Deck 4: Physical Development in Infancy

Question 1

Developmental milestones,such as when a child says her first words,are generally expressed in terms of

A)norms.
B)individual differences.
C)phenotypes.
D)canalizations.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The _____ (is/are)the part of the brain that controls our sleeping and waking states.

A)subcortical structures
B)cortex
C)limbic system
D)Broca's area

Answer 2

A

Question 3

If a child achieves a particular developmental milestone early,such as taking her first steps when she's only 4 months old,her parents should

A)understand that their child is very special,and hire a coach to develop her physical skills.
B)have a neuropsychologist test her for brain abnormalities.
C)hire an experienced nanny to work one-on-one with her until she's back on a normal developmental track.
D)not worry or get too excited because this is most likely just normal variation.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The left and right hemispheres of the cortex are connected by

A)Wernicke's areA.
B)the corpus callosum.
C)the frontal cortex.
D)the hippocampus.

Question 5

During a child's first year after birth,her height and weight increase by about

A)50%.
B)75%.
C)100%.
D)125%.

Question 6

The range of heights within which most people fall is considered

A)individual variation.
B)a norm.
C)phenotypical.
D)cephalocaudal.

Question 7

Children's growth and speed of development

A)is influenced solely by genetic factors.
B)is influenced only by dietary factors.
C)is influenced by both dietary and genetic factors.
D)is highly canalized,so it is not subject to external influences.

Question 8

Dieter is 2 months old.His head is maturing faster than his arms and legs.This is a _____ growth pattern.

A)cephalocaudal
B)proximodistal
C)phenotypical
D)endometrial

Question 9

The sequence of development of the brain during the embryonic stage of development is

A)first the subcortical structures,then the limbic system,finally the cortex.
B)first the cortex,next the limbic system,finally the subcortical structures.
C)first the limbic system,next the subcortical structures,finally the cortex.
D)first the subcortical structures,next the cortex,finally the limbic system.

Question 10

In the normal proximodistal growth pattern,

A)fine muscle groups,such as those in the fingers,gain control more rapidly than large muscle groups,such as those in the arms.
B)large muscle groups,such as those in the arms,gain control more rapidly than small muscle groups,such as those in the fingers.
C)organs near the top of the body grow before those lower down.
D)organs near the bottom of the body grow before those nearer the heaD.

Question 11

The fact that childhood growth is both cephalocaudal and proximodistal illustrates the basic growth principle of

A)directionality.
B)independence of systems.
C)canalization.
D)eugenics.

Question 12

If a child does not achieve a particular capacity or behavior,such as taking her first steps on time but rather several weeks or months late,her parents should

A)take her to a pediatrician.
B)have a neuropsychologist test her for brain abnormalities.
C)hire an experienced nanny to work one-on-one with her until she's back on a normal developmental track.
D)not worry because this is most likely just normal variation.

Question 13

If a child is a "late" developer,he

A)will continue to lag behind other children his age.
B)will eventually catch up to other children his age.
C)will eventually surpass other children his age.
D)may catch up,lag behind,or surpass other children his age.

Question 14

Harry and Evelyn are worried about their newborn son,Larry.He seems to be developing good control of his arms and legs,but his fine muscle control for his fingers seems to be lagging behind.Is this a problem?

A)Yes.It's normal for everything to grow at the same rate.
B)Yes.His fine motor control should develop first.
C)No.It's normal for cephalocaudal development.
D)No.It's normal for proximodistal development.

Question 15

One way to explain canalization is to say that

A)growth proceeds from the top of the body downwards.
B)growth proceeds from the core of the body outwards.
C)growth proceeds in different parts of the body according to different time tables.
D)growth in the body proceeds along a relatively predetermined path.

Question 16

The fact that the nervous system develops rapidly in early childhood while secondary sex characteristics don't develop until adolescence illustrates the basic growth principle of

A)directionality.
B)independence of systems.
C)canalization.
D)eugenics.

Question 17

A child's normal development is artificially delayed.The impediment is then removed,and she "catches up" in growth,demonstrating the basic growth principle of

A)directionality.
B)independence of systems.
C)canalization.
D)eugenics.

Question 18

The _____ in the brain manage(s)the emotions.

A)subcortical structures
B)cortex
C)limbic system
D)Broca's area

Question 19

Shannon and Tom are worried about their newborn son,Harrison.They've noticed that his eyes and ears are growing much more rapidly than his arms and legs.Is this a problem?

A)Yes.It's normal for everything to grow at the same rate.
B)Yes.It's normal for the arms and legs to grow faster than the eyes and ears.
C)No.It's normal cephalocaudal development.
D)No.It's normal proximodistal development.

Question 20

The _____ (is/are)the part of the brain that deals with memory and attention.

A)subcortical structures
B)cortex
C)limbic system
D)Broca's area

Question 21

A condition in which the autoimmune system strips neurons of myelin is called

A)multiple sclerosis.
B)diffusion.
C)Parkinson's disease.
D)melanoma.

Question 22

After a neuron has been myelinated,its transmission speed

A)doubles.
B)triples.
C)quadruples.
D)slows down.

Question 23

_____ is the part of the brain that controls speech.

A)Broca's area
B)Wernicke's area
C)The frontal cortex
D)The auditory cortex

Question 24

At birth,a baby's brain is about _____ of its adult size.

A)15%
B)25%
C)35%
D)45%

Question 25

Which of the following is not part of a neuron?

A)A dendrite
B)An axon
C)A cell body
D)A synapse

Question 26

_____ is the part of the brain that is responsible for planning and impulse control.

A)Broca's area
B)Wernicke's area
C)The frontal cortex
D)The auditory cortex

Question 27

The _____ is the part of a neuron that carries information towards other neurons.

A)dendrite
B)axon
C)cell body
D)synapse

Question 28

All of the following statements about synaptogenesis are true except that

A)it is most rapid in the first year of life.
B)it is partially dependent on experience.
C)it stops at the end of early childhood.
D)it may generate as many as 10,000 connections for each neuron.

Question 29

Synaptic pruning results in

A)mental retardation.
B)less efficient processing.
C)more efficient processing.
D)neurogenesis.

Question 30

The cells that carry information throughout the body and form the brain's gray matter are called

A)lymphocytes.
B)glial cells.
C)neurons.
D)axons.

Question 31

Cell birth and cell migration in the brain of a fetus is usually complete by the end of

A)the 5^th month after conception.
B)the 6^th month after conception.
C)the 7^th month after conception.
D)the 8^th month after conception.

Question 32

The development of connections between the neurons in the brain is called

A)neurogenesis.
B)epigenesis.
C)micro-epigenesis.
D)synaptogenesis.

Question 33

The elimination of unneeded connections in the brain is called

A)synaptogenesis.
B)synaptic pruning.
C)synaptic gapping.
D)synaptic vesicle.

Question 34

The insulating material that helps neurons increase their transmission speed is called

A)mycellium.
B)myeotoxin.
C)myelin.
D)myocardium.

Question 35

The brain's plasticity is dependent on all of the following except

A)synaptic pruning.
B)synaptogenesis.
C)experience.
D)synaptic gapping.

Question 36

The space where two neurons exchange information is called

A)a dendrite.
B)an axon.
C)a cell body.
D)a synapse.

Question 37

The _____ is the part of a neuron that receives information from other neurons.

A)dendrite
B)axon
C)cell body
D)synapse

Question 38

Myelination begins

A)in the prenatal period.
B)in the neonatal period
C)in early childhood.
D)in adolescence.

Question 39

Synaptogenesis in the first six months of life happens at a rate of approximately

A)100,000 new synapses per day.
B)100,000 new synapses per hour.
C)100,000 new synapses per minute.
D)100,000 new synapses per seconD.

Question 40

_____ is the part of the brain that deals with language comprehension.

A)Broca's area
B)Wernicke's area
C)The prefrontal cortex
D)The auditory cortex

Question 41

_____ refers to the idea that neural pathways in the brain can be strengthened or weakened by experience.

A)Evulsion
B)Evoked brain potentials
C)Plasmolysis
D)Plasticity

Question 42

Synaptogenesis and pruning are integral processes that contribute to the brain's

A)evulsion.
B)evoked brain potentials.
C)plasmolysis.
D)plasticity.

Question 43

Children's EEG activity patterns seem to resemble adult activity patterns

A)at birth.
B)when they are 2 years old.
C)when they are 8 years old.
D)when they are 16 years olD.

Question 44

You are trying to determine how a single neuron reacts to a particular stimulus.The measurement technique you're most likely to choose will be

A)electroencephalography.
B)event-related potentials.
C)microelectrode recording.
D)electromyography.

Question 45

The _____ regulates our states of arousal.

A)somatic nervous system
B)central nervous system
C)autonomic nervous system
D)cerebrospinal nervous system

Question 46

Neural pathways in the brain

A)are genetically predetermined.
B)are strengthened through experience.
C)are completely myelinated by age 4.
D)are randomized as we age.

Question 47

A technique for measuring the activity of individual cells in the brain is called

A)electroencephalography.
B)event-related potentials.
C)microelectrode recording.
D)electromyography.

Question 48

You are working in a laboratory that studies brain activity in newborns.To evaluate the electrical activity of groups of brain cells,you will use

A)electroencephalography.
B)event-related potentials.
C)microelectrode recording.
D)electromyography.

Question 49

Dr.Rudenko transplants a part of someone's visual cortex into that person's somatosensory cortex in order to replace damaged neurons in that area.Because she did this during a critically sensitive period,the cells adapted to their new location and began to function as somatosensory cells.Dr.Rudenko has taken advantage of the _____ of brain cells.

A)modifiability
B)compensation
C)neonatal automaticity
D)neurogenesis

Question 50

While studying brain plasticity,you discover that even though brain cells may be programmed for specific functions,they can be changed to do other functions during certain sensitive developmental periods.What you've discovered is their

A)modifiability.
B)compensation.
C)neonatal automaticity.
D)neurogenesis.

Question 51

A noninvasive system for studying brain activity,which attaches directly to the scalp,is called

A)electroencephalography.
B)event-related potentials.
C)microelectrode recording.
D)electromyography.

Question 52

_____ are specific patterns of brain activity evoked by a specific stimulus.

A)Electroencephalographs
B)Event-related potentials
C)Microelectrode recording
D)Electromyography

Question 53

Tom and Jerry are both 6 months old.Tom now sleeps through the night without waking,but Jerry wakes up about once every hour.What can you tell their parents?

A)Tom is developmentally ahead of normal children's sleep patterns,and Jerry is on time.
B)Tom has a developmentally correct sleep pattern,and Jerry is behind the norm.
C)Tom has a developmentally advanced sleep pattern,and Jerry is developmentally behind.
D)Both Tom and Jerry may have appropriate sleep patterns for their age.

Question 54

Professor Latoya is explaining that the plasticity of our brains means that they can change in response to situations.Being an alert student,you realize that her lecture is about

A)experience encephaly.
B)experience dependency.
C)expectancy valence tests.
D)experience expectancy.

Question 55

The _____ is the part of our nervous system that regulates our heartbeat,digestion,and similar processes.

A)somatic nervous system
B)central nervous system
C)autonomic nervous system
D)cerebrospinal nervous system

Question 56

Dr.Tori has discovered that in cases where brain cells are damaged or destroyed,nearby brain cells may take over their functions.She has discovered

A)modifiability.
B)compensation.
C)neonatal automaticity.
D)neurogenesis.

Question 57

The text notes that babies who are generally fretful elicit different reactions than those who are temperamentally happy and calm.In turn,their parents' reactions affect the babies' own learning and future behavior.This is an example of the bidirectional nature of

A)genetic predisposition.
B)evolutionary psychology.
C)brain plasticity.
D)nativism.

Question 58

Jasmina and Todd are worried about their newborn daughter,River.She doesn't seem to react to sounds.In order to determine if sounds are reaching River's brain,you will test her using

A)electroencephalography.
B)event-related potentials.
C)microelectrode recordings.
D)electromyography.

Question 59

Professor Marianna is explaining that our brains are programmed to respond to critical features of our environment.The topic of her lecture is

A)experience encephaly.
B)experience dependency.
C)expectancy valence tests.
D)experience expectancy.

Question 60

Research shows that the brain's neural circuits are strengthened by challenge and weakened by a lack of challenge.In this way,they seem to operate somewhat like

A)the heart when given adrenaline.
B)the feet when wearing shoes.
C)the arms when lifting weights.
D)the eardrum when listening to Mozart.

Question 61

Vandani touches baby Ranjit on the left side of his mouth,and he turns his head towards her hand.This is caused by the

A)rooting reflex.
B)Palmer grasp reflex.
C)avoidance reflex.
D)Moro reflex.

Question 62

Two-month-old baby Francisco is looking at some pictures with his mother Jacaranda.She notices that he seems most interested in

A)the boundaries of objects.
B)the centers of objects.
C)pictures of animals.
D)pictures of statues.

Question 63

Cal and Tonia are concerned.As their baby gets older,some of her reflexes seem to be disappearing.What should you tell them?

A)This is a sign of normal development.
B)This is a sign that there may be neurological damage.
C)This is a sign of malnutrition.
D)This is a sign that the baby needs more social stimulation.

Question 64

The timing of motor development in children

A)is influenced by parental expectations.
B)is entirely determined by genetics.
C)is entirely dependent on a baby's diet.
D)cannot be modified because it is highly canalizeD.

Question 65

The fact that some reflexes,such as the rooting,sucking,and Palmer grasp,are shared by other primates and seem to have adaptive significance supports the theoretical perspective of

A)progressive education.
B)radical behaviorism.
C)positive psychology.
D)evolutionary psychology.

Question 66

Cindy and Dave are thrilled that baby John has learned to take a few shaky steps on his own when he is only 9 months old.His older brother Alex didn't learn to do that until he was 19 months old.Is John really a wonder child?

A)Yes.This is very early to learn to walk.
B))Yes.This is very early to learn to walk,but they should worry about Alex,who seems to be very far behind the normal rate of development.
B)No.But they should worry about Alex,who seems to be very far behind the normal rate of development.
C)No.John and Alex are still within the normal range for learning to walk.

Question 67

Little Candy is about 9 months old,and has just started to crawl around on her own.

A)She is developing right on schedule.
B)She is developing well ahead of schedule.
C)She is developing much more slowly than she should.
D)She will now need to double her caloric intake.

Question 68

Most babies can sit up on their own by the time they are

A)2 months old.
B)4 months old.
C)6 months old.
D)8 months olD.

Question 69

_____ is an avoidance reflex.

A)Rooting
B)Sucking
C)Blinking
D)Swallowing

Question 70

Infants seems to spend more time in quiet sleep at night if

A)they are surprised on a regular basis.
B)they co-sleep with their mothers.
C)they are left to cry themselves out at an early age.
D)they receive more sensitive care from their parents.

Question 71

Cross-cultural studies of motor development indicate that

A)all children develop at exactly the same rate.
B)children from urban,industrialized cultures develop much more quickly than those from rural,developing countries.
C)children from rural,developing countries always make faster progress on all forms of motor development.
D)cultural expectations can change how children's motor development progresses.

Question 72

By the time she is _____,Mara should be able to put on her own clothes.

A)6 months old
B)1 year old
C)1
Years old
D)2 years old

Question 73

The fact that infants are very attracted to faces and things that look like faces lends support to

A)progressive education.
B)radical behaviorism.
C)positive psychology.
D)evolutionary psychology.

Question 74

Little Rebekah is very proud of herself.She can now pour herself a glass of juice without spilling a drop.If she's developing normally,this means she's probably about _____ old.

A)9 months
B)12 months
C)15 months
D)18 months

Question 75

Little Jerzy has just learned how to roll over from his back onto his stomach.If he's developing normally,this means he's probably about _____ old.

A)5 months
B)6 months
C)7 months
D)8 months

Question 76

Most babies first learn to walk a few steps independently at about

A)10 months of age.
B)12 months of age.
C)14 months of age.
D)16 months of age.

Question 77

You are examining 2-year-old Manny,and find that his Moro reflex is very strong.

A)This is a sign that he's developing normally.
B)This is a sign that his development is accelerated.
C)This is a sign that he is developmentally delayed.
D)This is not a sign of anything.Everyone has a strong Moro reflex throughout life.

Question 78

All of the following are approach reflexes,except

A)rooting.
B)sucking.
C)blinking.
D)swallowing.

Question 79

If you put a wooden dowel in a baby's hand,and then raise it over the baby's head,she will tighten her hold on it.This is an example of the

A)rooting reflex.
B)Palmer grasp reflex.
C)avoidance reflex.
D)Moro reflex.

Question 80

When a baby hears a loud noise,it may swing its arms out and then bring them together as if grabbing onto something.This is called the

A)rooting reflex.
B)Palmer grasp reflex.
C)avoidance reflex.
D)Moro reflex.