Deck 1: The Study of Child Development

Question 1

Professor Tsalani studies how children of different ages solve word puzzles and riddles.He is concerned with development in the _____domain.

A)physical
B)cognitive
C)socioemotional
D)perceptual

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Bratislav is fascinated by his daughter's excitement and determination to learn new things.Thus,he is concerned with her development in the _____ domain.

A)physical
B)sociocultural
C)cognitive
D)socioemotional

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Dr.Smythe has developed a theory about why children in heavily industrialized nations develop more quickly than children in poorer,more rural nations.The goal of scientific study he has attempted to achieve is _____ behavior.

A)to describe
B)to explain
C)to predict
D)to intervene in

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Mary Ainsworth posited that the way in which a child attaches to his parents (securely or insecurely)would predict the quality of attachment in his adult relationships.This addresses the basic question of

A)universality.
B)continuity.
C)malleability.
D)integrity.

Question 5

When Mary Ainsworth suggested that a child's early attachment pattern would influence her attachment patterns in adulthood,she was addressing the idea that

A)development results from the interplay of biology and the environment.
B)development occurs in a multilayered context.
C)development is a dynamic,reciprocal process.
D)development is a cumulative process.

Question 6

Dr.Rainier investigates whether all children develop language in the same way and with about the same timing.Which of the basic questions of development is she investigating?

A)Universality
B)Continuity
C)Malleability
D)Causality

Question 7

When developmental psychologists begin to study a new phenomenon,their first goal is to _____ that phenomenon.

A)describe
B)explain the cause of
C)intervene in the development of
D)experiment on

Question 8

A child's development is primarily due to

A)the genes she inherits from both of her parents.
B)only the genes she inherits from her mother.
C)the environment in which she is raised.
D)the interaction of inherited genes and her environment.

Question 9

Which of the following is not one of the central questions asked by developmental psychologists?

A)What traits are relatively stable over the course of child development?
B)Is personality a major factor in child development?
C)What traits tend to go together?
D)What are the impacts of different parenting styles?

Question 10

Changes in the structure of the brain are part of the _____ domain,and they effect changes in the _____ domain.

A)physical;cognitive
B)cognitive;physical
C)socioemotional;cognitive
D)cognitive;socioemotional

Question 11

Professor Aristedes studies whether small children who are kind will develop into kindly or aggressive adults.In other words,he is addressing the basic question of

A)universality.
B)continuity.
C)malleability.
D)causality.

Question 12

Developmental scientists have determined that

A)the average age of puberty in Europe and North America has been declining.
B)the average age of puberty in Europe and North America has been rising.
C)the average age of puberty in Mexico and Asia has been declining.
D)the average age of puberty in Mexico and Asia has been declining.

Question 13

When Professor Ignazio says that a child influences her own development as much as her parents or teachers do,he is referring to the idea that

A)development results from the interplay of biology and the environment.
B)development occurs in a multilayered context.
C)development is a dynamic,reciprocal process.
D)development is a cumulative process.

Question 14

Psychologists study the development of individuals across several domains.Which of the following is not one of the domains studied?

A)Physical
B)Cognitive
C)Socioemotional
D)Psychodynamic

Question 15

The children of authoritative parents seem to have a greater need to achieve than the children of authoritarian parents.This observation addresses the basic question of

A)universality.
B)continuity.
C)malleability.
D)causality.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of how development helps a child to adapt to her environment?

A)Learning a job skill,such as carpentry
B)Deciding which college to attend in the fall
C)Getting better at a sport by practicing a lot
D)Developing more complex thinking abilities

Question 17

Priya says that children will grow up to be just like their parents and that nothing that happens to them will change that.Festus says that events and cultural factors are what make children develop over time.Which of the basic questions that define the nature of development are they discussing?

A)Universality
B)Continuity
C)Malleability
D)Causality

Question 18

Developmental psychologists have found that

A)development across the domains moves from fairly complex forms to simpler forms.
B)development across the domains moves from fairly simple forms to more complex forms.
C)the full set of complex emotions is present in children from birth.
D)although cognition develops from simple forms to complex ones,socioemotional forms of understanding are relatively stable and enduring.

Question 19

Which of the following would be considered a developmental change?

A)Your teenage son decides to become a vegetarian.
B)Your daughter perfects her fastball in pitching practice.
C)Your 35-year-old cousin gains 15 pounds on a cruise.
D)Your niece's ability to use logical reasoning changes between ages 5 and 15.

Question 20

Which of the following is not one of the defining characteristics of development?

A)It helps an individual to adapt to the environment.
B)It proceeds from relatively simple forms to forms of greater complexity.
C)It is entirely dependent on genetics.
D)It is relatively enduring.

Question 21

According to Erik Erikson,psychosocial development generally takes place

A)across the entire lifespan.
B)only during the adolescent identity crisis.
C)only in early childhood.
D)only from birth through early adulthooD.

Question 22

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are similar in that both stress

A)the role of rewards in learning new behaviors.
B)the role of punishment in learning new behaviors.
C)the idea that all behavior is a consequence of interaction with the environment.
D)the idea that all behavior begins with an involuntary or reflexive response.

Question 23

Studies of human development have shown that

A)development occurs only in childhood.
B)development occurs from birth through adolescence.
C)development occurs primarily in adolescence.
D)development occurs across the entire life span.

Question 24

The basis of psychoanalytic theory is that

A)people nearly always act in rational ways.
B)unconscious needs for gratification influence our behavior.
C)behavior is shaped by reinforcements and punishments.
D)we develop by imitating the actions of other people.

Question 25

Nekoma's parents want her to study more.As good behaviorists,they believe that they will be most successful if they

A)spend time on their own work at home so that she can model their behavior.
B)punish her for getting bad grades,explaining that if she studies more this won't happen.
C)reinforce her whenever she spends time studying.
D)punish her if she doesn't do her homework on time.

Question 26

_____ describes what happens when a child learns by imitating the actions of another person.

A)Social learning theory
B)Operant conditioning theory
C)Classical conditioning theory
D)Cognitive learning theory

Question 27

Peleki carefully watches how his mother uses her computer as she works.Later,he tries to imitate her actions with his own toy keyboard.This behavior is best explained by _____ theory of _____.

A)Bandura's;social learning
B)Piaget's;social learning
C)Skinner's;operant conditioning
D)Skinner's;cognitive development

Question 28

Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory of development was derived from

A)social learning theory.
B)cognitive development theory.
C)dynamic systems theory.
D)psychoanalytic theory.

Question 29

Operant conditioning theory tells us that a behavior that is not reinforced will be

A)repeated.
B)extinguished.
C)changed into a new behavior.
D)the basis for mental illness.

Question 30

According to Sigmund Freud,the _____ is the part of the personality that is concerned with the rules of correct behavior.

A)ego
B)subego
C)superego
D)id

Question 31

In Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality development,the function of the ego is to

A)inflate a person's sense of self-importance.
B)balance the needs of the id and the superego.
C)understand and apply strict rules of appropriate behavior.
D)seek out pleasure while avoiding pain.

Question 32

Psychoanalytic theory was first developed by

A)Erik Erikson.
B)Karen Horney.
C)Carl Jung.
D)Sigmund FreuD.

Question 33

The quote,"Behavior is controlled by its consequences," might best be associated with

A)Erikson.
B)Bandura.
C)Freud.
D)Skinner.

Question 34

Erik Erikson believed that development was driven primarily by

A)genetics.
B)the environment in which a child was raised.
C)the resolution of psychosexual crises.
D)the resolution of psychosocial crises.

Question 35

In which of the following ways does Erikson's theory not differ from Freud's theory?

A)Both Erikson and Freud stressed the idea that development takes place in stages
B)Both Erikson and Freud stressed the idea that each stage was based on some unconscious struggle
C)Both Erikson and Freud stressed the idea that people develop over time,rather than being born completely developed
D)Both Erikson and Freud stressed the idea that basic personality development is completed in early childhood

Question 36

The correct order of Freud's psychosexual developmental stages is

A)oral,anal,phallic,latency period,genital.
B)oral,latency period,anal,genital,phallic.
C)anal,oral,genital,latency period,phalliC.
D)anal,genital,phallic,latency period,oral.

Question 37

_____ used classical conditioning techniques to give a baby a generalized fear of white,furry objects.

A)Pavlov
B)Skinner
C)Watson
D)Piaget

Question 38

Dr.Vika is a strict adherent of learning theory.This means that she believes that

A)development is based on the unfolding of the genetic program.
B)development is based on the consequences encountered in the immediate environment.
C)development is based on conquering unconscious psychosexual urges.
D)development is based on the evolutionary advantages of particular behaviors.

Question 39

Classical conditioning is based on the idea of learning by

A)association.
B)imitation.
C)insight.
D)cognition.

Question 40

If Dr.Najiba is a strict adherent of psychoanalytic theory,then he also feels that

A)development continues throughout the entire lifespan.
B)one's basic emotional outlook is mostly complete by age 5 or 6.
C)cognitive development is mostly complete by age 5 or 6,but socioemotional development continues through adolescence.
D)the ego is present and well developed at birth,but the id continues to develop until puberty.

Question 41

According to Bandura's social learning theory,children learn through

A)having their behavior shaped by reinforcements.
B)imitating the actions of other people.
C)expanding their zones of proximal development.
D)the development of cognitive structures.

Question 42

Children in Piaget's concrete operational stage of cognitive development

A)are just beginning to develop their language abilities.
B)can use hypothetical reasoning and abstract reasoning quite well.
C)can think logically,but only about real objects.
D)are learning to understand the basic manipulation of objects.

Question 43

According to Jean Piaget,children in the _____ stage of cognitive development can reason much like adults.

A)concrete operational
B)formal operational
C)sensorimotor
D)preoperational

Question 44

The evolutionary perspective looks at developmental changes through the lens of

A)their adaptive value.
B)cognitive restructuring.
C)the resolution of unconscious conflicts.
D)learning.

Question 45

Francisco says,"You can't just look at the child.If you want to understand development,you have to look at all of the things that have impacts on her development,such as educational systems,political systems,and the mass media." "Sure," says Rosalinda,"but you can't give it all equal weight.You should concentrate more on how the child adapts to the specific demands of her culture." Francisco supports _____,while Rosalinda is a proponent of _____.

A)the ecological perspective;the sociocultural perspective
B)the ecological perspective;the evolutionary perspective
C)the sociocultural perspective;the ecological perspective
D)the sociocultural perspective;the dynamic systems perspective

Question 46

Piaget was most concerned with children's _____ development.

A)physical
B)sociocultural
C)psychosexual
D)cognitive

Question 47

Piaget saw the child as

A)a passive recipient of knowledge.
B)driven mostly by genetic programming.
C)an active,independent researcher.
D)shaped by reinforcement and punishment.

Question 48

Piaget believed that the best way to study intelligence in children involved

A)IQ testing.
B)measuring the sizes of their heads.
C)analyzing their errors.
D)phrenology.

Question 49

Urie Bronfenbrenner's _____ theory of development encompasses not only the child in its school or home,but also the social,political,and economic systems which have impacts on the home,school,and child.

A)dynamic systems
B)learning
C)humanistic
D)ecological

Question 50

Which of the following is not one of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

A)The sensorimotor period
B)The formal operational period
C)The concrete operational period
D)The socioemotional operational period

Question 51

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory,a child's exosystem would include

A)her parents' jobs,her neighbors,and the mediA.
B)her school and playground.
C)her friends.
D)herself.

Question 52

Assimilation is to _____ as accommodation is to _____.

A)putting something into an existing file;creating a new file
B)creating a new file;putting something into an existing file
C)putting something into an existing file;putting something into an existing file
D)creating a new file;creating a new file

Question 53

Accommodation is to _____ as assimilation is to _____.

A)fitting in;fitting in
B)changing;changing
C)fitting in;changing
D)changing;fitting in

Question 54

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory,schools,doctors' offices,and the child's family are all part of the child's

A)microsystem.
B)mesosystem.
C)exosystem.
D)macrosystem.

Question 55

Three-year-old Grigory is playing with his puppy at home.When he visits his uncle Ivan,he sees Ivan's cat and wants to play with the new "doggy." Grigory has _____ the cat into his schema for dogs.

A)assimilated
B)accommodated
C)arranged
D)activated

Question 56

Khang loves Skittles.When he sees some aspirin on the table,he wants to eat it,thinking it's candy.When his father tells him that it isn't candy,but medicine,he has to _____ the new information into his schema of small round objects.

A)assimilate
B)accommodate
C)aspirate
D)activate

Question 57

The correct order of Piaget's stages of development is:

A)preoperations,sensorimotor,formal operations,concrete operations.
B)preoperations,concrete operations,formal operations,sensorimotor.
C)sensorimotor,preoperations,formal operations,concrete operations.
D)sensorimotor,preoperations,concrete operations,formal operations.

Question 58

Learning theory is to _____ development as cognitive developmental theory is to _____ development.

A)qualitative;qualitative
B)qualitative;quantitative
C)quantitative;quantitative
D)quantitative;qualitative

Question 59

The _____ perspective stresses that development must be seen as adaptation to specific cultural demands.

A)psychoanalytic
B)behavioral
C)ecological
D)sociocultural

Question 60

A developmental psychologist who studies the behavior patterns of other animals in order to explain human development is likely working from _____ perspective.

A)a dynamic systems
B)an ecological
C)an evolutionary
D)a sociocultural

Question 61

Which of the following researchers is engaging in participant observation?

A)Dr.Fujiko is interviewing people at the mall about their favorite foods.
B)Dr.Cyrus is dressed as a student and is sitting with the other students in an introductory psychology class in a large lecture hall.
C)Dr.Mousa is testing a new drug on a group of volunteers.
D)Dr.Dionizy is observing children and their parents in a specially equipped playroom in his laboratory.

Question 62

Hiroshi is watching couples in a restaurant to see whether men or women dominate dinner conversations.Every fifteen seconds,he notes whether the man at a table is talking or the woman.Hiroshi is using the _____ method of research.

A)naturalistic observation
B)experimental
C)survey/interview
D)standardized test

Question 63

Which of the following research methods uses self-reports?

A)Experiments
B)Interviews
C)Participant Observation
D)Structured Observation

Question 64

Which of the following is not an advantage of structured observations?

A)They enable researchers to assure that desired behaviors will occur in a controlled setting.
B)They help eliminate extraneous factors.
C)They allow direct observation of behavior.
D)They assure natural reactions by the participants.

Question 65

In psychological studies,a representative sample refers to a group made up of

A)participants similar to the larger population we want to study.
B)children who are all the same ages.
C)children and their parents who have volunteered.
D)members of Congress.

Question 66

Kesia studies how children and their parents interact.She has a parent and child come to her laboratory for a "play session" and watches them from behind a one-way mirror so that they can't see her.The research method she's chosen is

A)representational observation.
B)naturalistic observation.
C)participant observation.
D)structured observation.

Question 67

Dr.Teeth is exploring whether infants can detect chord changes in rock music.He predicts that they will be able to detect simple chord changes by the time they're 18 months old.His prediction is

A)a theory.
B)a hypothesis.
C)a test.
D)a correlation.

Question 68

Because if focuses on the interplay of many different aspects of development at once,the dynamic systems perspective is somewhat like the

A)ecological perspective.
B)behavioral genetics perspective.
C)cognitive perspective.
D)evolutionary perspective.

Question 69

Ngozi wants to study how children defend themselves from school bullies.If he uses naturalistic observation to do his research,he will be most likely to

A)ask several children how they handle bullies.
B)sit on a bench near the school playground and watch the children at recess.
C)pay a child to bully some other children and report on what they do.
D)have a representative sample of children interact with school bullies in his laboratory.

Question 70

A prediction which can be tested scientifically is called

A)a theory.
B)a hypothesis.
C)a construct.
D)a replication.

Question 71

Thalia wants to study children's reactions to video games.Because she cannot study every child in America,she will choose to study

A)a very large group of children from one elementary school.
B)her own children,who are pretty normal.
C)children from New York and California.
D)a representative sample of children.

Question 72

Persephone has just read an article about infants' depth perception,and she isn't sure about the author's conclusions.She decides to do a similar study,using his methods,to see if she gets the same results.In other words,Persephone will be performing _____ of the original work.

A)a repudiation
B)a rendition
C)a realization
D)a replication

Question 73

Interviews and questionnaires are types of

A)experiments.
B)tests.
C)self-reports.
D)observations.

Question 74

If you use the scientific method to investigate psychological phenomena,your first step should be to

A)develop a hypothesis.
B)conduct a study.
C)make up an appropriate test.
D)formulate a question.

Question 75

Jamila is very happy because she had a lot of fun playing with her friends after school.When she goes home,her mood makes her parents happier at dinner,and they decide to take her out for ice cream.This situation is best explained by

A)the ecological perspective.
B)the psychoanalytic perspective.
C)the dynamic systems perspective.
D)the sociocultural perspective.

Question 76

Professor Bishamon wants to find out about children's eating preferences.Her first step will be to

A)develop a hypothesis.
B)conduct a study.
C)analyze the data of previous studies.
D)formulate a question.

Question 77

If you need to gather a large amount of information in a very short time,and have a small budget with which to work,the research method you should probably choose is

A)standardized testing.
B)an experiment.
C)participant observation.
D)a survey.

Question 78

A _____ is a set of ideas and principles based on empirical findings that explains related natural phenomena.

A)theory
B)hypothesis
C)test
D)variable

Question 79

Surveys are used by researchers for many reasons.Which of the following is not a reason to use the survey method?

A)The results are highly accurate.
B)It is faster than experiments or observations.
C)It is relatively inexpensive compared to other methods.
D)It gathers a great deal of information relatively quickly.

Question 80

Dr.Givola wants to study young adult dating behavior.She dresses up like a college student and pretends to take classes at the local community college.She spends a lot of time hanging out with other students in the cafeteria and joins some of the student social groups.Dr.Givola is using _____ as her research method.

A)a case study
B)a self-report
C)naturalistic observation
D)participant observation