Deck 8: Biology of Infectious Diseases

Question 1

Infection with HIV is listed as the cause of death for an AIDS patient.

Answer 1

False
Explanation: Persons with AIDS die from one or more opportunistic diseases rather than from the HIV infection.

Question 2

Place the steps in the HIV life cycle in the correct order.1.Assembly;2.Integration;3.Entry;4.Fusion;5.Attachment;6.Budding;7.Biosynthesis and cleavage;8.Reverse transcription

A)1,3,2,4,5,7,6,8
B)1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
C)8,1,7,2,6,3,5,4
D)4,6,3,7,2,8,1,5
E)5,4,3,8,2,7,1,6

Answer 2

E
Explanation: The correct order is attachment,fusion,entry,reverse transcription,integration,biosynthesis and cleavage,assembly,and budding.

Question 3

List and explain the events that occur during the reproductive cycle of an HIV virus.

Answer 3

1.Attachment: HIV binds to the plasma membrane of the target cell.
2.Fusion: HIV fuses with the plasma membrane and the virus enters the host cell.
3.Entry: The capsid and protein coats are removed releasing RNA and viral proteins into the host cell's cytoplasm.
4.Reverse transcriptase: HIV's single-stranded RNA is converted into a double-stranded viral DNA code.
5.Integration: The viral DNA,along with the viral enzyme migrates into the nucleus of the host cell.The viral DNA is spliced into the host cell's DNA making it part of the host genome.
6.Biosynthesis and cleavage: The host cell's machinerary directs the production of more viral RNA.Some of the viral RNA becomes material for new viruses while the rest is used to code for polypeptides.
7.Assembly: Capsid proteins,viral enzymes,and RNA are assembled into new viruses.
8.Budding: The new virus gets its envelope from the host cell's plasma membrane.

Question 4

What type of cells does HIV infect?

A)helper T cells
B)B cells
C)liver cells
D)epithelial cells
E)basophils

Question 5

When was the first documented case of AIDS in the United States?

A)1884
B)1924
C)1959
D)1969
E)1982

Question 6

There are normally 1-2 cases of measles per month in a particular city.However,in the month of September,there were 15 cases.Is this an epidemic?

Question 7

There is no guaranteed cure for AIDS.

Question 8

Why would an HIV test be negative within the first 2-3 weeks of an HIV infection?

A)because there is no HIV virus in the blood
B)because there are no detectable levels of HIV antibodies in the blood
C)because there are no symptoms
D)because the CD4 T-cell count is above 500 cells/mm³
E)because there are no opportunistic infections yet

Question 9

In the "kitchen-sink model" for AIDS,what does the sink's drain represent?

A)the destruction of CD4 T-cells by the virus
B)the production of new CD4 T-cells
C)the amplification of virus in the blood
D)the destruction of virus by the immune system
E)the wide variety of possible opportunistic infections

Question 10

Which of the following is not a layer of the protein coat that surrounds the HIV genetic material?

A)matrix
B)capsid
C)nucleocapsid
D)protease
E)gp 120

Question 11

In which phase of an HIV infection is the person typically asymptomatic?

A)acute phase (A)
B)chronic phase (B)
C)AIDS (C)
D)AIDS (D)
E)terminal phase

Question 12

If an epidemic is confined to a local area,it is usually called

A)an opportunistic infection.
B)a pandemic.
C)an outbreak.
D)a slow infection.
E)a chronic infection.

Question 13

How does HIV know what cells to infect?

A)It can infect any cell it comes in contact with.
B)It can only infect cells on the surface of the body where the temperature is lower.
C)It can only infect cells that are actively growing and dividing.
D)It infects cells with a particular surface receptor.
E)It only infects cells that line the reproductive tract.

Question 14

Which category of disease classification is described as having more cases than expected in a given period of time?

A)epidemic
B)outbreak
C)pandemic
D)None of these
E)opportunistic infection

Question 15

HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis are both examples of current

A)outbreaks.
B)epidemics.
C)pandemics.
D)opportunistic infections.
E)acute infections.

Question 16

The vast majority of new HIV infections are in people under the age of 15.

Question 17

A disease is called an epidemic if people all over the world have the same disease.

Question 18

Which of the following diseases is categorized as an opportunistic infection found in AIDS patients?

A)prolonged diarrhea
B)yeast infections of the mouth or vagina
C)cervical dysplasia
D)shingles
E)Kaposi's sarcoma

Question 19

Patient X has 150 CD4 T-cells per mm³.What phase of an HIV infection is this patient in?

A)acute phase (A)
B)chronic phase (B)
C)AIDS (C)
D)terminal phase (E)
E)transmission phase (D)

Question 20

The HIV virus contains a genome composed of

A)double stranded DNA.
B)single stranded RNA.
C)double stranded RNA.
D)single stranded RNA.
E)one strand of DNA and one strand of RNA.

Question 21

Tuberculosis is caused by a

A)virus.
B)bacterium.
C)fungi.
D)protist.
E)worm.

Question 22

Most people with malaria exhibit chills and fevers every 48-72 hours.This is due to

A)reinfection with new Plasmodium.
B)the bursting of the red blood cells in the body.
C)the formation of Plasmodium gametes within the body.
D)the fusion of the male and female Plasmodium gametes to form new organisms.
E)waves of activity by the body's B- and T-cells.

Question 23

How is Mycobacterium tuberculosis spread?

A)via airborne droplets
B)contaminated food or water
C)sexual intercourse
D)IV drug abuse
E)blood transfusions

Question 24

How is malaria spread?

A)via airborne droplets
B)by blood transfusions
C)sexual intercourse
D)breast feeding
E)mosquitoes

Question 25

Which of the following is important for the attachment stage of the HIV life cycle?

A)acquisition of an envelope from the host
B)gp120 spike proteins
C)cleavage of the proteins by protease
D)integration of the viral DNA into the host genome
E)uncoating

Question 26

The organism that causes malaria is a

A)virus.
B)bacterium.
C)protist.
D)fungi.
E)worm.

Question 27

The envelope of the HIV virus is actually part of the host cell plasma membrane.

Question 28

HIV strains may differ by 10% within one person and by 35% in people across the globe.This is due to

A)both cellular and antibody-mediated responses.
B)the fact that HIV inserts its genome into the host genome.
C)HIV's high rate of mutation.
D)the fact that HIV targets T-cells.
E)the fact that most people do not die from HIV infection.

Question 29

Describe the causative agents and transmission of tuberculosis.

Question 30

List and describe the most common opportunistic diseases an individual in category C of AIDS will die from.

Question 31

What are the symptoms of a TB infection?

A)rash over the trunk,fever
B)opportunistic infections,chronic diarrhea
C)bad cough,chest pain,coughing up blood or sputum
D)runny nose,sore throat,post-nasal drip
E)lethargy,general malaise

Question 32

How long does the treatment for TB take?

A)1-2 days
B)1-2 weeks
C)1 month
D)2 months
E)6+ months

Question 33

AIDS is the new name for what used to be called consumption.

Question 34

A vaccine for HIV would be the cure for AIDS science has been looking for.

Question 35

Unlike AIDS,both tuberculosis and malaria can be cured.

Question 36

Of the following modes of HIV transmission,which is the least common mode and rare in many countries?

A)transfusions of infected blood
B)vaginal/rectal intercourse with an infected person
C)needle sharing among IV drug users
D)babies born to HIV infected women
E)oral-genital contact with an infected person

Question 37

The drugs that treat malaria can be used prophylactically,or before infection.

Question 38

Which of the following is not important for making HIV a retrovirus?

A)reverse transcriptase
B)RNA genome
C)an envelope obtained from the host
D)the production of viral DNA
E)a host genome to infect

Question 39

Where does the life cycle of the Plasmodium protist take place?

A)mosquito
B)human
C)both mosquito and human
D)snails
E)pigs

Question 40

An emerging disease is one that

A)is newly recognized in the last two decades.
B)has suddenly caused an epidemic.
C)is now present on multiple continents.
D)can infect both humans and animals.
E)can be transmitted in multiple ways.

Question 41

MRSA can be fatal.

Question 42

Which of the following diseases have developed drug resistance?

A)tuberculosis
B)malaria
C)gonorrhea
D)enterococci
E)All of these diseases have developed resistancE.

Question 43

People can become resistant to antibiotics.

Question 44

Which of the following diseases is considered an emerging disease?

A)SARS
B)H1N1
C)H5N1
D)Strep throat
E)All of these are considered emerging diseases.

Question 45

How many different "lines" of antibiotics do we have against TB?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5 or more

Question 46

How long did it take for bacteria to develop resistance to penicillin?

A)6 months
B)1 year
C)4 years
D)10 years
E)25 years

Question 47

When were the first cases of SARS reported?

A)2002
B)1992
C)1820
D)1920
E)2012

Question 48

What do MDR TB and MRSA have in common?

A)They are both transmitted by mosquito bites.
B)They both cause tuberculosis.
C)They are both multiple drug resistant bacteria.
D)Infections with both of these have declined dramatically in recent years.
E)They are both viruses.

Question 49

SARS is thought to have arisen in China due to the consumption of civets.

Question 50

Which type of antibiotic is MRSA resistant to?

A)methicillin
B)penicillin
C)amoxicillin
D)none of these
E)all of these

Question 51

The uses of antibiotics does not cause antibiotic resistance,it just selects those organisms that are already resistant.

Question 52

There is no point in taking antibiotics for a cold.

Question 53

Legionnaires' disease emerged in 1976 due to

A)exposure to wild monkeys.
B)consuming horseshoe bats.
C)mutation of the influenza virus.
D)contamination of an air-conditioning system.
E)abuse of antibiotics.

Question 54

Why is Helicobacter pylori considered an emerging disease?

A)It is highly antibiotic resistant.
B)Ulcers were not known to have an infectious cause until recently.
C)It is now present on all of the continents.
D)It can jump from humans to pigs and back again.
E)It had declined in the 1960s but appears to be back again.

Question 55

Which of the following is an unwise use of antibiotics?

A)Discontinue the antibiotics when you feel better.
B)Do not take antibiotics for a viral infection.
C)Do not save unused antibiotics.
D)Do not skip doses of antiobiotic.
E)Take the antibiotics only for the infection for which they were prescribed.

Question 56

Once SARS appeared in China,how long did it take for it to reach nine other countries/provinces via air travel?

A)3 months
B)6 months
C)1 year
D)2 years
E)5 years

Question 57

Why is the bird flu (H5N1)considered an emerging disease where as HIV is not?

A)Bird flu is a disease that has only been recognized in the past 20 years.
B)Bird flu is more deadly that HIV.
C)Bird flu is bacterial based whereas HIV is viral based.
D)Bird flu has infected more people than HIV.
E)Bird flu has not infected as many people as HIV.

Question 58

Which of the following factors is helping increase the incidence of emerging diseases?

A)global warming
B)expansion of range by insect vectors
C)abuse of antibiotics
D)poor implementation of vaccination programs
E)All of these are factors that are helping increase the incidence of emerging diseases.

Question 59

Streptococcus is now considered to be a reemerging pathogen.