Deck 6: Socioemotional Development in Infancy

Question 1

When the family Labrador comes into his room,little Ricky turns away,makes fists,and furrows his brow.This shows he is feeling

A)interest.
B)fear.
C)anger.
D)surprise.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The fact that primary emotions seem to be biologically based implies support for the _____ perspective.

A)ecological
B)evolutionary
C)behavioral
D)cognitive

Answer 2

B

Question 3

All of the following are secondary emotions except

A)pride.
B)envy.
C)shame.
D)surprise.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Phoenix is a very happy infant.When he is amused,he often laughs.According to your book,Phoenix must be more than _____ months old.

A)1-2
B)3-4
C)5-6
D)7-8

Question 5

When baby Shawna smiles to show that she's happy,she is engaging in

A)emotional coping.
B)emotional understanding.
C)emotional expression.
D)emotional relativity.

Question 6

One of the most useful systems for studying emotional expression is the

A)Thematic Apperception Test.
B)Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
C)Maximally Discriminative Facial Movements Code.
D)Remote Associates Test.

Question 7

All of the following are primary emotions except

A)pride.
B)anger.
C)fear.
D)happiness.

Question 8

When baby Tom sees his father's smile and realizes that his father is happy,he is engaging in

A)emotional coping.
B)emotional understanding.
C)emotional expression.
D)emotional relativity.

Question 9

When the family Labrador comes into his room,little Tana sits very still,raises her hands,opens her eyes wide,and opens her mouth.She's most likely feeling

A)interest.
B)fear.
C)anger.
D)surprise.

Question 10

Babies who cry _____ are likely to get a faster response from their parents than those who don't _____.

A)minimally;because the rarity makes it seem important.
B)at a lower pitch;because this is more in the parents' range of hearing.
C)with lower intensity;because this is less annoying to adults.
D)for a long time;because this provides a reliable signal.

Question 11

When the family Labrador comes into his room,little Sean raises his eyebrows,forms his mouth into an "O" shape,and sits up.He's probably feeling

A)interest.
B)fear.
C)anger.
D)surprise.

Question 12

Sadness in infants has been observed at _____months of age.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 13

Secondary emotions seem to be primarily

A)cognitively based.
B)innate.
C)biologically based.
D)heritable.

Question 14

Which of the following would be the last emotion to be expressed by infants?

A)Anger
B)Guilt
C)Fear
D)Joy

Question 15

When baby Joy smiles at her mother,her mother always smiles back.When she frowns,her mother seems to disregard her expression.Over time,Joy will probably

A)smile more often and frown less often.
B)smile less often and frown more often.
C)smile more often and frown more often.
D)smile and frown the same amount.

Question 16

Secondary emotions,such as pride or shame,show up later in a baby's life because

A)they're genetically programmed that way.
B)there isn't anything for babies to be proud or ashamed of.
C)they require higher levels of cognitive processing.
D)babies don't get enough social interaction until then.

Question 17

Primary emotions seem to be

A)innate.
B)learned.
C)cognitively based.
D)socially generateD.

Question 18

Infants as young as 2
Months old have been observed showing

A)shame.
B)pride.
C)joy.
D)embarrassment.

Question 19

Which of the following emotions is usually the first one to be expressed by infants?

A)Envy
B)Pride
C)Distress
D)Guilt

Question 20

Babies' facial expressions

A)seem to accurately reflect positive emotions,but not negative ones.
B)seem to accurately reflect negative emotions,but not positive ones.
C)seem to accurately reflect primary emotions,but not secondary ones.
D)seem to accurately reflect their emotional states.

Question 21

Emotions such as embarrassment indicate that a baby has

A)developed a more mature form of fear.
B)not enough parent-child interaction.
C)been born with a bad temperament.
D)achieved self-recognition.

Question 22

Baby Clyde is generally irritable and it's often hard for his parents to calm him down.His temperament would be classified as

A)easy.
B)difficult.
C)inhibited.
D)melancholic.

Question 23

If infant Marla's mother stops smiling at her and changes her face to a neutral expression,Marla will most likely

A)smile at her to make her happy.
B)adopt a neutral face,as well.
C)become agitated.
D)not notice.

Question 24

A child's temperament

A)is set for life by genetics and can't be changed.
B)is entirely derived from social interactions.
C)is basically biological,but is generally shaped by experience.
D)is more influenced by positive affectivity than negative affectivity.

Question 25

Baby Evan is generally shy,fearful,and timid.His temperament would be classified as

A)easy.
B)difficult.
C)inhibited.
D)melancholic.

Question 26

Children begin to exhibit social referencing when they are _____ months old.

A)2-3
B)4-5
C)6-7
D)8-9

Question 27

Knowing the difference between a happy face and an angry face

A)doesn't happen until babies reach the age of 6 months.
B)means a baby knows whether you like her or not.
C)doesn't mean a baby understands the meanings of the expressions.
D)means a baby is too worried about its environment and may need calming.

Question 28

Temperament is

A)learned over time.
B)temporary and situational.
C)biologically based.
D)based on social referencing.

Question 29

The social referencing behavior of infants

A)will work with any other person.
B)is limited to their mothers.
C)is limited to their fathers.
D)is limited to their parents.

Question 30

Cross-cultural studies have shown that infants of _____ descent are better able to soothe themselves and are less easily aroused than _____ babies.

A)Caucasian;African.
B)Asian;Caucasian.
C)African;Northern European.
D)Central American;Asian.

Question 31

Generally,the best way for researchers to learn about an infant's temperament is through

A)parental observations of the infant's behavior.
B)professional observations of the infant's behavior.
C)a combination of parental and professional observations.
D)an infant questionnaire,such as the MAX.

Question 32

If you frown at a 3-month-old infant,it is most likely to

A)smile at you to cheer you up.
B)frown back at you.
C)not notice.
D)become agitateD.

Question 33

Signs of negative affectivity include

A)smiling.
B)calming down.
C)curiosity.
D)distress.

Question 34

Distress and fear are indicators of

A)positive affectivity.
B)negative affectivity.
C)inhibited affectivity.
D)difficult affectivity.

Question 35

Babies can discriminate between different facial expressions by the time they are _____ months old.

A)1
-2
B)2
-3
C)3
-4
D)4

Question 36

The biological basis of an infant's personality is his or her

A)temperament.
B)emotions.
C)social referencing behavior.
D)level of cognitive development.

Question 37

The neighbor's collie has just come into 9-month-old Lawrence's room.He's never seen a dog before and doesn't know how to respond.When Lawrence's father seems happy to see the dog,Lawrence smiles.His reaction is an example of

A)visual acuity.
B)temperament.
C)self-recognition.
D)social referencing.

Question 38

Parents' reports of their children's temperaments are often all of the following except

A)highly accurate.
B)extremely objective.
C)very insightful.
D)based on long-term experience.

Question 39

Temperament researchers often look at how often an infant laughs and how easily it calms down.These are indicators of

A)positive affectivity.
B)negative affectivity.
C)inhibited affectivity.
D)difficult affectivity.

Question 40

One-month-old babies find it hard to distinguish between facial expressions because

A)they don't have the cognitive ability to do so yet.
B)they don't need to;everyone loves being around them.
C)they don't have a strong enough grasp of language yet.
D)they don't yet have sufficiently accurate eyesight to distinguish the expressions.

Question 41

The degree to which parents respond appropriately to their child's temperament is called

A)negative affectivity.
B)positive affectivity.
C)temperamental relativity.
D)goodness of fit.

Question 42

Adelaide has a Masters degree in English literature.Mary Sue is a high school dropout.According to your textbook,it is more likely that

A)Mary Sue's and Adelaide's children will both engage in prosocial behaviors with other children.
B)neither woman's child is likely to engage in prosocial behaviors with other children.
C)Mary Sue's daughter will be more likely to engage in prosocial behaviors than Adelaide's daughter.
D)Adelaide's daughter will be more likely to engage in prosocial behavior than Mary Sue's daughter.

Question 43

In John Bowlby's _____ phase of infant-parent attachment,an infant will smile at anyone and will be satisfied by whoever attends to his or her needs.

A)indiscriminate social responsiveness
B)discriminating sociability
C)attachments
D)goal-corrected partnerships

Question 44

Researchers have found that _____ babies tend to have trouble mastering structured tests in the laboratory.

A)easy
B)difficult
C)inhibited
D)melancholic

Question 45

John Bowlby suggested that infants and parents developed attachment

A)to ensure the survival of young humans.
B)because they love each other.
C)because humans have a greater emotional capacity than the other primates.
D)to minimize genetic determinism.

Question 46

In John Bowlby's _____ phase of infant-parent attachment,infants begin to use social referencing and will become upset if they are separated from their parents.

A)indiscriminate social responsiveness
B)discriminating sociability
C)attachments
D)goal-corrected partnerships

Question 47

The emotional and social bonds between infants and their caregivers are called

A)accommodations.
B)adaptations.
C)attributions.
D)attachments.

Question 48

_____ babies tend to do best on various standardized tests.

A)Easy
B)Difficult
C)Inhibited
D)Melancholic

Question 49

In John Bowlby's _____ phase of infant-parent attachment,children show that they understand and can respect their parents' needs.

A)indiscriminate social responsiveness
B)discriminating sociability
C)attachments
D)goal-corrected partnerships

Question 50

The correct order of John Bowlby's phases of infant-parent attachment is

A)goal-corrected partnerships,discriminating sociability,indiscriminate social responsiveness,attachments.
B)indiscriminate social responsiveness,goal-directed partnerships,discriminating sociability,attachments.
C)attachments,indiscriminate social responsiveness,discriminating sociability,goal-directed partnerships.
D)indiscriminate social responsiveness,discriminating social responsibility,attachments,goal-corrected partnerships.

Question 51

Babies with easy temperaments may do better on various cognitive tests for all of the following reasons except

A)easy temperaments may make them more persistent.
B)easy temperaments evoke more positive responses from others.
C)easy temperaments indicate greater cognitive development.
D)easy temperaments may allow them to respond better to strangers.

Question 52

_____ babies tend to have trouble mastering self-recognition and role-taking.

A)Easy
B)Difficult
C)Inhibited
D)Melancholic

Question 53

Kathleen has an inhibited temperament.She'll fit best in a home or school that

A)challenges her to develop better coping skills.
B)isn't too demanding.
C)provides a lot of social interactions.
D)is academically demanding.

Question 54

In John Bowlby's _____ phase of infant-parent attachment,an infant will prefer to interact with certain people more than others.

A)indiscriminate social responsiveness
B)discriminating sociability
C)attachments
D)goal-corrected partnerships

Question 55

John Bowlby developed his ideas about attachment by looking at

A)large numbers of parents and children.
B)animal behavior studies.
C)Freudian theories of psychosexual development.
D)Piaget's work on cognitive development.

Question 56

Colin is generally a happy baby.He enjoys new things,and if something bad happens,he calms down very quickly.His temperament would be classified as

A)easy.
B)difficult.
C)inhibited.
D)melancholic.

Question 57

John Bowlby believed that the attachments between infants and their parents were based in

A)evolutionary adaptability.
B)cognitive development.
C)social referencing.
D)accommodation and assimilation.

Question 58

Little Hendrik seems to be a very happy baby.He'll smile at anyone who visits,and is happy when anybody feeds him,plays with him,or changes his diaper.John Bowlby would say that Hendrik is in the _____ phase of infant-parent attachment.

A)indiscriminate social responsiveness
B)discriminating sociability
C)attachments
D)goal-corrected partnerships

Question 59

Temperament in infancy

A)guarantees a child's later outlook on life.
B)is totally unrelated to a child's later outlook on life.
C)seems to be the basis for a child's later outlook on life.
D)seems to predict academic achievement better than IQ testing.

Question 60

Roy has a difficult temperament.He will do best if his parents

A)aren't too demanding.
B)challenge him intellectually.
C)force him to spend more time with playmates.
D)provide activities that are interesting,but not too frustrating.

Question 61

Willoughby is being tested in the Strange Situation.When his mother is in the room,Willoughby seems to want to interact with her,but is uncomfortable about doing it.When his mother leaves and then returns,Willoughby still seems confused or apprehensive about approaching her.Mary Ainsworth would say that Willoughby has

A)a secure attachment to her mother.
B)an insecure-avoidant attachment to her mother.
C)an insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment to her mother.
D)a disoriented/disorganized attachment to her mother.

Question 62

Marianne is being tested in the Strange Situation.When her mother leaves,Marianne doesn't seem to notice.She also doesn't react when her mother returns and tries to interact with her.Mary Ainsworth would say that Marianne has

A)a secure attachment to her mother.
B)an insecure-avoidant attachment to her mother.
C)an insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment to her mother.
D)a disoriented/disorganized attachment to her mother.

Question 63

According to John Bowlby,_____ is an infant's signal designed to bring its parents back when they go away.

A)goodness of fit
B)a separation protest
C)accommodation
D)positive affectivity

Question 64

Approximately _____ of the infants studied in the U.S.display a secure attachment style in the Strange Situation.

A)35%
B)45%
C)55%
D)65%

Question 65

Brandon is being tested in the Strange Situation.When his mother leaves the room,Brandon becomes very upset and cries.When his mother returns,he goes to her,but angrily refuses to be comforted.Mary Ainsworth would say that Brandon has

A)a secure attachment to his mother.
B)an insecure-avoidant attachment to his mother.
C)an insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment to his mother.
D)a disoriented/disorganized attachment to his mother.

Question 66

Babies generally become wary of strangers when they are approximately _____ months old.

A)4
B)6
C)8
D)10

Question 67

Little Morris really seems to love his father,Loukas.Whenever Loukas leaves the room,Morris becomes very upset.Morris also likes to go to Loukas whenever they're in the same place.Morris always looks at Loukas to make sure everything is okay before trying anything new,and will go to Loukas right away if something becomes scary.John Bowlby would say that Morris is in the _____ phase of infant-parent attachment.

A)indiscriminate social responsiveness
B)discriminating sociability
C)attachments
D)goal-corrected partnerships

Question 68

Little Monica is a very considerate child.She wants to spend a lot of time with her mother,but if her mother is working at her desk,Monica will generally find something to do until she's finished.Then she'll go to her with an idea for something fun.John Bowlby would say that Monica is in the _____ phase of infant-parent attachment.

A)indiscriminate social responsiveness
B)discriminating sociability
C)attachments
D)goal-corrected partnerships

Question 69

John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth predicted that children would become attached to

A)only their mothers.
B)only their fathers.
C)both of their parents.
D)anyone who provided consistent,appropriate interaction.

Question 70

Approximately _____ of the infants studied in the U.S.display an insecure-resistant attachment style.

A)5-10%
B)10-15%
C)15-20%
D)20-25%

Question 71

Elinor is being tested in the Strange Situation.She orients most of her activity around her mother,especially when a stranger enters.When her mother leaves,Elinor becomes upset and starts to cry.When her mother returns,Elinor crawls to her and calms down fairly quickly.Mary Ainsworth would say that Elinor has

A)a secure attachment to her mother.
B)an insecure-avoidant attachment to her mother.
C)an insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment to her mother.
D)a disoriented/disorganized attachment to her mother.

Question 72

When most babies are distressed,they prefer to go _____ for help.

A)only to their mothers
B)only to their fathers
C)to either their mothers or their fathers
D)to anyone in their vicinity

Question 73

Approximately 20% of the infants studied in the U.S.display a _____ attachment style in the Strange Situation.

A)secure
B)insecure-avoidant
C)insecure-resistant/ambivalent
D)disoriented-disorganized

Question 74

The Strange Situation technique is generally used on children between _____ months of age.

A)10-24
B)8-12
C)24-48
D)5-10

Question 75

Approximately 65% of the infants studied in the U.S.display _____ attachment style in the Strange Situation.

A)a secure
B)an insecure-avoidant
C)an insecure-resistant/ambivalent
D)a disoriented-disorganized

Question 76

John Bowlby believed that if a baby did not form an attachment in its first _____,then it would be unable to do so.

A)2 months
B)6 months
C)10 months
D)12 months

Question 77

Approximately 10-15% of the infants studied in the U.S.display _____ attachment style in the Strange Situation.

A)a secure
B)an insecure-avoidant
C)an insecure-resistant/ambivalent
D)a disoriented-disorganized

Question 78

One technique for studying attachment is the _____,in which researchers watch a baby's reactions when her parent leaves the room and returns later.

A)Strange Situation
B)Solomon 4-way design
C)placebo-based trial
D)Contact Comfort Test

Question 79

_____ is a procedure in which researchers observe a baby's attachment behaviors when it's distressed.

A)Strange Situation
B)Solomon 4-way design.
C)Placebo-based trial
D)Contact Comfort Test

Question 80

Little Ingrid loves to play with her parents.Although other people may hold or feed her,her parents have a much easier time calming her down when she's upset,and she prefers them to anyone else for play or feeding.John Bowlby would say that Ingrid is in the _____ phase of infant-parent attachment.

A)indiscriminate social responsiveness
B)discriminating sociability
C)attachments
D)goal-corrected partnerships