Deck 14: Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Question 1

The development of _____ is not one of the changes in thinking that takes place during adolescence.

A)more sophisticated thinking about abstract concepts
B)more sophisticated thinking about the process of thinking
C)relativistic thinking
D)convergent thinking

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Believing that you are always the center of attention,and that even the smallest things you do will be noticed by everyone else demonstrates your

A)relativistic thinking.
B)personal fable.
C)imaginary audience.
D)deductive thinking.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

An adolescent's idea that she is unique,and that no one else has ever had the same thoughts or feelings that she does is called

A)imaginary audience.
B)personal fable.
C)mutual role-taking.
D)social cognition.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The personal fable and imaginary audience are manifestations of adolescents'

A)relativistic thinking.
B)egocentrism.
C)divergent thinking.
D)need for achievement.

Question 5

Boris has always thought that the President was a wise,kind,and intelligent person.However,since entering adolescence,he's begun to question a lot of the President's decisions and wonders if the President might not be so bright.Boris can do this because he's developed more _____ thinking ability since entering adolescence.

A)relativistic
B)metacognitive
C)egocentric
D)preoperational

Question 6

Adolescents are more likely than young children to question the basic tenets of their religions because they have developed much greater _____ thinking abilities.

A)inductive
B)convergent
C)abstract
D)metacognitive

Question 7

An adolescent's ability to think about her own thinking process is called

A)hypothetical thinking.
B)induction.
C)relativistic thinking.
D)metacognition.

Question 8

Because they have developed greater _____ thinking ability,adolescents are more likely than young children to appreciate the humor in satires and puns.

A)inductive
B)convergent
C)abstract
D)metacognitive

Question 9

Einar will be most successful if he uses _____ reasoning to solve the following problem:
All psychologists are kind and wise
Larry is a psychologist
Is Larry kind and wise?

A)deductive
B)inductive
C)reductive
D)productive

Question 10

When you draw a general conclusion based on your knowledge of a few specific cases,you are engaged in _____ thinking.

A)deductive
B)inductive
C)reductive
D)productive

Question 11

When you draw a specific logical conclusion from a given set of facts,you engage in _____ thinking.

A)deductive
B)inductive
C)reductive
D)productive

Question 12

The development of _____ is not one of the changes in thinking that takes place during adolescence.

A)relativistic thinking
B)metacognition
C)hypothetical thinking
D)divergent thinking

Question 13

Consuelo is afraid that everyone knows that she didn't do last night's homework.She believes that they're all staring at her and whispering behind her back.Consuelo's thoughts about this demonstrate her

A)relativistic thinking.
B)personal fable.
C)imaginary audience.
D)deductive thinking.

Question 14

When Coronado finds out that he's been given the lead role in the school play,he believes that everyone knows and is in awe of him,even though it is likely that very few of his peers actually know or care.Coronado's thoughts demonstrate his

A)relativistic thinking.
B)personal fable.
C)imaginary audience.
D)deductive thinking.

Question 15

When Gavin tells Thaddeus to walk a mile in his shoes before trying to judge him,he's asking Thaddeus to engage in _____ thinking.

A)relativistic
B)deductive
C)metacognitive
D)hypothetical

Question 16

Adolescents can take situational,emotional,and general factors into account when making decisions because they have developed

A)hypothetical reasoning.
B)deductive reasoning.
C)multidimensional thinking.
D)metacognitive strategies.

Question 17

Gwyneth loves to drive at high speed with a carload of her friends.Although her parents have warned her about the danger of doing this,she feels that nothing bad will happen to her.Accidents and crashes are things that only happen to other people.Gwyneth's belief in her own invulnerability is part of her

A)imaginary audience.
B)personal fable.
C)mutual role-taking.
D)social cognition.

Question 18

Because Netta has developed greater _____ thinking ability in adolescence,she's able to develop more sophisticated mnemonic devices to help her remember things at school.

A)abstract
B)inductive
C)metacognitive
D)hypothetical

Question 19

Being able to think in multiple dimensions enhances an adolescent's ability to

A)engage in the personal fable.
B)appreciate other people's perspectives.
C)exert greater control over his emotions.
D)remember lists more easily.

Question 20

As she gets ready for her date,Sonje thinks about where they'll go and what they'll talk about.She imagines that her date will take her to the local pizza restaurant and that they'll begin with small talk.She smiles as she wonders if he'll try to kiss her tonight.Sonje is engaged in _____ thinking.

A)relativistic
B)deductive
C)metacognitive
D)hypothetical

Question 21

Fred knows that Lucy thinks that Ricky is being selfish working at the club all the time.He also knows that Ricky is working so much so that he can earn enough to buy Lucy a special birthday present.Fred realizes that since Lucy and Ricky don't know each other's thoughts about this,they are unlikely to feel good about each other.Fred's conclusion is based on his ability at

A)mutual role taking.
B)social convention.
C)concrete operations.
D)metacognition.

Question 22

Cognitive scientists have shown that an individual's ability to control emotions while making logical decisions

A)increases steadily across the life-span.
B)increases until a person is in her mid-20s.
C)increases until the end of adolescence,then begins to decay.
D)is well developed by mid-adolescence.

Question 23

_____ focus on the specific thinking processes that differentiate adolescent thinking from the thinking of younger children.

A)Behavioral psychologists
B)Freudian psychologists
C)Evolutionary psychologists
D)Information-processing psychologists

Question 24

The development of _____ thinking often leads adolescents to question their parents' religions or moral philosophies.

A)relativistic
B)metacognitive
C)egocentric
D)preoperational

Question 25

Heather and Nicole are talking about Heather's last date with Sam.Heather says,"Well,I realized that he thinks that I think that he thinks that he's really hot stuff." Heather is engaging in

A)social convention.
B)social perspective taking.
C)social relativism.
D)social induction.

Question 26

According to Jean Piaget,adolescents should enter the _____ period of cognitive development.

A)formal operations
B)concrete operations
C)preoperational
D)sensorimotor

Question 27

Cognitive scientists have shown that an individual's working memory capacity

A)increases steadily throughout the life-span.
B)increases until middle adulthood,then starts to decay.
C)increases until about age 20.
D)increases in specific,discrete stages.

Question 28

Although Janice is very hungry,she waits her turn at McSloppy's Fast Food Emporium rather than shoving ahead of everyone else.Janice is observing a_____ about taking turns.

A)social convention
B)social perspective taking
C)social relativism
D)social induction

Question 29

_____ involves the ability to understand the thoughts and motivations of other people.

A)Social convention
B)Social perspective taking
C)Social relativism
D)Social induction

Question 30

Current research on cognitive development in adolescence suggests that

A)Piaget was correct,formal operations represents a discrete,qualitative change in thinking capacities.
B)Piaget's conception of specific changes during the formal operational period is accurate.
C)once adolescents achieve formal operations,they no longer make the kind of logical errors that they did when they were in the concrete operational period.
D)cognitive development in adolescence is more quantitative and gradual than qualitative and discrete.

Question 31

Cognitive scientists have shown that an individual's ability to evaluate risks and rewards

A)increases steadily across the life-span.
B)increases until a person is in her mid-20s.
C)increases until the end of adolescence,then begins to decay.
D)is well developed by mid-adolescence.

Question 32

_____ involves understanding people's interactions and social relationships.

A)Social conventions
B)Social cognition
C)Social studies
D)Social relativism

Question 33

Cognitive scientists have shown that an individual's ability to focus her attention

A)increases steadily throughout the life-span.
B)increases until middle adulthood,then starts to decay.
C)increases until about age 20.
D)increases in specific,discrete stages.

Question 34

_____ is(are)not one of the basic areas studied by information-processing psychologists.

A)Adolescent improvements in working memory
B)Changes in processing speed
C)Developmental stages
D)The ability to organize thoughts

Question 35

_____ is not one of the basic areas studied by information-processing psychologists.

A)Attention
B)Working memory
C)Metacognitive thinking
D)Formal operations

Question 36

According to Jean Piaget,formal operational thinking is based in

A)concrete,discrete problem solving.
B)inductive reasoning.
C)adolescent egocentrism.
D)abstract,logical principles.

Question 37

Cognitive scientists have shown that an individual's logical reasoning abilities

A)increase steadily throughout the life-span.
B)increase until middle adulthood,then starts to decay.
C)increase until about age 20.
D)increase in specific,discrete stages.

Question 38

Lamont and Nichele are arguing.As they talk,Lamont begins to see things from Nichele's point of view,and feels that she's probably right to think as she does.Lamont is engaging in

A)social convention.
B)social perspective taking.
C)social relativism.
D)social induction.

Question 39

A society's rules for interaction are called

A)social convention.
B)social perspective taking.
C)social relativism.
D)social induction.

Question 40

Formal operational thinking

A)is evident from the beginning of the adolescent period.
B)is evident in all adolescents.
C)is employed in all situations once it has been achieved.
D)develops slowly from the beginning of adolescence to the enD.

Question 41

______ youth tend to be more religious than most other groups of adolescents.

A)Native American
B)European American
C)Asian American
D)Latino American

Question 42

Junior high school teachers' emphasis on discipline

A)is contrary to students' need for more independence.
B)is necessary to combat the normal misbehavior of young adolescents.
C)encourages student achievement.
D)assists students in making the transition from elementary school.

Question 43

One reason why adolescents may experience a drop in academic motivation when making the transition from elementary school to middle school or junior high school is

A)the overconfidence of their teachers in their own abilities.
B)the overly intimate nature of the school.
C)teachers' emphasis on discipline.
D)teachers' overly optimistic beliefs in students' excellence at learning from instruction.

Question 44

The change in how adolescents view religion is likely due to their increased level of

A)relativistic thinking.
B)social cognition.
C)mutual role taking.
D)sensation seeking.

Question 45

______ youth tend to be more religious than most other groups of adolescents.

A)East coast
B)West coast
C)New England
D)Midwestern

Question 46

The relative speeds with which the limbic system and prefrontal cortex develop in adolescent brains may account for teenagers'

A)lack of logical thinking.
B)impulsivity in risky situations.
C)development of personal fables.
D)susceptibility to substance abuse.

Question 47

Adolescents making the transition between schools will be more successful if they

A)do so later in adolescence.
B)have a prior record of academic difficulties because the move will give them a fresh start.
C)were unhappy in their previous school.
D)change schools twice (from elementary school to junior high and then to high school)rather than once (from a K-8 elementary school to high school).

Question 48

Studies have shown that adolescents probably engage in so much risky behavior because

A)they are not yet operating as logically as adults.
B)they are more likely than adults to develop a personal fable.
C)they feel invulnerable more than adults would.
D)they weigh their choices logically,but emphasize pleasure or peer pressure more than potential risks.

Question 49

College attendance is generally correlated with

A)more participation in organized religious activities.
B)increasing loyalty to adolescents' religious beliefs.
C)decreases in all forms of religious faith.
D)increases in individual spirituality in adolescence.

Question 50

Althea goes to a museum and notices a sign that says,"Suggested donation: $10." She realizes that she doesn't actually have to pay anything to get in to the museum,since it's a public building,and that when people pay $10 for a museum button,they're engaging in

A)mutual role taking.
B)social convention.
C)concrete operations.
D)metacognition.

Question 51

Adolescents are more attracted to the _____ of organized religion.

A)ideological aspects
B)rituals
C)practices
D)holiday observances

Question 52

Most adolescents tend to _____ when they move from elementary school to middle school or junior high school,and again when they move to high school.

A)adapt successfully,after some initial stress
B)improve their academic performance
C)improve their levels of self-esteem
D)suffer long-term deficits in academic performance

Question 53

Miss Manners writes a daily etiquette column in The Washington Post.In telling people the proper way to behave,she is instructing them in

A)mutual role taking.
B)social convention.
C)concrete operations.
D)metacognition.

Question 54

Having a bunch of friends in their cars will make _____ drivers more prone to risky driving behavior.

A)adult and adolescent
B)adult,but not adolescent
C)adolescent,but not adult
D)neither adolescent nor adult

Question 55

Religious adolescents are more likely to _____ than non-religious adolescents.

A)be depressed
B)use drugs
C)engage in prosocial behaviors
D)engage in premarital sexual intercourse

Question 56

Approximately _____ of adolescents report believing in some kind of God.

A)50%
B)65%
C)80%
D)95%

Question 57

Studies have shown that adolescents probably engage in so much risky behavior because

A)they are not yet operating as logically as adults.
B)they are more likely than adults to develop a personal fable.
C)of the relative levels of development of their limbic system and prefrontal cortex.
D)they feel invulnerable more than adults woulD.

Question 58

Organized religion is an important part of the lives of _____ of adolescents.

A)45%
B)60%
C)75%
D)90%

Question 59

Anatole is a high school student at a party with some friends.Although he doesn't usually drink alcoholic beverages,when one of them offers him a glass of gin,Anatole is likely to _____ before deciding whether or not to accept it.

A)logically consider the friendship and thrill of drinking more important than the risks
B)decide that while drinking is bad for other people,he's different and it cannot hurt him
C)impulsively decide to drink,without thinking about the consequences
D)call his parents for a ride home

Question 60

Teachers in junior high schools and middle schools tend to

A)emphasize discipline.
B)believe in students' ability to learn from instruction.
C)be more confident about their teaching ability than elementary school teachers are.
D)get to know their students in greater depth than elementary school teachers do.

Question 61

Keoni's parents are both professionals.His father is a college professor,and his mother is a research biologist.Malaki's father is a waiter at the local diner,and his mother drives a delivery truck for Sears.Research suggests that

A)Malaki is likely to do better in school than Keoni.
B)Keoni is likely to do better in school than Malaki.
C)Keoni and Malaki are likely to do equally well in school.
D)Keoni is likely to do better in school,but Malaki will have higher IQ scores.

Question 62

In the United States,friends' influence on an adolescent's scholastic achievement

A)is usually negative.
B)is usually positive.
C)is generally irrelevant.
D)is not as important as the influence of parents and teachers.

Question 63

The school environment _____ in ensuring students' academic success.

A)is the single biggest factor
B)is less important than their parents' values
C)is unlikely to have a major impact
D)is irrelevant

Question 64

In general,adolescents learn best in classrooms that

A)are extremely task-oriented.
B)mostly require them to complete individual work at their seats.
C)are centered around learning specific information.
D)require a high degree of class participation.

Question 65

Which of the following is not true of greater parental involvement in adolescents' education?

A)It is an especially strong influence on Mexican American youth.
B)It tends to stifle students' own initiative.
C)It should give the same messages at home that adolescents receive from their teachers.
D)It should include going to special school programs and events.

Question 66

In general,all of the following tend to encourage students' need for achievement,except

A)authoritative parenting.
B)students' own expectations of success.
C)parents who encourage their children's independence.
D)extrinsic motivation.

Question 67

When Hortense gets an A on her math exam,her parents give her $25.

A)This is likely to make her grades go down.
B)This is likely to encourage her need for achievement.
C)This is likely to get her more interested in learning.
D)This is an extrinsic motivator.

Question 68

By the 8th grade,most students

A)don't want their peers to know about their success in school.
B)don't want their parents to know about their success in school.
C)don't want their teachers to know how hard they work on school assignments.
D)don't care what other people think about how much they work in school,or how well they're doing.

Question 69

Which of the following students is demonstrating an external achievement attribution?

A)Hippolytos,who believes he got a good grade on the math test because he studied very hard
B)Damaris,who believes that she got a good grade on the math test because she got lucky when answering most of the questions
C)Zeno,who believes that he failed the math test because he was playing video games instead of studying
D)Theodora,who believes that she failed the math test because she was trying to study while text messaging a friend about her upcoming date with Hippolytos

Question 70

In general,adolescents learn best from teachers who

A)encourage individual seat-work.
B)clearly teach what will be on tests.
C)insist on strict behavioral discipline.
D)provide clear,specific feedback about their performance.

Question 71

_____ students tend to have the highest scholastic achievement levels in middle school,high school,and college.

A)Asian American
B)African American
C)Hispanic American
D)European American

Question 72

Which of the following will not have much affect on a student's success in school?

A)The student's attributional style
B)The student's socioeconomic status
C)The student's genetic determinism
D)The quality of the school's facilities

Question 73

Peer's influence at school and in the neighborhood

A)is always detrimental to adolescents' scholastic achievement.
B)is always going to boost adolescents' scholastic achievement.
C)may boost or lower adolescents' scholastic achievement,depending on the values of the group.
D)is less important to scholastic achievement than parents' influence.

Question 74

The best approach for parents who want to encourage their children to develop the need to achieve is to

A)reward achievement with money,goodies,or privileges.
B)punish failure by restricting privileges.
C)encourage their children to explore new ideas on their own.
D)check their children's homework every night.

Question 75

If parents and teachers want students to succeed in school,they should

A)always tell students who do well that it's because they're so smart.
B)always help students get over failures by telling them that it isn't their fault,they're just not good in that particular subject.
C)encourage students to try things at which they might fail,but then tell them to work harder if they do.
D)punish failure severely,so students will learn to work harder.

Question 76

_____ tend to be the strongest influences on an adolescent's day-to-day school behavior.

A)Parents
B)Peers
C)Teachers
D)Religious leaders

Question 77

Students may have a stronger academic orientation if

A)they are unpopular.
B)their friends dislike school.
C)their parents punish failure and reward success.
D)their school is in an unsafe neighborhooD.

Question 78

Which student is demonstrating an internal achievement attribution?

A)Rolf,who believes that he got a good test grade because his teacher really likes him
B)Gabrielle,who believes that she got a good grade because she was lucky on the last exam
C)Werner,who believes that he failed the last test because he was partying rather than studying
D)Adele,who believes that she failed the test because her astrological alignment was off that day

Question 79

Students who attribute their success to internal causes tend to have

A)lower grades in most classes.
B)high grades,but low standardized test scores.
C)higher needs for achievement.
D)greater needs for structure in their classes.

Question 80

The least successful approach to improving a student's need for achievement is to

A)encourage her to think independently.
B)encourage her to take more challenging courses.
C)set high performance standards for her.
D)reward her success with money or other reinforcers.