Deck 4: Gender and Family

Question 1

Recent data indicate that women earn approximately _____ of what men earn.

A)two-thirds
B)three-fourths
C)eighty percent
D)ninety percent

Answer 1

B

Question 2

When it comes to gender differences, our culture has taught us to

A)minimize their degree and significance.
B)exaggerate their degree and significance.
C)pretend they don't exist.
D)try to eliminate them.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

People who are born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that does not fit the typical definition of male or female are referred to as

A)transsexual.
B)intersexed.
C)ambiguous.
D)polarized.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

_____ is(are) learned at a very young age and is(are) perhaps the deepest concept we hold of ourselves.

A)Gender role
B)Gender identity
C)Gender-role behavior
D)Sexual script

Question 5

Lucy believes that all males are aggressive.This is an example of a

A)gender-role stereotype.
B)gender-role attitude.
C)gender-role behavior.
D)gender identity.

Question 6

Social learning theory represents a modification of the traditional behaviorist approach to include

A)unlearned stimuli.
B)unlearned responses.
C)punishment.
D)cognition.

Question 7

The cornerstone of social learning theory is the belief that

A)consequences control behavior.
B)we learn differently depending on our age.
C)once children learn gender is permanent, they try to act "properly."
D)the creation of gender inequality is based on polar opposites.

Question 8

_____ focuses on how different institutions bestow advantages on men.

A)Gender theory
B)Social learning theory
C)Cognitive development theory
D)none of the above

Question 9

If a boy hears his brother being called a "sissy" because he likes to play with a doll, he is likely to expect that he too would be similarly taunted if he played with a doll.This is an application of _____ theory.

A)gender
B)social learning
C)cognitive development
D)transcendence

Question 10

Margaret Mead's studies of the Arapesh and the Mundugumor of New Guinea revealed that

A)culture creates masculinity and femininity.
B)only men can be competitive, aggressive, and violent.
C)only women can be passive, cooperative, and nurturing.
D)biology creates masculinity and femininity.

Question 11

Gender refers to ALL BUT WHICH ONE of the following male and female differences?

A)psychological differences
B)biological differences
C)cultural differences
D)political differences

Question 12

The most common type of gender stratification is

A)matriarchy.
B)patriarchy.
C)egalitarianism.
D)gender polarization.

Question 13

Which category of people earns the most?

A)white females
B)black males
C)Hispanic males
D)Hispanic females

Question 14

Actual activities we engage in as males and females are known as

A)gender roles.
B)gender-role stereotypes.
C)gender-role attitudes.
D)gender-role behaviors.

Question 15

When studying gender, we find that

A)in all cultures males identify as male and females as female.
B)in all cultures people identify themselves as either males or females.
C)in all cultures gender identification is unclear until adulthood.
D)in some cultures people identify themselves as neither male nor female.

Question 16

When studying gender, it is best to keep in mind that

A)gender and sex are the same things.
B)biological differences between the sexes dictate our gender stereotypes.
C)our perceptions of differences are much greater than actual differences.
D)hormone levels dictate most behaviors and emotions.

Question 17

Gender theory

A)is based on the idea that socially perceived differences between the sexes are used to justify power relationships.
B)is based on the belief in "opposite" sexes.
C)asserts that love can be an antidote to power.
D)views women and men in families as being isolated from the larger society.

Question 18

People who identify with the gender opposite from their biological characteristics are referred to as

A)transsexual.
B)intersexed.
C)transvestites.
D)gender polarized.

Question 19

Until the last generation, a _____ was the dominant model used to explain male-female differences.

A)multifactor gender role
B)unipolar gender role
C)gender polarization model
D)continuum gender role

Question 20

_____ refer to the beliefs we have of ourselves and others regarding appropriate male and female personality traits and activities.

A)Gender roles
B)Gender-role stereotypes
C)Gender-role attitudes
D)Gender-role behaviors

Question 21

Research on the impact of teachers on gender role socialization has shown that

A)girls tend to get more attention in elementary school because the vast majority of teachers are women.
B)boys initially outperform girls in all elementary school subjects, but because their teachers expect them to be trouble-makers, they eventually conform to that role.
C)girls are praised more for the appearance and neatness of their work.
D)girls in all-girl schools do more poorly than girls in coed schools.

Question 22

Central features of the traditional male role include all of the following EXCEPT

A)dominance.
B)work.
C)breadwinning
D)cooperation

Question 23

In terms of education, we find that

A)girls excel in standardized reading and writing tests.
B)boys earn more bachelor degrees.
C)girls receive more attention in the classroom.
D)girls are less liberal in their views both before and after having attended college.

Question 24

All of the following are contexts of adult gender-role learning EXCEPT

A)the family of orientation.
B)marriage.
C)parenthood.
D)the workplace.

Question 25

The role of fathers in gender-role development

A)is basically the same for sons as it is for daughters.
B)involves pressure to behave in gender-appropriate ways.
C)involves higher standards of achievement for daughters.
D)is the same as the role of mothers.

Question 26

Between ages 8-18, children are exposed to media approximately how many hours per day?

A)2-3
B)4-5
C)6-7
D)8-9

Question 27

Latina women display higher levels of marital satisfaction and less depression when their husbands

A)share their feelings more often.
B)share more of the domestic work.
C)earn more money than they do.
D)earn less money than they do.

Question 28

According to cognitive development theory, children behave in a manner consistent with their cultural expectations for their gender because

A)of an internal need for congruence between what they know and how they act.
B)of the social structures put in place to maintain male dominance and female subservience.
C)on the basis of their observations of others, they expect that gender-consistent behavior will be reinforced.
D)they are biologically programmed to engage in these behaviors.

Question 29

In order to be accepted by their peers children must

A)model the behaviors of their teachers.
B)provide intimate relationships.
C)own the latest video games.
D)adopt similar gender role attitudes, behaviors and beliefs as their friends.

Question 30

Recently there has been an increase in the number of women choosing to remain childless.These women

A)face no pressure to become mothers.
B)are still under considerable pressure to become mothers.
C)are accepted by peers but rejected by family.
D)have difficulty finding a husband.

Question 31

_____ tend to believe in innate gender roles more than _____ do.

A)Married men; single men
B)Married women; single women
C)Wives; husbands
D)Husbands; wives

Question 32

Employment is an integral, normative, and traditional component of being a wife and mother for

A)white women.
B)Latina women.
C)African-American women.
D)Chinese women.

Question 33

Learning through imitation is known as

A)modeling.
B)channeling.
C)manipulation.
D)transcending.

Question 34

According to Kohlberg, very young children base their identification of their gender on

A)superficial features such as hair length or clothing.
B)differences in genitals.
C)behavioral differences.
D)differences in the way adults react to them.

Question 35

Classroom observations find all of the following EXCEPT

A)teachers call on boys more often.
B)teachers are more patient with boys during explanations.
C)intelligent girls are often devalued by boys.
D)girls are praised for the accuracy of their work.

Question 36

When it comes to expressing feelings,

A)contemporary men and women both have difficulty expressing feelings.
B)men are now very comfortable expressing their feelings and do it with ease.
C)men continue to have greater difficulty expressing their feelings than women do.
D)women and men express their feelings with equal ability.

Question 37

Children are socialized in gender roles through all of the following processes EXCEPT

A)transcendence.
B)manipulation.
C)activity exposure.
D)channeling.

Question 38

When Heather directs her children's attention to specific objects such as dolls for her daughter and trucks for her sons, she is engaging in

A)manipulation.
B)channeling.
C)verbal appellation.
D)activity exposure.

Question 39

_____ is a term that denotes that in economic, as well as many social and political ways, men are advantaged.

A)Gender stratification
B)Sex stratification
C)Male-female social hierarchy
D)Male-female social pyramid

Question 40

Cognitive development theory

A)stresses the importance of reinforcement in learning.
B)stresses the importance of age in learning.
C)stresses the importance of external motivation.
D)assumes that adults and children learn in basically the same way.

Question 41

"Verbal appellation" refers to using different words to describe the same behavior.

Question 42

Marianismo is based primarily on a belief in female inferiority.

Question 43

Mothers who are employed full time come home to a "second shift" which refers to

A)housework and childcare.
B)focusing on nurturing their husbands.
C)involvement in community activities.
D)additional paid labor after their normal working day.

Question 44

Pro-feminist men believe all of the following EXCEPT

A)that men ought to share responsibilities within their households.
B)that women and men ought to be equal partners.
C)that all wives should work at least part-time.
D)that men and children would both benefit from closer connections between fathers and their children.

Question 45

Dr.Fritschner advocates more radical, separatist strategies for women because she believes that their subordination is too embedded in the existing social system.Dr.Fritschner is a _____ feminist.

A)social
B)gender-reform
C)gender-rebellion
D)gender-resistant

Question 46

When people believe that individuals should not have the attributes of the other gender, males suppress their expressive traits.

Question 47

Men and women are more alike than different, but our culture has encouraged us to look for differences and to exaggerate their degree and significance.

Question 48

Cognitive development theory suggests that a person's ability to anticipate consequences affects their behavior.

Question 49

The primary agents forming our gender roles are

A)the media.
B)parents.
C)peers.
D)teachers.

Question 50

Central to a pro-feminist men's movement is the issue of

A)fairness.
B)more opportunities for men.
C)more opportunities for women.
D)more rights for gay and lesbian couples.

Question 51

_____ tends to emphasize overlapping and interrelated inequalities of gender, sexual orientation, race, and class.

A)Gender-reform feminism
B)Gender-rebellion feminism
C)Gender-resistant feminism
D)Social feminism

Question 52

Social learning theory focuses on how specific behaviors are defined as male or female.

Question 53

Hegemonic models of gender are

A)held up as the standard for all women and men to emulate.
B)the same over time.
C)the same for all cultures.
D)never challenged.

Question 54

Mothers more than fathers pressure their children to behave in gender-appropriate ways.

Question 55

Cognitive development theory proposes that once children learn gender is permanent they independently strive to fulfill their proper gender role.

Question 56

According to Sandra Bem, in the U.S.there is a belief that males and females are fundamentally different.She calls this assumption

A)opposites ideology.
B)differences ideology.
C)gender polarization.
D)polarization of the sexes.

Question 57

Contemporary gender roles

A)continue to limit our potential.
B)have significantly changed stereotypes related to gender traits.
C)have facilitated more freedom for men regarding work.
D)are making our potential as men and women limitless.

Question 58

Intelligent girls are often devalued by boys.

Question 59

The traditional white female gender role

A)centers around women's roles as wives and mothers.
B)facilitates self-confidence and mental health.
C)contributes to greater happiness among married women than unmarried women.
D)expects women to defer marriage for work goals.

Question 60

Parents will generally acknowledge that they treat their sons and daughters differently.

Question 61

Nearly 40 percent of all current births occur outside of marriage.

Question 62

How is the belief in gender differences more significant than actual differences?

Question 63

Traditional men are often confused by their spouses' expectations of intimacy.

Question 64

Paid work in female-dominated occupations tends to increase a woman's self-esteem.

Question 65

Compare and contrast gender stratification in the United States with male dominance found in India, Yemen, and Pakistan.

Question 66

The fundamental problem with the view of men and women as opposites is that it is erroneous.

Question 67

Describe how gender socialization continues in adulthood.

Question 68

Attitudes toward gender roles have become more liberal within the family.

Question 69

Music videos and talk shows emphasize female thinness.

Question 70

As a result of the significant changes in our culture's gender role expectations that have occurred in recent years, women and men have finally become equal partners in marriage.

Question 71

Regardless of their education or their employment status, Latino women all tend to be subservient to their husbands.

Question 72

What does it mean to "do gender"? Explain and give examples.

Question 73

Women today have somewhat greater latitude as wives.

Question 74

Identify and define the three categories of feminist perspectives identified by Judith Lorber.

Question 75

While in the 1950s women were significantly underrepresented on television, today their representation is equal to that of men.