Deck 23: Human Evolution

Question 1

What is the name of the hypothesis that states that the very first living thing came from nonliving chemicals?

A)cell theory
B)chemical evolution
C)Darwinian evolution
D)speciation
E)organic chemistry

Answer 1

B
Explanation: Chemical evolution suggests that a complexity of chemicals produced the first cells on primitive Earth.

Question 2

Which of the following was not an energy source on early Earth?

A)volcanoes
B)meteorites
C)lightning
D)ozone layer
E)ultraviolet radiation

Answer 2

D
Explanation: All of these were energy sources on the early Earth except for the ozone layer.

Question 3

Both the RNA-first and the protein-first hypotheses must propose a manner for DNA to become the genetic material as it is today.

Answer 3

True
Explanation: How the first cell acquired both DNA and enzymatic proteins is an issue for both the RNA-first and the protein-first hypotheses.

Question 4

Which statement is true regarding how a true cell reproduces?

A)DNA replicates before cell division occurs.
B)Cell division occurs prior to DNA replication.
C)DNA replication and cell division occur at the same time.
D)There is no DNA replication during cell reproduction.
E)There is no cell division during cell reproduction.

Question 5

What is considered one of the best sources of evidence for biological evolution?

A)fossil record
B)biogeographical evidence
C)anatomical evidence
D)biochemical evidence

Question 6

What structures are necessary for the replication process to occur in a cell?

A)enzymatic proteins
B)carbohydrates
C)lipids
D)starches
E)viruses

Question 7

What energy source was used by Stanley Miller in his 1953 experiment to replicate the Earth's early environment?

A)electric spark
B)heat
C)ultraviolet radiation
D)gamma radiation
E)sunlight

Question 8

Which piece of evidence would strongly support the RNA-first hypothesis?

A)finding a protocell that could carry on metabolism as well as reproduce
B)discovering a way to make RNA more stable than DNA
C)finding a mechanism whereby proteins could assemble DNA out of free nucleotides
D)being able to build microspheres that contain only protein and RNA
E)finding a living organism that uses RNA as its genetic material

Question 9

Describe the four stages of chemical and biological evolution.

Question 10

Which statement is accurate if the first true cell arose by the RNA-first hypothesis?

A)The first cell had RNA genes that could have specified protein synthesis.
B)Proteins in the protocell would have evolved the ability to synthesize DNA.
C)RNA genes replicated because of the presence of proteins.
D)All of these statements support the RNA-first hypothesis.
E)None of these statements support the RNA-first hypothesis.

Question 11

Miller's experiment showed that life could arise via chemical evolution.

Question 12

List and explain the elements of the natural selection process.

Question 13

The early atmosphere of Earth consisted mainly of

A)hydrogen,oxygen,and carbon dioxide.
B)oxygen,water vapor,and carbon monoxide.
C)water vapor,nitrogen,and carbon dioxide.
D)hydrogen,carbon monoxide,and nitrogen.
E)water vapor,hydrogen,and carbon dioxidE.

Question 14

What evidence contributed to the formulation of the RNA-first hypothesis?

A)RNA was formed in MIller's experiment.
B)RNA continues to evolve chemically today.
C)More primitive cells,such as archaea,use an RNA only information system.
D)RNA can sometimes be both a substrate and an enzyme during RNA processing.
E)Protocells contain only RNA and lipids.

Question 15

What type of rock preserves fossils well?

A)sedimentary rock
B)igneous rock
C)metamorphic rock
D)gravel
E)granite

Question 16

Are you likely to find abundant fossils of soft bodied animals like jellyfish?

Question 17

Biological evolution is the process whereby

A)humans descended from apes.
B)species change through time.
C)living cells arose from nonliving chemicals.
D)prokaryotic cells became eukaryotic cells.
E)only the strongest survivE.

Question 18

The early Earth's atmosphere was not the same as it is today.

Question 19

What is a characteristic that makes an organism able to survive and reproduce in its environment?

A)culture
B)selection
C)analogy
D)adaptation
E)homology

Question 20

There are two important aspects to biological evolution: descent from a common ancestor and the fossil record.

Question 21

All vertebrate forelimbs are the same in that they are used for the same form of locomotion.

Question 22

To study recent evolutionary events,researchers use mitochondrial DNA sequences because mitochondrial DNA changes occur frequently.

Question 23

Chinese cabbage,brussels sprouts,and kohlrabi are all derived from a single species via artificial selection.

Question 24

Which primate is found within the anthropoid group with humans?

A)monkeys
B)lemurs
C)tarsiers
D)lorises
E)elephants

Question 25

List and describe the anatomical features that occurred during primate evolution.

Question 26

We do not have any fossils of unicellular prokaryotes.The first organisms to appear in the fossil record are unicellular eukaryotes.

Question 27

Closer biochemical structures suggest a closer evolutionary relationship.

Question 28

On what basis was life divided into three domains?

A)rRNA sequence data
B)cytochrome c sequence data
C)mitochondrial DNA sequence data
D)the presence or absence of a nucleus and organelles
E)presence or absence of mammary glands

Question 29

The fact that marsupials are not as diverse in South America as they are in Australia would be classified as what type of evidence for evolution?

A)biogeographical
B)anatomical
C)biochemical
D)fossil record
E)molecular evidence

Question 30

What did Darwin conclude from the observation that there are no rabbits in South America?

A)Rabbits cannot live in South America because it is too warm.
B)Rabbits cannot live in South America because they do not have a good food source.
C)Rabbits evolved somewhere else and had no means of reaching South America.
D)Rabbits were originally found in South America but went extinct.
E)Rabbits in South America evolved into guinea pigs and thus are no longer present.

Question 31

The wings of birds and insects are _____________ structures.

A)analogous
B)homologous
C)vestigial
D)molecular
E)simple

Question 32

What characteristics separate the Class Mammalia from other animals in the Phylum Chordata?

A)bipedal locomotion and an upright stance
B)heterotrophic and multicellular
C)a dorsal tubular nerve cord and notochord
D)vertebrates with hair and mammary glands
E)develop brain and tool use

Question 33

There are no transitional fossils between different groups.

Question 34

Which of the following is not an example of a vestigial structure?

A)pelvic girdle and legs in whales
B)wings for flight in most birds
C)tailbone in humans
D)pelvic girdle in snakes
E)none are examples of vestigial structures

Question 35

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's process of acquired characteristics would support the idea that if you run marathons and develop very strong leg muscles your children would be born with very strong leg muscles.

Question 36

Which of the following statements concerning the order of evolving organisms is not true?

A)Unicellular eukaryotes evolved before multicellular eukaryotes.
B)Fishes evolved before terrestrial plants.
C)Nonflowering plants preceded the flowering plants.
D)Reptiles preceded the amphibians.
E)Fishes evolved before terrestrial animals.

Question 37

What type of evidence for evolution would arise from a comparison of the DNA sequence of humans and monkeys?

A)biogeographical
B)anatomical
C)biochemical
D)fossil record
E)historical

Question 38

The flipper of a whale and the wing of a bird are homologous structures.

Question 39

Which of the following is the Phylum classification for humans?

A)Eukarya
B)Animalia
C)Chordata
D)Mammalia
E)Primates

Question 40

What is someone who searches for and researches fossils called?

A)entomologist
B)physicist
C)paleontologist
D)geologist
E)ecologist

Question 41

Does the spine of both a human and chimpanzee exit the skull in the same manner?

Question 42

Human characteristics did not evolve all at one time.

Question 43

The first australopithecine fossils were unearthed in

A)Europe.
B)North America.
C)South America.
D)Asia.
E)Southern Africa.

Question 44

Which of the following is not a similarity between humans and apes?

A)three different types of cone cells
B)opposable big toe
C)powerful and precise grip
D)smaller portion of the brain devoted to smell
E)reduced reproductive rate

Question 45

Homo habilis was the first hominid to use fire.

Question 46

What were the two different types of australopithecines?

A)erect,knuckle-walker
B)carnivorous,omnivorous
C)arboreal,terrestrial
D)gracile,robust
E)hunting,gathering

Question 47

Which of the following is not a species within the genus Homo?

A)Homo erectus
B)Homo habilis
C)Homo ramidus
D)Homo sapiens
E)Homo floresiensis

Question 48

Which anatomical feature is found in humans that is absent in chimpanzees?

A)arched foot
B)pelvis is long and narrow
C)femurs angle out at the knees
D)there is a slight curve in the spine
E)the knee supports very little weight

Question 49

Which of the following is not an important anatomical features for determining if a fossil is a hominin?

A)absence of sharp canines
B)bipedal posture
C)flat face
D)brain size
E)absence of a chin

Question 50

What happens in chimps and humans when the snout is shortened considerably?

A)The sense of smell is dramatically reduced.
B)The eyes move to the front and allow for stereoscopic vision.
C)This allows for the development of a chin.
D)Canine teeth are lost.
E)Vocalization becomes possiblE.

Question 51

Which of the following describes the limb anatomy of australopithecine?

A)walked on all fours,forelimbs longer than hindlimbs
B)walked upright,forelimbs longer than hindlimbs
C)walked on all fours,hindlimbs longer than forelimbs
D)walked upright,hindlimbs longer than forelimbs
E)walked on all fours and used their tails for balance

Question 52

In the out-of-Africa hypothesis,there was interbreeding between the ancestors of modern humans on three continents.

Question 53

Which of the following is not a difference between the human skeleton and the chimpanzee skeleton?

A)The human foot has an arch while the ape foot does not.
B)The human's femur angles inward to the knees while the ape's femur angles out a bit.
C)The human spine is S-shaped while the ape spine has a slight curve.
D)The human knee can support more weight than the ape knee.
E)The ribs attach to the vertebral column in humans but are free-floating in apes.

Question 54

According to the evolutionary theory humans are descended from apes.

Question 55

Which statement is accurate about Homo erectus and Homo ergaster?

A)H.erectus evolved into H.ergaster and was supplanted by H.ergaster.
B)The fossils look very similar but H.erectus is an Asian form and H.ergaster is the African form.
C)H.erectus essentially looks like a modern human while H.ergaster is very apelike.
D)H.erectus and H.ergaster are identical except that H.erectus had tools and fire,and H.ergaster did not.
E)H.erectus walked upright whle H.ergaster still walked on all fours.

Question 56

According to the replacement model for the evolution of Homo sapiens,modern humans evolved in Africa,Asia,and Europe simultaneously.

Question 57

Place these in the correct order from least related to humans to most closely related to humans.1.new world monkeys;2.gibbons;3.lemurs;4.gorillas;5.chimpanzees

A)1,2,3,4,5
B)3,1,2,4,5
C)3,2,4,1,5
D)2,4,3,1,5
E)5,1,4,3,2

Question 58

Which term is used to include only the gorillas,chimpanzees,humans and their closest extinct relatives?

A)anthropoid
B)hominid
C)hominine
D)hominin
E)homo

Question 59

Which of the following is inconsistent with what is known about Homo erectus?

A)H.erectus walked erect and probably had a striding gait like ours.
B)H.erectus had a larger brain and a flatter face than Homo habilis.
C)H.erectus was much shorter than Homo species had been up to this time.
D)H.erectus babies were born in an immature state that required an extended period of care.
E)H.erectus fossils have been found in Africa,Asia,and EuropE.

Question 60

What is the earliest fossil hominin?

A)Sahelanthropus tchadensis
B)Australopithecus robustus
C)Australopithecus africanus
D)Ardipithecus kadabba
E)Ardipithecus ramidus

Question 61

The oldest fossils to be designated Homo sapiens are the Cro-Magnons.

Question 62

According to Bergmann's rule,

A)hominins such as Cro-Magnons were capable of symbolic thinking because they buried their dead with flowers.
B)plants and animals that live at the same time evolve together.
C)animals in colder regions have bulkier body builds.
D)variation exists because of genetic inheritance.
E)the longer two populations have been separated,the more genetically disparate they will bE.

Question 63

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Neandertals?

A)They had massive brow ridges.
B)They are considered H.sapiens.
C)The pubic bone was long compared to ours.
D)The brain size was larger than ours.
E)They were heavily muscled.

Question 64

According to the out-of-Africa hypothesis,when did Homo sapiens migrate to Europe and Asia?

A)1000 years before present
B)10,000 years before present
C)100,000 years before present
D)1 million years before present
E)5 million years before present