Deck 9: Alcohol

Question 1

When alcohol is formed,other related substances are also formed,called

A)nitrosamines.
B)congeners.
C)trace elements.
D)contaminants.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In the U.S.,national prohibition of alcohol sales was in effect from

A)1851 to 1855.
B)1880 to 1889.
C)1920 to 1933.
D)1860 to 1940.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Alcoholic beverages form when yeasts act upon sugars in the process of

A)malting.
B)fermentation.
C)distillation.
D)catabolism.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

About what percentage of college students reports drinking alcohol at least once within the past month?

A)92 percent
B)86 percent
C)63 percent
D)41 percent

Question 5

The alcoholic content of beverages is indicated by the term "proof," which is

A)twice the percentage of alcohol.
B)the same as the percentage of alcohol.
C)half the percentage of alcohol.
D)ten times the percentage of alcohol.

Question 6

In a typical person,intoxication to the point of staggering and greatly impaired sensory perception occurs at about what BAC?

A)0.05 percent
B)0.10 percent
C)0.25 percent
D)0.40 percent

Question 7

In most commercial beers sold in the U.S.,the alcohol content is about

A)80 proof.
B)20 percent.
C)8 percent.
D)4 percent.

Question 8

Total per-capita consumption of alcohol

A)has increased steadily since 1965.
B)has remained relatively constant over the past 40 years.
C)increases and decreases about every five years.
D)has declined considerably from its peak in 1981.

Question 9

Benjamin Rush,a physician who also signed the Declaration of Independence,was the first to

A)produce bourbon whiskey.
B)refer to alcohol addiction as a disease.
C)recommend brandy after meals to aid digestion.
D)suggest that red wine reduces the risk of heart attacks.

Question 10

Which of these substances speeds up the absorption of alcohol?

A)plain water
B)starchy foods
C)carbonated liquids
D)meat products

Question 11

Americans drink most of their alcohol in the form of

A)beer.
B)wine.
C)schnapps and "coolers."
D)whiskey,vodka,and gin.

Question 12

Research studies in which half the participants are told they are drinking alcohol and half are not,with half of each group actually receiving alcohol and half not,are using the ___________ design.

A)balanced placebo
B)split-half
C)alcohol control
D)Phase II

Question 13

Age 21 became the legal drinking age in all U.S.states in what year?

A)1933.
B)1945.
C)1970.
D)1988.

Question 14

One major factor determining individual differences in BAC after drinking alcohol is

A)exercise level.
B)rate of metabolism.
C)urine flow.
D)proportion of body fat.

Question 15

Although the exact mechanisms for alcohol's action in the brain are not completely understood,it is now believed that the most important of its many effects is

A)enhancing GABA's inhibitory effects.
B)blocking serotonin receptors.
C)releasing norepinephrine.
D)stimulating glutamate receptors.

Question 16

Heating a solution of alcohol and water,then collecting the alcohol vapors and condensing them into a liquid with a higher alcohol content,is called

A)malting.
B)fermentation.
C)distillation.
D)catabolism.

Question 17

Many large commercial distilleries produce grain neutral spirits,which are

A)only used for mixing with gasoline.
B)95 percent pure alcohol,the basis for gin and vodka.
C)untaxed and sold as rubbing alcohol.
D)bourbon whiskey.

Question 18

Although national prohibition of alcohol did reduce alcohol-related deaths and hospitalizations,it was repealed partly because of the growth of organized crime and partly because

A)of a widespread movement toward individual freedoms.
B)of a desire to reduce the income tax.
C)so many drinkers were elected to Congress.
D)of major advertising efforts by the liquor industry.

Question 19

The liver enzyme primarily responsible for metabolizing alcohol is

A)acetaldehyde.
B)alcohol dehydrogenase.
C)CYP450.
D)acetic acid.

Question 20

Which of these states has the highest per-capita sales of alcohol?

A)Texas
B)California
C)New Hampshire
D)Georgia

Question 21

Heavy drinkers with Wernicke's disease (vitamin B₁ deficiency)also usually exhibit memory deficits and other mental problems associated with

A)Korsakoff's psychosis.
B)bipolar disorder.
C)Parkinson's disease.
D)alcohol myopia.

Question 22

If one member of a pair of identical twins is dependent on alcohol,the other twin

A)is virtually certain to also be dependent on alcohol.
B)has about a 50 percent chance of also being dependent on alcohol.
C)has about a 10 percent chance of also being dependent on alcohol.
D)is not at any greater risk for alcohol dependence than anyone else.

Question 23

Among women classified as problem drinkers,the rate of FAS is about

A)90 percent.
B)50 percent.
C)23 to 29 per 1,000 births.
D)1 to 5 per 10,000 births.

Question 24

In balanced-placebo experiments with drinkers who meet the criteria of alcohol dependence,if they are given a beverage that they are led to believe has no alcohol,but that actually does have a small amount of alcohol in it,they

A)start to drink more and more of the beverage until they "lose control."
B)report feeling intoxicated,even at BACs too low to detect.
C)do not report intoxication and do not increase their drinking.
D)can detect any amount of alcohol,when normal drinkers cannot.

Question 25

Heart attacks are

A)more likely in all drinkers than in those who abstain.
B)less likely only for those who regularly drink several glasses of red wine each day.
C)less likely for those who drink one drink per day.
D)not really affected by low or moderate levels of drinking.

Question 26

Before 1988,several states had minimum drinking ages lower than 21.

Question 27

National prohibition of alcohol sales in the U.S.from 1920-1933 reduced alcohol-related hospitalizations and deaths,and apparently reduced overall per capita consumption of alcohol.

Question 28

Which of the following are signs of alcohol poisoning?

A)Breathing rate is slow or irregular
B)Skin is cold and clammy
C)Vomiting and then loss of consciousness
D)all of the above.

Question 29

Cirrhosis of the liver can result from drinking alcohol

A)within a few weeks.
B)in small amounts over several years.
C)containing higher amounts of congeners.
D)in large amounts (a pint of whiskey a day)for ten years or more.

Question 30

In studies relating homicide to alcohol use,

A)there is no statistical relationship between drinking and homicide.
B)about half of all murderers and about half of all homocide victims had been drinking.
C)murderers were likely to have been drinking,but their victims were not.
D)victims were likely to have been drinking,but the murderers were not.

Question 31

At a BAC of 0.08,the relative risk of being involved in a fatal automobile crash is about

A)10 percent higher than for a sober driver.
B)the same as for a sober driver.
C)three times as great as for a sober driver.
D)twenty times as great as for a sober driver.

Question 32

Over one thousand people die in the U.S.each year from alcohol overdose.It is particularly dangerous to

A)mix beer and hard liquor.
B)begin drinking again after vomiting.
C)drink wine with a meal.
D)combine alcohol and caffeine.

Question 33

The total number of alcohol-related traffic fatalities per year in the U.S.

A)grows larger each year.
B)has declined from the peak year of 1980.
C)has remained fairly constant for the past 20 years.
D)was increasing each year until the legal BAC limit was lowered to 0.08.

Question 34

Distillation is the process in which yeasts transform sugars into alcohol.

Question 35

Tremors,hallucinations,delusions,and seizures are all symptoms associated with

A)cirrhosis of the liver.
B)alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
C)Korsakoff's psychosis.
D)alcohol overdose.

Question 36

The alcohol concentration of most wines is about 40 percent.

Question 37

"Wailing of cats","out of tune","workmen in my head" all refer to

A)alcohol-related delerium tremors.
B)alcohol-related hangover.
C)alcohol-related auditory hallucinations.
D)alcohol-related acute behavioral toxicity.

Question 38

Breath samples to determine BAC

A)only work well at BACs above 0.15 percent.
B)are inaccurate at all blood levels.
C)provide an accurate indicator of BAC across a wide range.
D)don't work if the drinker uses breath mints.

Question 39

Fairly high doses of alcohol interfere with erection of the penis in males,probably because of

A)direct physiological effects on the penis.
B)lower blood pressure.
C)dopamine release in the pituitary.
D)impaired processing of erotic signals.

Question 40

Growth retardation,small head circumference,small eyes,flattened bridge of the nose,and mental retardation are signs of

A)fetal alcohol syndrome.
B)Wernicke's disease.
C)cirrhosis of the liver.
D)alcoholic dementia.

Question 41

In addition to alcohol-related accidental deaths,there are over 40,000 deaths each year in the U.S.from alcohol poisoning.

Question 42

Through a one-step process in the stomach,alcohol is converted directly to acetic acid (a non-toxic chemical).

Question 43

Discuss the 18^th Amendment prohibiting alcohol sales in the U.S.Approximately when was national prohibition in effect? Describe some of the beliefs that led to the passage of prohibition,some of its effects,and some reasons leading to its repeal.

Question 44

The minimum BAC to be considered driving under the influence in most states is 0.15 percent.

Question 45

Describe the alcohol withdrawal syndrome.

Question 46

Describe the processes of fermentation and distillation,and give examples of the kinds of beverages produced by each process.

Question 47

Despite changes in alcohol-related laws and rules,rates of binge drinking and driving after drinking have slightly increased in recent years.

Question 48

Alcohol metabolism is a two-step process.In the first step,alcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol into acetaldehyde.

Question 49

All hangovers are most likely caused by the presence of congeners in the alcoholic beverage.

Question 50

Alcohol is involved in about one-third of all suicides.

Question 51

Describe some of the factors that influence blood alcohol concentration when drinking alcoholic beverages.

Question 52

The risk of fetal alcohol syndrome is much greater among women who are classified as problem drinkers,but still occurs in fewer than 10 percent of births in the problem-drinking group.

Question 53

Describe general patterns and trends in alcohol consumption in the U.S.About what proportion of adults are current drinkers? How is this affected by such factors as religion,ethnicity,and region of the country? How has per capita alcohol consumption changed in the past 30 years?

Question 54

Scientific evidence supports both parts of Shakespeare's 400-year-old statement concerning alcohol and sex: "It provokes the desire,but it takes away the performance."

Question 55

Hangover-prevention products sold on TV and over the Internet are actually pretty effective if they contain activated charcoal.