Deck 17: Speciation and Macroevolution

Question 1

A cross between a male horse and a female donkey produces a mule.Mules are an example of

A)hybrid infertility.
B)temporal isolation.
C)gametic isolation.
D)zygote mortality.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Isolating mechanisms that prevent reproductive attempts or make it unlikely that reproductive attempts will be successful are referred to as

A)prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms.
B)a lack of F₂ fitness.
C)postzygotic isolating mechanisms.
D)Two of these are correct.
E)None of the above.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Reproductive isolation

A)means there is no gene flow between two groups of organisms (species).
B)is necessary for species to remain separate.
C)is maintained by certain prezygotic and postzygotic barriers.
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The biological species concept is limited,and may not be applied to

A)asexually reproducing organisms.
B)organisms known only in the fossil record.
C)species that could possibly interbreed if they lived near one another.
D)All of the above.

Question 5

________ prevent hybrid offspring from developing or if the hybrid is born,it is infertile.

A)Prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms
B)Temporal isolation mechanisms
C)Postzygotic isolating mechanisms
D)Two of these are correct.
E)None of the above.

Question 6

Two species of the garter snake in the genus Thamnophis are found in the same geographic region.These species are not likely to meet and attempt to reproduce because one lives mainly in the water,while the other species spends most of its time on land.This is known as

A)behavioral isolation.
B)habitat isolation.
C)temporal isolation.
D)zygote mortality.

Question 7

The evolutionary species concept assumes that the members of a species are reproductively isolated.

Question 8

A major disadvantage of the evolutionary species concept is that it

A)relies primarily on reproductive isolation to identify species.
B)applies to both sexually and asexually reproducing species.
C)uses morphological traits to distinguish species.
D)is the same as the classic biological species concept.

Question 9

The biological species concept relies mainly on ___________ to define a species.

A)reproductive isolation
B)morphological differences
C)the presence of analogous traits
D)comparative biochemical analysis

Question 10

In _________,proteins on the surface of the sperm are not able to bind to proteins on the surface of the egg.

A)temporal isolation
B)behavioral isolation
C)mechanical isolation
D)gametic isolation

Question 11

A major advantage of the evolutionary species concept is that it

A)relies primarily on reproductive isolation to identify species.
B)applies to both sexually and asexually reproducing species.
C)uses morphological traits to distinguish species.
D)is the same as the classic biological species concept.

Question 12

All of the following statements concerning the evolutionary species concept are true EXCEPT

A)an abrupt change in the diagnostic traits of fossils is indicative of the evolution of a new species.
B)fossils are considered to be members of the same species if they possess the same diagnostic traits.
C)certain structural traits,called diagnostic traits,are used to distinguish one species from another.
D)members of a species may actually have quite dissimilar evolutionary pathways.

Question 13

The DNA base sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene has been used in addition to the biological species concept to identify species.

Question 14

Diagnostic traits can be used to distinguish between species of living organisms only.

Question 15

The evolutionary species concept involves the identification of certain structural traits,called _______,to distinguish one species from another.

A)analogous traits
B)homologous traits
C)diagnostic traits
D)convergent traits

Question 16

Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus)and roof rats (Rattus rattus)are different species.Occasionally,mating occurs if the two species are kept together in captivity.The resulting pregnancies are not successful and the embryos die.This is an example of

A)mechanical isolation.
B)hybrid sterility.
C)zygote mortality.
D)lack of F₂ fitness.

Question 17

In some plants,the sperm can not reach the egg because the stigma prevents formation of the pollen tubes.This is an example of

A)temporal isolation.
B)behavioral isolation.
C)gametic isolation.
D)mechanical isolation.

Question 18

A _____ is the first cell that results when an egg is fertilized by a sperm.

A)spermatogonium
B)gastrula
C)zygote
D)blastula

Question 19

The evolutionary species concept involves the identification of certain structural traits,called _______,to distinguish one species from another.

A)analogous traits
B)homologous traits
C)diagnostic traits
D)convergent traits

Question 20

Male fireflies are recognized by females of their species by the pattern of their flashings,while male crickets are recognized by females of their species by their chirping.These are examples of _____.

A)behavioral isolation
B)habitat isolation
C)temporal isolation
D)mechanical isolation

Question 21

What type of speciation requires a geographic barrier?

A)sympatric speciation
B)allopatric speciation
C)both sympatric and allopatric speciation require a geographic barrier
D)neither sympatric or allopatric speciation require a geographic barrier

Question 22

Descriptions of new species of insects are more likely to contain diagrams of the shape of the male genitalia than head,wing,or leg parts.Why?

A)This is where mutations usually express themselves in animals.
B)Radiation damage to genes usually occurs in genitalia.
C)Small changes in the genitalia cause reproductive isolation while a single species can tolerate wider variation in head,wing,and leg morphology.
D)Arthropods have hard exoskeletons so head,wing,and leg structures can't vary as much.
E)This is the convention or custom of entomology.

Question 23

Plant species A has a diploid number of 28 chromosomes,while Plant species B has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes.Species A and B produce a hybrid through alloploidy.The diploid number of chromosomes of the hybrid is

A)28.
B)14.
C)42.
D)21.

Question 24

The process in which natural selection favors the continual development of prezygotic isolating mechanisms is called

A)disruptive selection.
B)sympatric speciation.
C)mutation.
D)reinforcement.

Question 25

In speciation which of the following is mismatched?

A)allopatric speciation-geographic isolation
B)sympatric speciation-geographic isolation
C)adaptive radiation-chance for new species to adapt to new habitats
D)post-zygotic isolation-hybrid offspring sterility

Question 26

Once members of a species are geographically isolated,what factors may cause them to differ from each other over time?

A)natural selection
B)genetic drift
C)new mutations
D)natural selection and genetic drift but not new mutations.
E)All of the above are correct.

Question 27

Which of the following would result in reproductive isolation?

A)Two populations of crickets are indistinguishable in physical features,but the females in each group only come to the different songs of their males.
B)Fruit flies on one Hawaiian island live for hundreds of generations and do not come in contact with fruit flies on another island except when blown there by rare tropical storms.
C)One brood of the seventeen-year cicada emerged in 1987 (and will do so every 17 years)and lives a few months as adults; another brood emerged in 1992 (and will do so every 17 years); the larvae of both feed side-by-side on tree roots.
D)A lion and a tiger mate in the artificial confines of a zoo but the offspring is infertile.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 28

Evolutionary change above the species level is referred to as __________,whereas evolutionary changes below the species level is known as _____________.

A)convergent; divergent
B)macroevolution; microevolution
C)microevolution; macroevolution
D)punctuated; gradualistic

Question 29

When a diploid plant produces diploid gametes due to nondisjunction during meiosis,what occurs?

A)Autoploidy is occurring.
B)An increase in the number of chromosomes above the parent species occurs.
C)A triploid or tetraploid plant may occur.
D)All of the above are true.

Question 30

______ is when one species splits into two species or when one species transforms into another over time.

A)Reproductive isolation
B)Convergent evolution
C)The founder effect
D)Speciation
E)Both reproductive isolation and speciation are correct.

Question 31

Several species of Caribbean Anoline lizards have evolved from a single ancestral species.The species occupy a wide variety of ecological niches,such as tree trunks and the ground,or tree trunks only,or tree trunks and the crown of trees,etc.This type of allopatric speciation is called

A)adaptive radiation.
B)alloploidy.
C)autoploidy.
D)hybridization.

Question 32

Reproductive isolation is more likely to occur when

A)hybrids are more fit than members of the parent species.
B)hybrids are less fit than members of the parent species.
C)there are no differences between the fitness of the parent species and hybrids.
D)None of the above are true.

Question 33

Female Anolis distinguish males of their species by the color of their dewlap,a colorful flap of skin in the neck region.This is an example of

A)a postzygotic isolating mechanism.
B)a prezygotic isolating mechanism.
C)temporal isolation.
D)hybrid inviability.

Question 34

Adaptive radiation occurs when organisms

A)exploit a variety of new environments.
B)remain in the same,stable environment.
C)undergo autoploidy and alloploidy.
D)occupy the same habitat as their ancestral species.

Question 35

An insect population lives along the edge of a north-south mountain range.The populations from the east and west slope eventually join in a low northern pass and interbreed,producing fertile offspring,but they do not circle around the southern edge because of a desert barrier.When glaciers move southward,the populations are pushed south of the northern pass and are isolated.While isolated,the two populations develop enough differences over time that when the glaciers retreat north and the insects again share the same pass,they no longer mate at the same time,nor can they produce fertile offspring.These insects

A)began as one species and therefore remain one species.
B)were originally two species and remain two species.
C)were originally two species but are now one species.
D)were originally one species but are now two species.
E)The number of species cannot be determined from the information given.

Question 36

Sympatric speciation in plants,as a result of ________,is well documented.

A)any type of geographic barrier
B)a series of islands off of a mainland
C)polyploidy
D)mountain ranges

Question 37

Members of the ancestral salamander species live in northern California.As they migrate southward,populations are separated by the Central Valley.With limited contact between populations on the east and west of the valley,genetic differences accumulate.What type of speciation occurs under these conditions?

A)sympatric speciation
B)allopatric speciation
C)both sympatric and allopatric speciation
D)neither sympatric or allopatric

Question 38

The Greek root words meaning "together" and "fatherland" are the basis for the term

A)prezygotic.
B)adaptive radiation.
C)speciation.
D)allopatric.
E)sympatric.

Question 39

Reinforcement would eventually

A)reduce the formation of hybrids.
B)favor and therefore increase the formation of hybrids.
C)have no effect on hybrid formation.
D)increase the fitness of hybrids.

Question 40

Male birds often perform a special dance or set of physical displays to attract females.This would be an example of a behavioral isolation mechanism.

Question 41

Which of the following examples is best explained by the process of convergent evolution?

A)The wings of birds and butterflies being used for flight.
B)Both mice and rats having a tail.
C)Wolves and coyotes both producing milk for their young.
D)A human cell and a fruitfly cell both going through the process of transcription and translation in order to produce a gene. Correct

Question 42

A reproductive isolation mechanism includes any structural,functional,or behavioral characteristic that blocks reproductive ability.

Question 43

______ is said to occur when a similar trait evolves in two unrelated species while ______ is when a species evolves in response to another species.

A)Convergent evolution,coevolution
B)Coevolution,convergent evolution
C)Sympatric speciation,coevolution
D)Allopatric speciation,convergent evolution

Question 44

Which of the following scenarios would most likely lead to adaptive radiation in a species?

A)An isolated patch of rainforest in the country of Belize is cut down.This changes the abiotic conditions that the bird that live in this habitat will be facing if they are to survive.
B)A mutation occurred in a population of howler monkeys that increases their fitness.
C)Females start mating more frequently with the males in the group that sing differently than the rest of the group.
D)Adaptive radiation doesn't occur in populations since species are fixed. Correct

Question 45

Some genes can bring about radical changes in body shape and organs.The Pax6 gene is one such gene and is involved in

A)determining the location of repeated structures in all vertebrates.
B)the development of limbs.
C)eye formation in all animals.
D)breast cancer.

Question 46

If macroevolution was goal oriented then organisms would be perfect in form and not have any flaws.

Question 47

Which figure depicts a punctuated equilibrium model of evolution?

A)Figure A
B)Figure B

Question 48

Animal diversity is due to variations in the expression of ancient genes in addition to the evolution of new and different genes.

Question 49

In which model of evolution are many transitional forms predicted?

A)punctuated equilibrium
B)gradualistic
C)Neither punctuated equilibrium or gradualistic.
D)Both punctuated equilibrium and gradualistic.

Question 50

Which of the following scenarios is explained by adaptive radiation?

A)The average running speed of a cheetah increases each generation due to the gazelles getting faster.
B)The toxicity level of the bark of a species of plant increases due to constantly being attacked by aphids.
C)The color pattern of the moths living in the woods of England become darker as the levels of pollution increase during the Industrial Revolution.
D)All of these are examples of adaptive radiation.

Question 51

The ______________ was proposed to help explain speciation that appears in the fossil record.

A)evolutionary species concept
B)morphological species concept
C)phylogenetic species concept
D)genetic divergence species concept

Question 52

Scientists developed the ____________ model after their studies of the fossil record revealed that some species appear quite suddenly and then remain essentially unchanged phenotypically for a long period of time.

A)Hardy-Weinberg
B)Urey-Miller
C)gradualistic
D)punctuated equilibrium

Question 53

The history of life on Earth can be studied by looking at ___________ instead of _________.

A)macroevolution,microevolution
B)microevolution,macroevolution
C)sexual selection,macroevolution
D)gene flow,microevolution