D) activation-synthesis hypothesis

Question 24

Which of the following questions might an investigator ask in order to evaluate whether the James-Lange theory is correct?

A) Do people who show greater fear also show greater anger?
B) Do people feel stronger emotions at some times of day than at others?
C) Which occurs first after a stimulus, physiological changes or the experience of emotion?
D) Who shows stronger emotional reactions, men or women?

Question 25

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions,

A) you feel an emotion, then you act.
B) you act, then you feel the emotion.
C) you act, then you appraise the situation
D) you feel an emotion, act, and appraise the situation simultaneously.

Question 26

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions,

A) your trembling has nothing to do with your feeling afraid.
B) you start trembling and then decide you must be afraid.
C) you feel afraid only when you stop trembling.
D) you have to feel fear of something before you can begin to tremble.

Question 27

One type of evidence supporting the James-Lange theory of emotions is that

A) young children have the same facial expressions of emotion as adults.
B) people with pure autonomic failure experience stronger than normal emotions.
C) molding someone's face into a smile or frown enhances the relevant emotion.
D) emotional expressions vary sharply from one culture to another.

Question 28

One way of stating the James-Lange theory is that

A) emotion depends on activity of the limbic system of the brain.
B) emotional feelings are the perceptions of body movements and autonomic changes.
C) emotional feelings lead to body movements and autonomic changes.
D) performance of difficult tasks is best when arousal is at an intermediate level.

Question 29

Which of the following observations supports the James-Lange theory?

A) Sometimes people report emotional experiences before their autonomic nervous system begins to respond.
B) Different emotions are associated with somewhat different patterns of autonomic activity.
C) Animals still engage in emotional behaviors after damage to their autonomic nervous system.
D) People with the same autonomic arousal experience different emotions if they are given different instructions.

Question 30

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions,

A) you tremble because you feel afraid.
B) you feel afraid because you notice yourself trembling.
C) you feel afraid when you stop trembling.
D) your trembling has nothing to do with your feeling afraid.

Question 31

People with pure autonomic failure lose nervous system control over their heart rate, breathing, sweating, etc. What, if anything, happens to their emotions?

A) The feeling aspect of their emotions becomes weaker.
B) The feeling aspect of their emotions becomes stronger.
C) They have trouble recognizing other people's facial expressions of emotion.
D) They report no changes.

Question 32

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, when you experience an emotion, the order of events is:

A) action...appraisal of the situation...feeling
B) appraisal of the situation...action...feeling
C) appraisal of the situation...feeling...action
D) feeling...appraisal of the situation...action

Question 33

A tiger is chasing you. You run. You also feel afraid. According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, what is the order of events?

A) You become afraid, which makes you run; your running makes you more afraid, and you run faster; and so on.
B) First you feel afraid; you run away because you are frightened.
C) First you run away; you feel afraid because you are running.
D) Your fear and your running away start at the same time and end at the same time.

Question 34

People with pure autonomic failure have

A) little physical response to any event and weak emotions.
B) little physical response to any event and strong emotions.
C) stronger than normal physical responses to any event and weak emotions.
D) stronger than normal physical responses to any event and strong emotions.

Question 35

According to the James-Lange theory, someone who felt almost no changes in heart rate and other autonomic responses would be likely to feel

A) stronger anger than fear.
B) stronger fear than anger.
C) rapid fluctuations in both fear and anger.
D) relatively weak fear and anger.

Question 36

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, your body's reactions to an event are necessary for

A) the cognitive aspect of an emotion.
B) the feeling aspect of an emotion.
C) only the positive emotions such as joy.
D) only negative emotions such as anger.

Question 37

Different emotions (such as happiness and anger) are associated with

A) autonomic changes of completely different types.
B) identical autonomic changes.
C) autonomic changes that are entirely unpredictable.
D) similar but not identical autonomic changes.

Question 38

The fact that people with pure autonomic failure generally report feeling little or no emotion tends to support the

A) Gestalt theory.
B) gate theory.
C) James-Lange theory.
D) trichromatic theory.

Question 39

People with pure autonomic failure have

A) very strong heart rate and other responses, and very weak emotions.
B) very strong heart rate and other responses, and very strong emotions.
C) only random changes in heart rate and other responses, and very weak emotions.
D) only random changes in heart rate and other responses, and very strong emotions.

Question 40

According to the James-Lange theory,

A) emotional changes cause physiological changes in the body.
B) our perceptions of our body changes contribute to the experience of emotion.
C) females express their emotions more openly, but males experience them just as strongly.
D) the hypothalamus is the most important part of the brain for the experience of emotion.

Question 41

Suppose your facial expression were molded into a smile without your being aware of it. Then you examine some cartoons. Compared to your usual response to cartoons,

A) you are equally likely to find them funny but more likely to complain that they are silly.
B) you are more likely to find them funny.
C) you are less likely to find them funny.
D) you are equally likely to find them funny but more likely to complain that some of them are offensive.

Question 42

You find yourself in a small sailboat on a big lake as a storm approaches. According to the James-Lange theory, what is the correct order of events?

A) First you feel frightened, and then your autonomic nervous system is aroused.
B) Your autonomic nervous system becomes aroused at the same time that you feel frightened.
C) First your autonomic nervous system is aroused, and then you feel frightened.
D) First you become frightened, and then the activity in your autonomic nervous system is suppressed.

Question 43

As a result of an injury, Jane's autonomic nervous system produces less vigorous responses than it once did. According to the Schachter and Singer theory of emotions, what changes (if any) will there be in her emotions?

A) She will experience only the unpleasant emotions (such as anger and fear), not the pleasant emotions.
B) Her emotional experiences will be the same as ever.
C) She will experience the same emotions as before, but they will feel weaker.
D) She will experience emotions as strongly as before, but she will have trouble recognizing which emotion is which.

Question 44

Schachter and Singer's theory of emotions agrees with the James-Lange theory in assuming that

A) autonomic arousal has nothing to do with emotional behavior or experience.
B) each type of emotion is associated with a different, specific type of autonomic activity.
C) all types of emotion are associated with the same type of autonomic activity.
D) anything that prevents autonomic arousal will decrease the intensity of all emotions.

Question 45

In the experiment by Schachter and Singer, subjects were given injections of epinephrine and put into various situations. What did they conclude from the results of this experiment?

A) The situation determined which emotion subjects felt.
B) The situation determined the intensity of the emotion.
C) The nature of the autonomic arousal determined which emotion subjects felt.
D) In some situations epinephrine increased sympathetic arousal; in other situations it decreased arousal.

Question 46

Of the following, which would be most likely to increase people's enjoyment of the comic pages and their ratings of how funny each cartoon is?

A) having the person eat a high-protein diet
B) conducting the study during the lunch hour
C) molding the person's face into a smile
D) using a fan to maintain a gentle breeze during the study

Question 47

One theory holds that physiological arousal determines the intensity of an emotion and your interpretation of the situation determines which emotion you feel. Which theory is this?

A) opponent-process theory
B) James-Lange theory
C) Josephson's Arousal theory
D) Schachter and Singer theory

Question 48

According to Schachter and Singer's theory of emotions, each emotion reflects

A) a unique state of autonomic arousal, different from the arousal that characterizes any other emotion.
B) a special pattern of neuronal activity in the cerebellum.
C) a mental experience that has nothing to do with the arousal of the autonomic nervous system.
D) an interpretation of autonomic arousal based on what we know of the situation.

Question 49

The Schachter and Singer theory of emotion and the James-Lange theory of emotion disagree in their answers to the following question:

A) Can people identify their emotional state by noticing what their autonomic nervous system is doing?
B) Which parts of the central nervous system are most important for the experience of emotions?
C) Does the removal of the stimulus for one emotion lead to the start of an opposite emotion?
D) Are the facial expressions of emotional states learned or built-in?

Question 50

Psychologists attempting to identify basic emotions have generally made each of the following assumptions, EXCEPT

A) basic emotions should appear early in life, without requiring much experience.
B) basic emotions should each have a distinct facial expression and characteristic physiology.
C) basic emotions should be about the same for people in different cultures.
D) basic emotions should be triggered by the same situations or stimuli for all people.

Question 51

According to the results of the experiment by Schachter and Singer, people in an emotion-arousing situation are less likely to feel emotions if they

A) are surrounded by other people who are strongly reacting to the situation.
B) think their physiological arousal is the result of the situation.
C) think their arousal is the result of a drug injection.
D) experience strong physiological arousal for no reason they know of.

Question 52

Someone whose facial expression is molded into a smile (without using the term "smile" and without any happy event) reports

A) a less happy than normal reaction to common stimuli.
B) a happier than normal reaction to common stimuli.
C) no change in emotional reactions.
D) less likelihood than normal to experience either happiness or sadness.

Question 53

Schachter and Singer's theory of emotions contrasts with the James-Lange theory on which of the following questions?

A) Does each autonomic change give rise to a different emotional experience?
B) Does an increase in autonomic arousal generally lead to a more intense emotional experience?
C) Do autonomic changes generally occur during emotional behaviors?
D) Which parts of the brain are most important for emotional experiences?

Question 54

In Schachter and Singer's experiment, participants who received epinephrine injections reported euphoria in a happy situation and anger in an insulting situation. However, people who received placebos acted the same way. What conclusion, if any, do the results support?

A) A situation first evokes actions, which we interpret later as emotions.
B) Intensity of sympathetic nervous system aroused determines the strength of an emotion, but the situation determines which emotion.
C) The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems combine their effects to produce emotions.
D) None of these conclusions follow from the data.

Question 55

The results of the experiment by Schachter and Singer suggest that

A) anxiety produces more intense autonomic changes than other emotions do.
B) each emotional state is associated with its own distinctive set of autonomic changes.
C) emotion is an interpretation of a physiological condition based on information about the situation.
D) emotional changes lead to changes in autonomic activity.

Question 56

Based on Schachter's view of emotion, we can predict that drugs or injuries that prevent strong autonomic arousal will

A) increase happy emotions but decrease unhappy emotions.
B) strengthen emotional experiences.
C) have no effect on emotional experiences.
D) weaken emotional experiences.

Question 57

Jack has just taken a pill that will increase his sympathetic nervous system arousal. According to Schachter and Singer's theory of emotions, what procedure would increase the chance that Jack will experience a strong emotion?

A) Put him in a situation that might arouse emotions and tell him that the pill will have no effect.
B) Give him another pill that cancels the effects of the first.
C) Give him instructions that lead him to attribute his arousal to the pill.
D) Put him in a situation that should not arouse any emotions and tell him that the pill has unknown effects.

Question 58

Experimenters wanted to know the effects of smiling or frowning on the experience of emotion. To avoid problems with demand characteristics, the researchers had the participants in the experiment rate the funniness of cartoons while

A) viewing themselves in a distorted mirror.
B) holding a pen in their mouths, as a disabled person might.
C) their faces were numbed with a local anesthetic.
D) listening to a masking noise through a set of headphones.

Question 59

What is the current opinion of psychologists as to the number of basic emotions?

A) Most psychologists believe that humans have two basic emotions--pleasure and displeasure.
B) Most psychologists believe that humans have three basic emotions--happiness, fear, and anger.
C) Most psychologists believe that humans have six basic emotion--happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, and surprise.
D) Psychologists are not agreed as to how many basic emotions exist, or even whether there is such a thing as a basic emotion.

Question 60

According to most psychologists, how many basic emotions do we have?

A) two
B) four
C) nine
D) Psychologists have not been able to agree on how many basic emotions exist.

Question 61

In the U.S. and Europe, the eyebrow raising greeting indicates "I'm happy to see you." What about other cultures?

A) The expression does not occur in most other cultures.
B) The expression occurs in all known cultures and has the same meaning in each.
C) The expression occurs in most cultures, but its meaning varies widely.
D) The expression looks very different in different cultures, and its meaning varies.

Question 62

If we compare people from a variety of cultures, we find little or no difference in

A) frequencies of various sexual behaviors.
B) prevalence of aggressive and violent behaviors.
C) the meaning of the eyebrow-raising expression.
D) reported levels of subjective well-being.

Question 63

Studies on facial expressions of emotion have shown that

A) people use words to communicate emotion far more than they use facial expression.
B) people in various cultures, in general, are unable to interpret the facial expression of someone from another culture.
C) voluntary smiles are indistinguishable from spontaneous smiles.
D) we show more emotion when other people are around than when we are by ourselves.

Question 64

In experiments on recognizing the emotional meaning of facial expressions, people are more likely to identify the expression of sadness and fear if the person in the photograph

A) is looking down or to the side.
B) is looking straight ahead.
C) has his or her eyes closed.
D) is looking straight up.

Question 65

Psychologists who believe in the existence of a few "basic emotions" cite as evidence in support of their position the fact that

A) people throughout the world can recognize the same facial expressions as meaning happy, sad, frightened, and so forth.
B) each emotion depends on a specific neurotransmitter, and no two are the same.
C) people feel only one emotion at a time, and each emotion inhibits the ability to feel another.
D) certain "emotion-blind" people feel only one emotion, and never feel any other.

Question 66

Which of the following is evidence that there may be more than just six basic emotions in people?

A) All people in all cultures recognize happiness in the same way.
B) People from other cultures, such as India and Japan, recognize basic emotions that Americans do not.
C) Emotions can be blended, such as feeling "surprisingly angry".
D) Emotional intensity is related to physiological arousal, often in subtle but complex ways.

Question 67

Which of the following statements regarding Duchenne smiles is FALSE?

A) It is hard to produce voluntarily.
B) It is a good indicator of someone's true feelings.
C) People who are lying use more Duchenne smiles than people who are being honest.
D) Women with Duchenne smiles in their college yearbook photos were more likely to report feeling happy decades later.

Question 68

The eyebrow-raising greeting

A) differs among cultures in both meaning and duration.
B) is similar in all human cultures.
C) has the same duration in all cultures but differs in meaning.
D) has the same meaning in all cultures but differs in duration.

Question 69

Based on research in which people of various cultures are shown pictures of facial expressions and asked to identify the emotions represented, we can conclude

A) there are 6 basic emotions in humans.
B) emotional expressions are learned through trial and error.
C) people throughout the world use similar facial expressions.
D) most people around the world are unable to identify the emotion being expressed in a facial expression.

Question 70

Studies by Darwin and by Eibl-Eibesfeldt have indicated that people in different cultures in different parts of the world

A) are unable to interpret the facial expressions of people from elsewhere in the world.
B) have only two facial expressions in common: frowning and crying.
C) differ from one another in all their facial expressions.
D) convey their emotions by many of the same facial expressions.

Question 71

Eibl-Eibesfeldt drew conclusions about the consistency of human nature from one culture to another, based on his studies of

A) sexual customs.
B) facial expressions.
C) politics and religion.
D) humor.

Question 72

Children who are born deaf and blind

A) never develop normal facial expressions.
B) spontaneously develop normal expressions of smiling, frowning, laughing, and crying.
C) learn to imitate facial expressions by feeling other people's faces.
D) gradually learn normal facial expressions through trial and error.

Question 73

Which of the following were pioneers in the study of human facial expressions?

A) B. F. Goodrich and Oskar Gestalt
B) B. F. Skinner and Hermann Ebbinghaus
C) Carl Rogers and Mary Calkins
D) Charles Darwin and I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt

Question 74

Many psychologists identify six emotions as basic (happy, sad, angry, frightened, disgusted, surprised). One type of evidence they cite in favor of this belief is that

A) people throughout the world can pair these labels with the corresponding facial expressions.
B) most human languages have six and only six words referring to emotions.
C) each of those emotions is associated with activity of a different neurotransmitter.
D) reconstructions of the probable life of early humans lead to a theoretical prediction that we should have six emotions.

Question 75

Across cultures, facial expressions and gestures:

A) are similar, but people from one culture cannot interpret expressions from another culture.
B) are the same, because they are entirely controlled by genetics.
C) are similar in westernized cultures, but totally different in non-Western cultures, such as Japan.
D) are similar, but the frequencies with which they are used differ.

Question 76

The eyebrow-raising greeting

A) occurs in all cultures but has different meanings in different cultures.
B) occurs in some cultures but not others.
C) lasts about one-third second in people of all cultures.
D) occurs in monkeys but not in humans.

Question 77

What evidence do we have for believing that people have built-in, unlearned tendencies for certain facial expressions?

A) Humans use facial expressions to express emotions and other primates do not.
B) Children who are born deaf and blind develop normal facial expressions.
C) People use various facial expressions throughout the day, even when they are feeling no emotions.
D) People in all parts of the world laugh equally frequently and they laugh at the same things.

Question 78

How does a voluntary smile typically differ from a full, spontaneous, Duchenne smile?

A) Only Duchenne smiles include contractions of the muscles around the eyes.
B) Only voluntary smiles include a parting of the lips to reveal the teeth.
C) Voluntary smiles have more of an upward curve.
D) The Duchenne smile involves clenched teeth; the voluntary smile has a relaxed jaw.

Question 79

People from different cultures vary in

A) whether or not they ever smile or frown.
B) what they think a smile or frown means.
C) whether they use the eyebrow-raising expression as a friendly greeting.
D) how many emotions they consider "basic".

Question 80

What evidence do some psychologists cite to support the idea that humans have a few "basic" emotions such as joy, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust?

A) Each of these experiences depends on the activity of a different neurotransmitter in the brain.
B) People with various genetic abnormalities experience all of the emotions except one, and different mutations delete different emotions.
C) Each emotion develops rather suddenly at a different age in human development.
D) People throughout the world can recognize facial expressions corresponding to those experiences.