Deck 9: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

John Bowlby and other object-relations researchers believe that a child's internal working model of the self is

A)derived from the parent-child relationship.
B)based on a child's performance in school.
C)based on a child's motor skills and abilities.
D)derived from a child's inner speech.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A child's basic understanding of his or her own status as a boy or girl is called

A)gender identity.
B)gender awareness.
C)gender schema.
D)gender socialization.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A child's internal working model of the self is generally least influenced by

A)genetics.
B)parents.
C)skills.
D)peers.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Children who have been abused tend to have internal working models of themselves that

A)are positive,as compensation.
B)include greater self-awareness.
C)are more coherent.
D)are more fragmented and disorganizeD.

Question 5

Children low in self-esteem are usually

A)behind their more confident peers in cognitive development.
B)less advanced than their more confident peers in motor skills.
C)less likely than their more confident peers to ask questions.
D)more likely than their more confident peers to show off.

Question 6

Children with positive internal working models of themselves are likely to have _____ attachments to their parents.

A)disorganized
B)insecure-avoidant
C)insecure-resistant
D)secure

Question 7

Gender awareness refers to a child's

A)knowledge that he or she is a boy or girl.
B)ability to discriminate between males and females.
C)beliefs about what girls and boys do.
D)sense of the social norms of boys' and girls' behaviors.

Question 8

Ben is low in self-esteem.He is likely to be

A)curious.
B)withdrawn.
C)independent.
D)eager to try new things.

Question 9

Carol is a confident,curious,independent 4-year-old who asks many questions.She is likely to be high in

A)reversibility.
B)self-esteem.
C)authoritarianism.
D)aggression.

Question 10

Most children can identify their own gender by the time they are _____ years old.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 11

Self-concepts in early childhood tend to be

A)unrealistically positive.
B)unrealistically negative.
C)extremely realistiC.
D)inclusive of both positive and negative qualities.

Question 12

Preschool children find it easy to

A)correctly estimate their own abilities.
B)contrast their own performance with other children's.
C)differentiate between their goals and their actual performance.
D)describe their specific physical attributes.

Question 13

A child's gender identity is his or her

A)knowledge that he or she is a boy or girl.
B)sense of her- or himself as male or female.
C)beliefs about what girls and boys do.
D)sense of the social norms of boys' and girls' behaviors.

Question 14

According to Erik Erikson,parents who often correct their children and try to protect their feelings by restraining the children's activities to things they can already do well,help their children generate feelings of

A)autonomy.
B)initiative.
C)shame.
D)guilt.

Question 15

Erik Erikson suggested that preschoolers face a normative crisis of

A)trust.
B)autonomy.
C)initiative.
D)industry.

Question 16

A child's basic ideas about her abilities and attributes constitute her

A)self-esteem.
B)self-selection.
C)self-concept.
D)self.

Question 17

According to John Bowlby and other attachment researchers,a child's level of attachment security helps generate her

A)Eriksonian level of initiative.
B)internal working model of the self.
C)Zone of Proximal Development.
D)Proximodistal Level of Self-Concept.

Question 18

When Boris says,"I'm special!" he is talking about his

A)self-esteem.
B)self-selection.
C)self-concept.
D)self.

Question 19

According to Erik Erikson,children who do not successfully solve the normative crisis of early childhood will feel a sense of

A)inferiority.
B)mistrust.
C)despair.
D)guilt.

Question 20

Preschoolers' self-concepts include all of the following except

A)physical attributes,such as height.
B)being good at some things but not others.
C)specific skills.
D)food preferences.

Question 21

In general,preschool girls tend to play

A)aggressively.
B)with transportation and construction toys.
C)in groups of 2-3 children.
D)in ways that establish dominance hierarchies.

Question 22

Timothy is 4 years old.At Halloween,his father puts on a dress and wig and carries a big purse.Timothy is likely to think his father's behavior is

A)bad.
B)funny.
C)interesting.
D)unimportant.

Question 23

_____ is a condition in which fetal exposure to androgens results in girls with distinct male behavioral play patterns.

A)Turner's syndrome
B)Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
C)Down syndrome
D)Fragile X syndrome

Question 24

The development of testes in males is initiated by the _____ gene during the 6^th or 7^th week of gestation.

A)SRX
B)SRT
C)SRY
D)YYX

Question 25

Little Mike says,"I was a boy,but now I've put on a skirt,so I'm a girl." This shows he has not yet achieved

A)gender identity.
B)gender awareness.
C)gender socialization.
D)gender constancy.

Question 26

Gender stereotyping peaks between the ages of

A)5-6.
B)6-7.
C)7-8.
D)8-9.

Question 27

Testosterone is an

A)estrogen.
B)epinephrine.
C)androgen.
D)neurotransmitter.

Question 28

Children generally develop a sense of gender constancy by the time they are _____ years old.

A)3-4
B)4-5
C)5-6
D)6-7

Question 29

The brains of preschool boys _____ than the brains of preschool girls.

A)have less white matter
B)have a smaller and less dense corpus callosum
C)are nearly a pound heavier
D)are nearly a pound lighter

Question 30

Researchers have found that peer influences on the playground and in preschool settings

A)tend to intensify gender socialization.
B)tend to reduce gender socialization.
C)tend to reverse gender socialization.
D)have no measurable effect on gender socialization.

Question 31

Parents are most likely to support

A)independent behavior in their daughters.
B)competitiveness in their sons.
C)sharing with their sons.
D)encouragement for wrestling and other physical activities with their daughters.

Question 32

Boys inherit _____ sex chromosomes from their parents.

A)XX
B)YY
C)XY
D)XYY

Question 33

When children display Gender Identity Disorders of childhood,most psychologists

A)believe that the children should be allowed to behave as they wish.
B)believe that the children should be forced to adopt "correct" gender-stereotyped behavior.
C)believe that the children should be rewarded for correct gender-appropriate behavior and punished for incorrect behavior.
D)cannot agree on the correct advice for parents.

Question 34

In general,preschool boys tend to play

A)in groups of 2-3 children.
B)indoors.
C)cooperatively.
D)farther away from adults than girls do.

Question 35

Male hormones are called

A)estrogens.
B)epinephrines.
C)androgens.
D)adrenalines.

Question 36

Carl has just entered the Little Psychologists Preschool Program.By the end of the school year,he his most likely to

A)spend more time playing with large groups of boys.
B)spend more time playing with large groups of girls.
C)spend more time playing with both girls and boys.
D)spend more time playing independently.

Question 37

Bluto's father Mongo says,"Let's watch some football while your mother and sister go shopping." Mongo is engaging in

A)gender awareness.
B)gender socialization.
C)gender constancy.
D)gender identity.

Question 38

When Queenie asks her daughter Ariel,"How's my little princess today?" she's engaging in

A)gender awareness.
B)gender socialization.
C)gender constancy.
D)gender identity.

Question 39

Children aged 3-5 years old tend to see deviations from gender-stereotyped behaviors as

A)bad.
B)funny.
C)interesting.
D)unimportant.

Question 40

By the time they are _____ years old,most children tend to engage in stereotypical gender-appropriate behavior and play mostly with other children of their sex.

A)6
B)5
C)4
D)3

Question 41

Children are likely to become less rigid about sex-stereotyped behaviors once they have mastered the concept of

A)a gender schemA.
B)gender identity.
C)gender socialization.
D)gender constancy.

Question 42

When Kristof trips on the playground,his mother tells him about a time that she tripped in front of everyone and was embarrassed.Then she asks him how he feels.She's using _____ to help Kristof develop emotional intelligence.

A)conservation
B)inner-speech
C)scaffolding
D)effortful control

Question 43

Collectivist cultures tend to emphasize all of the following except

A)individual development.
B)social harmony.
C)interdependence.
D)highly restricted emotional displays.

Question 44

Five-year-old Connor hates taking out the trash because it's smelly and gross.But he is able to do so because he can exercise _____ over his emotions.

A)disengaged empathy
B)externalizing homophily
C)effortful control
D)reactive socialization

Question 45

Children with well-developed emotional intelligence tend to be

A)more popular with other children.
B)more threatening to other children.
C)more likely to be hurt or bullied by other children.
D)more likely to be avoided by other children.

Question 46

At preschool,little Cindy wants to give her 5-year-old friend,Liam,a hug.Liam is most likely to say

A)"Okay."
B)"Wow,yes!"
C)"Okay,but not where anyone can see."
D)"Euuw! Ick! Get away!"

Question 47

One reason why preschool girls seem to develop better emotional intelligence than preschool boys may be

A)boys spend too much time in joint pretend play.
B)boys spend more time talking about emotions rather than dealing with them.
C)girls engage in more negotiation-based games.
D)girls spend less time discussing emotions with their mothers than boys do.

Question 48

Otto has been abused throughout early childhood.It's likely that he'll be

A)hypervigilant about friendly behavior.
B)hypervigilant about hostile behavior.
C)unlikely to be able to read other people's emotions.
D)unable to express any emotions.

Question 49

All of the following are required for the development of secondary emotions except

A)a theory of mind.
B)awareness of social norms.
C)development of concrete operations.
D)a sense of responsibility.

Question 50

Cross-cultural research on emotional expression shows that

A)open expression of emotions is universally encouraged.
B)open expression of emotions is universally encouraged in children.
C)open expression of emotions is universally encouraged in adults,but not in children.
D)it's different in different cultures.

Question 51

_____,is most likely to have a child who is able to regulate his or her emotions well.

A)Yerachmiel,who spends a lot of time telling his daughter what to do
B)Draizey,who listens to her daughter and reflects her daughter's ideas back during conversation
C)Akiva,who is always with his son no matter what the boy is doing
D)Sheliya,an abusive mother

Question 52

Maya has developed an excellent sense of her own feelings,as well as being sensitive to the feelings of others.Psychologists would say that she has well-developed

A)emotional regulation.
B)effortful control.
C)internalizing behaviors.
D)emotional intelligence.

Question 53

Primary emotions include

A)pride.
B)guilt.
C)shame.
D)happiness.

Question 54

When a child strikes out impulsively in anger,rather than containing or regulating her frustration,she is engaging in

A)internalizing behaviors.
B)externalizing behaviors.
C)effortful control.
D)effortful deregulation.

Question 55

Agatha suffers from untreated clinical depression.It's likely that her preschool-age daughter

A)will also be clinically depressed.
B)will be happier because of reaction formation.
C)will feel responsible for her mother's depression.
D)will act out in destructive ways.

Question 56

All of the following are secondary emotions except

A)pride.
B)guilt.
C)shame.
D)happiness.

Question 57

Children begin to label their own and other people's emotions when they are approximately _____ years old.

A)1-2
B)2-3
C)3-4
D)4-5

Question 58

Yuri has just gotten a gold star for following directions in preschool,and he's very proud of himself.Yuri's pride is

A)negative affect.
B)totally undeserved.
C)a primary emotion.
D)a secondary emotion.

Question 59

Western European and American parents tend to emphasize

A)individual development.
B)social harmony.
C)interdependence.
D)highly restricted emotional displays.

Question 60

All of the following are true about effortful control except

A)it's associated with infants' temperaments.
B)it's greater in children who experience intrusive parenting.
C)it's linked to a child's ability to focus attention.
D)it helps children regulate their emotions.

Question 61

Kele believes that he has broken his friend's iPod.He hasn't said anything,but his shoulders are hunched and he won't make eye contact with his friend.Kele is showing physical signs of

A)empathy.
B)compliance.
C)guilt.
D)pride.

Question 62

Pride would most likely be considered a negative emotion in

A)Beijing.
B)London.
C)New York City.
D)Honolulu.

Question 63

All of the following are associated with children's development of conscience except

A)the development of effortful control.
B)secure attachments to their parents.
C)extrinsic motivation.
D)empathy.

Question 64

Kangi helps his neighbor carry boxes out of his garage for a yard sale.Kangi is doing it just to be helpful and doesn't expect anything in return.Kangi is demonstrating _____ behavior.

A)self-interested
B)externalizing
C)internalizing
D)altruistic

Question 65

Little Tusa sees a candy wrapper on the sidewalk.She picks it up and throws it in the trash.Tusa is demonstrating

A)externalizing behavior.
B)internalizing behavior.
C)instrumental aggression.
D)prosocial behavior

Question 66

Prosocial behavior is more common among children who

A)were in very large groups of children in preschool.
B)grew up in collectivist societies.
C)are encouraged to be themselves.
D)have not yet developed effortful control.

Question 67

Alberto is a five-year-old in a collectivist culture.He's most likely to feel

A)uncomfortable displaying his emotions.
B)proud of his achievements at soccer camp.
C)envious of his sister's success at school.
D)comfortable talking about his feelings with his father.

Question 68

Shame would most likely be considered a positive emotion in

A)Beijing.
B)London.
C)New York City.
D)Honolulu.

Question 69

Mothers in _____ are more likely to view emotional displays as disruptive and shameful.

A)Beijing
B)London
C)New York City
D)Honolulu

Question 70

When little Jolanta hits Inga so she can take away Inga's toy,Jolanta is demonstrating _____ aggression.

A)physical
B)verbal
C)relational
D)reactive

Question 71

Ben hits Cecil on the head because he doesn't like Cecil and wants to hurt him.Ben is demonstrating _____ aggression.

A)hostile
B)instrumental
C)reactive
D)empathic

Question 72

Prosocial behavior is less likely to be seen in children who

A)grew up in collectivist cultures.
B)are encouraged to be themselves.
C)are punished for being too aggressive.
D)had very small playgroups in preschool.

Question 73

Research on guilt,empathy,and compliance in children found that conscience seems to develop by the time a child is between _____ years old.

A)1
And 2
B)2 and 2
C)2
And 3
D)3

Question 74

Which of the following is not an extrinsic motivator?

A)Fear of punishment
B)Pride
C)Rewards
D)Getting a lot of attention

Question 75

Understanding and sharing another person's feelings is

A)agonism.
B)homophily.
C)empathy.
D)guilt.

Question 76

Whenever Lamont wants to do something bad,he gets a feeling that he'll feel awful if he does it.That feeling is his

A)internalizing behavior.
B)externalizing behavior.
C)reciprocity.
D)conscience.

Question 77

Which of the following is not an example of intrinsic motivation?

A)Enjoying being helpful
B)Doing something out of friendship
C)Wanting a reward
D)Feelings of pride

Question 78

Little Julio hits Jose,and Jose yells that Julio is a goofball.Julio is demonstrating _____ aggression.

A)hostile
B)instrumental
C)reactive
D)empathic

Question 79

When little Jolanta hits Inga so she can take away Inga's toy,Jolanta is demonstrating _____ aggression.

A)hostile
B)instrumental
C)reactive
D)empathic

Question 80

Little Julio hits Jose,and Jose yells that Julio is a goofball.Julio is demonstrating _____ aggression.

A)physical
B)verbal
C)relational
D)reactive