Deck 6: Stress

Question 1

Stressful events are called _____.

A)appraisals
B)syndromes
C)resources
D)stressors

Answer 1

stressors

Question 2

One of the criticisms of Selye's model concerns the fact that _____ produce the same endocrinological responses.

A)all stressors
B)all the phases
C)not all the phases
D)not all stressors

Answer 2

not all stressors

Question 3

The correct sequence of phases of the general adaptation syndrome is _____.

A)alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
B)exhaustion, resistance, and alarm
C)resistance, alarm, and exhaustion
D)resistance, exhaustion, and alarm

Answer 3

alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Question 4

studies of the general adaptation syndrome investigated _____ responses to stress.

A)psychological
B)gastrointestinal
C)adrenomedullary
D)adrenocortical

Question 5

Animals with high levels of _____ are calmer and more relaxed, which may contribute to their social and nurturing behavior.

A)lactose
B)testosterone
C)pepsin
D)oxytocin

Question 6

Most definitions of stress focus on _____.

A)stressful events
B)physiological changes
C)emotional changes
D)the relationship between the person and the environment

Question 7

, the _____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome occurs if the person fails to overcome the threat and depletes its physiological resources in the process of trying.

A)alarm
B)resistance
C)exhaustion
D)flight

Question 8

The _____ response to stress is especially characteristic of females, related to the release of the stress hormone, oxytocin, and may be necessary in the protection of offspring.

A)awe-and-shock
B)divide-and-conquer
C)fight-or-flight
D)tend-and-befriend

Question 9

, the _____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome is responsible for the person making efforts to cope with the threat.

A)exhaustion
B)flight
C)alarm
D)resistance

Question 10

Of the four most important pathways by which stress affects health, the first one to occur is usually related to _____.

A)health care
B)psychosocial resources
C)health behaviors
D)physiology

Question 11

Stress is a _____ experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes that are directed either toward altering the stressful event or accommodating to its effects.

A)positive physical
B)negative physical
C)positive emotional
D)negative emotional

Question 12

, the _____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome is responsible for the person becoming mobilized to meet the threat.

A)exhaustion
B)flight
C)resistance
D)alarm

Question 13

The first phase of the general adaptation syndrome is _____.

A)appraisal
B)exhaustion
C)resistance
D)alarm

Question 14

The rapid release of oxytocin in response to some stressful events, and its effects are especially influenced by _____.

A)lactose
B)pepsin
C)testosterone
D)estrogen

Question 15

The fight-or-flight response _____.

A)is never adaptive.
B)involves arousal of the parasympathetic nervous system.
C)involves arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system.
D)is subject to large individual differences.

Question 16

The last phase of the general adaptation syndrome is _____.

A)resistance
B)alarm
C)appraisal
D)exhaustion

Question 17

model _____.

A)fails to offer a general theory of reactions to a wide variety of stressors over time
B)fails to offer a physiological mechanism for the stress-illness relationship
C)places too much emphasis on individual differences in response to stress
D)fails to consider the role of psychological appraisal in stress

Question 18

The process of primary appraisal involves the evaluation of one's _____.

A)current emotional state
B)meaning of the event
C)coping ability
D)resources

Question 19

The process of secondary appraisal involves the evaluation of one's _____.

A)current emotional state
B)perception of the event
C)personal resources
D)physical state in the past

Question 20

The primary biological factor in the tend-and-befriend mechanism is _____.

A)HPA activation
B)oxytocin
C)cortisol
D)GSA

Question 21

_____ is the degree of change that occurs in autonomic, neuroendocrine, and/or immune responses as a result of stress.

A)Stressor
B)Physiology
C)Oxytocin
D)Reactivity

Question 22

The adrenal cortex produces _____ in response to stress.

A)epinephrine and norepinephrine
B)glucocorticoids
C)endogenous opioids
D)ACTH

Question 23

Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis results in the secretion of _____.

A)catecholamines
B)norepinephrine
C)cortisol
D)pepsin

Question 24

A high waist-to-hip ratio is an indication of a:

A)high pendicular load.
B)low pendicular load.
C)high allostatic load.
D)low allostatic load.

Question 25

The _____ paradigm takes people into the laboratory, exposes them to short-term stressful events, and then observes the impact of that stress on their physiological, neuroendocrine, and psychological responses.

A)acute stress
B)induced disease
C)SRRS
D)hassles

Question 26

Studies of vulnerable populations, e.g., children, older adults, exposed to a chronic stressor indicate they _____.

A)eventually habituate to high levels of the stressor
B)exhibit little adaptation to chronic stressors
C)exhibit few cognitive decrements but do show signs of helplessness
D)eventually learn to change their task strategies and attention focus to accommodate the noise in their environments

Question 27

The relationship between scores on the Stressful Life Events (SLE) inventory and illness is _____.

A)negligible
B)modest
C)robust
D)unpredictable

Question 28

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with _____.

A)temporary changes in the brain, involving the amygdala
B)decreased cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
C)biochemical and hormonal alterations that last over a long period
D)physical and sexual changes that are temporary

Question 29

Particularly for women in disadvantaged groups, _____ can endanger human pregnancy.

A)high levels of social support
B)high levels of stress
C)high levels of self-esteem
D)low levels of stress

Question 30

, an event is potentially stressful if it _____.

A)is negative
B)threatens one's self-concept
C)is long-term
D)requires adaptation

Question 31

Research suggests that individual differences in reactivity to stress are related to individual differences in _____.

A)acute and chronic illness.
B)psychological responses to stressors.
C)primary and secondary appraisal.
D)epinephrine and norepinephrine production

Question 32

Professor Woster brings his participants into the laboratory, attaches electrodes and sensors to them, and has them play a computer game.One group of participants hears six loud bursts of noise at random intervals.The second group hears the same bursts of noise also at random intervals but just before each burst occurs a bluebird flies across the computer screen.Professor Woster is using the _____ paradigm to study the effect of noise on physiological responses.

A)disease induction
B)stressful life events
C)acute stress
D)daily stress

Question 33

Which of the following would be considered a stressful life event?

A)Lack of career fulfillment
B)A significant change in job responsibilities
C)Questioning one's identity and goals
D)A religious festival in a neighboring nation

Question 34

The correct order of the pathways by which stress affects health is _____.

A)health care, psychosocial resources, health behaviors, and physiology
B)psychosocial resources, health behaviors, physiology, and health care
C)health behaviors, physiology, health care, and psychosocial resources
D)physiology, health behaviors, psychosocial resources, and health care

Question 35

When events are perceived as harmful or threatening, they are first identified by the _____.

A)hypothalamus
B)medulla oblongata
C)isthmus
D)cerebral cortex

Question 36

Stressful Life Events (SRE) inventory?

A)Some of the items on the list are too specific.
B)Individual differences in the experience of events are not taken into account.
C)It treats both positive and negative events in a similar fashion.
D)It does not assess whether events have been resolved or not.

Question 37

A low plasma fibrinogen is an indication of a _____.

A)high pendicular load
B)low pendicular load
C)high allostatic load
D)low allostatic load

Question 38

Which of the following situations would be LEAST stressful?

A)Jill has filed for divorce after 25 years of marriage.
B)Joe arrives at his first class of the day to find that the professor will administer a pop quiz.
C)Linda, a full-time college student, learns that she will have to find a second part-time job due to cuts in financial aid packages.
D)Karl, a file clerk, has been working intensively for three weeks on a new job responsibility.

Question 39

Of the four most important pathways by which stress affects health, the last one to occur is usually related to _____.

A)physiology
B)psychosocial resources
C)health behaviors
D)health care

Question 40

Stressful Life Events (SLE) inventory?

A)It is not correlated with illness and health behaviors.
B)It fails to consider individual differences in the experience and reporting of events.
C)It only counts unresolved stressful events.
D)It fails to consider that the number of illnesses experienced over a period of time is more important than the severity and the duration of these illnesses.

Question 41

Who of the following is LEAST likely to experience illness due to the stress associated with their job?

A)Susie, a single mother of a five-year old boy, works long hours in a low-paying position.
B)Mary Lou, a married mother of two young children, works in a low-paying service job 40 hours per week.
C)Sally, a single mother of a five-year old daughter, is a lawyer with flexible hours.
D)Miranda, a married mother with two young children, is a lawyer with flexible hours.

Question 42

Hassles are minor life events that _____.

A)have a cumulative effect on health and illness.
B)are not confounded with mental and physical illness.
C)have an objective, but not subjective, component.
D)do not have any considerable effect on most people

Question 43

A relationship between discrimination and poor health has been found for _____.

A)Caucasian women
B)happily-married women
C)Asian adults and children
D)African American men and women

Question 44

Recent studies have suggested that psychobiological reactivity to stress is an important factor in determining the likelihood that stress will contribute to illness.

Question 45

During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome, the organism makes efforts to cope with the threat.

Question 46

Risky families are those that _____.

A)are high in conflict or abuse and low in warmth and nurturance
B)have financial problems
C)experience major, chronic, recurrent stress as opposed to more modest family stress
D)have no long term impact on the family members

Question 47

In one study, air traffic controllers who _____ were more likely to become ill or to experience an accidental injury than their colleagues.

A)were single
B)were married
C)were 50 or older
D)had few social contacts

Question 48

Karoshi is a Japanese term which refers to _____.

A)sudden nocturnal death
B)death from overwork
C)stress-related mental illness
D)euthanasia

Question 49

Allostatic load refers to the physiological costs of chronic exposure to the physiological changes that result from repeated or chronic stress.

Question 50

Terry is involved in a long-term but ultimately unsatisfying relationship with Lee.This is an example of a _____.

A)stressor
B)life event
C)daily hassle
D)chronic stress

Question 51

The occurrence of daily hassles _____.

A)bears no relationship to physical health.
B)reduces psychological well-being over the short term.
C)markedly enhances reports of physical symptoms.
D)are poor predictors of physical health than major life events.

Question 52

The earliest contribution to stress research was Hans Selye's fight-or-flight response.

Question 53

Individuals who are prone to react to stress with _____ report more daily hassles than are those who do not react in this manner.

A)optimism
B)narcissism
C)anxiety
D)depression

Question 54

Who of the following is MOST likely to experience illness due to the stress associated with their job?

A)Susie, a single mother of a five-year old boy, works long hours in a low-paying position.
B)Mary Lou, a married mother of two young children, works in a low-paying service job 40 hours per week.
C)Sally, a single mother of a five-year old daughter, is a lawyer with flexible hours.
D)Miranda, a married mother with two young children, is a lawyer with flexible hours.

Question 55

Mike has been having difficulty meeting the demands of the two executives who oversee his work area and communicate different expectations.One executive is concerned about production and constantly urges Mike to meet performance quotas.The other is concerned about quality assurance and would like Mike to slow down and focus on the quality of his work.This is an example of _____.

A)role ambiguity
B)role conflict
C)work pressure
D)overwork

Question 56

Researchers investigating the effects of multiple roles on women conclude that _____.

A)outside employment can be harmful for women's well-being
B)having control and flexibility over the work environment increases the likelihood of stress
C)having adequate child care reduces the likelihood of stress
D)combining motherhood with employment can help improve self-esteem

Question 57

Workers who suffer from work overload _____ compared with workers who do not experience overload.

A)feel less stressed
B)practice better health habits
C)have a better circadian rhythm
D)sustain more health risks

Question 58

Chronic stress appears to _____.

A)contribute to psychological distress and physical illness
B)habituate people to negative life events
C)be unrelated to negative life events
D)be unrelated to illness

Question 59

Research suggests that habituation may not occur after exposure to long-term stressors and that the immune system may be compromised by long-term stress.

Question 60

The effects of unemployment _____.

A)are unaffected by social support.
B)include psychological and physical symptoms.
C)include psychological but not physical symptoms.
D)include physical but not psychological symptoms.

Question 61

What makes events stressful? Discuss.

Question 62

Some working parents cope well with their multiple roles, whereas others do not.Explain the factors that are associated with positive and negative outcomes in juggling family and work roles.

Question 63

African American men are more likely to die from a heart attack than white men.

Question 64

A group of friends is discussing the different ways in which life can "get at you." Pat says it's the milestones in life that are most stressful, illustrating this point by describing several traumatic divorces and untimely deaths from which family members have yet to recover.On the other hand, Lee asserts that it's the little, constant annoyances in life that are most harmful to psychological and physical health, citing the annoyance experienced while commuting to work every day or coping with an intrusive landlord.Evaluate both of these arguments, citing research from the text.

Question 65

Job control is a major stressor.

Question 66

Research on multiple roles and stress among working parents indicates that men and women report being distressed by similar types of events.

Question 67

Chronic strain is strongly related to depression.

Question 68

The Stressful Life Events (SLE) inventory currently is the most commonly used paper-and-pencil measure of stress.

Question 69

Explain how the sympathetic-adrenomedullary (SAM) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis are implicated in the physiological response to stress.

Question 70

Define and describe stressors and the methods of appraisal of stressors.