Deck 2: Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values

Question 1

An employee creates unnecessary conflicts with his coworkers at his workplace.This is an example of organizational citizenship behavior.

Answer 1

False
Explanation: Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) include various forms of cooperation and helpfulness to others that support the organization's social and psychological context. In this case, the employee is creating unnecessary conflicts with his coworkers. It is a counter productive behavior.

Question 2

Role perceptions are the extent to which people understand the job duties assigned to them.

Answer 2

True
Explanation: Role perceptions are the extent to which people understand the job duties (roles) assigned to them.

Question 3

Motivation is an external force on the person that causes him/her to engage in specific behaviors.

Answer 3

False
Explanation: Motivation represents the forces within a person that affect his/her direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behavior.

Question 4

The MARS model identifies the four main factors that influence individual behavior: motivation,ability,role perceptions,and situational factors.

Question 5

Aptitudes are natural talents that help individuals to learn specific tasks more quickly and perform them better than other people.

Question 6

According to the MARS model of individual behavior and performance,employee performance will remain high even if one of the four factors is low in a given situation.

Question 7

Phoebe,a manager at a firm,was conventional,resistant to change,and unimaginative.This implies that Phoebe possessed openness to experience.

Question 8

Learned capabilities refer to the skills and knowledge that one has actually acquired.

Question 9

Motivation,ability,and role perceptions are clustered outside the MARS model as they are external to the individual.

Question 10

Personality is completely determined by heredity.

Question 11

Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) include various forms of cooperation and helpfulness to others that support the organization's social and psychological context.

Question 12

The "Big Five" personality dimensions represent five clusters that represent most personality traits.

Question 13

The forces within a person affect the employee's motivation.

Question 14

Conscientiousness refers to the extent that people are sensitive,flexible,creative,and curious.

Question 15

Task performance refers to goal-directed behaviors under the individual's control that support organizational objectives.

Question 16

Personality is a relatively stable pattern of behaviors and internal states that explains a person's behavioral tendencies.

Question 17

Intensity refers to the fact that motivation is goal-directed,not random.

Question 18

Competencies refer to the complete set of situational factors that contribute to job performance.

Question 19

Situational factors are working conditions within the employee's control.

Question 20

Personality traits are more evident in situations where an individual's behavior is subject to social norms and reward systems.

Question 21

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator measures the personality traits described by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung.

Question 22

Agreeableness,extraversion,and conscientiousness are three of the "Big Five" personality dimensions.

Question 23

Extraverts are people who are quiet,cautious,and less interactive with others.

Question 24

People arrange values into a hierarchy of preferences,called a value system.

Question 25

Utilitarianism suggests that we should choose the option that provides the highest degree of satisfaction to those affected.

Question 26

Conscientiousness is one of the best personality traits for predicting job performance in most job groups.

Question 27

Espoused values represent the values that are apparent in our actions.

Question 28

One dimension of Schwartz's Values Circumplex has openness to change at one extreme and conservation at the other extreme.

Question 29

Sensing,feeling,and judging are three of the "Big Five" personality traits.

Question 30

People with a high score on the neuroticism personality dimension tend to be more relaxed,secure,and calm.

Question 31

People with a perceiving orientation are less flexible and effective in their functioning.

Question 32

One problem with applying the individual rights principle of ethical decision making is that one individual right may conflict with another.

Question 33

The distributive justice principle of ethical decision making advocates the principle that benefits should be distributed among people irrespective of their abilities and similarities.

Question 34

Person-organization values congruence occurs when a person's values are similar to the organization's dominant values.

Question 35

Distributive justice is sometimes known as a consequential principle because it focuses on the consequences of our actions,not on how we achieve those consequences.

Question 36

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator,some people are "sensing-thinking" types whereas others may be "intuitive-feeling" types.

Question 37

Ethical sensitivity is the degree to which an issue demands the application of ethical principles.

Question 38

Values are stable,evaluative beliefs about what is important in a variety of situations.

Question 39

The ideal situation in organizations is to have employees whose values are perfectly congruent with the organization's values.

Question 40

Our habitual behavior tends to be consistent with our values,but our everyday conscious decisions and actions apply our values much less consistently.

Question 41

Which of the following best represents the amount of effort allocated to a particular goal?

A) Persistence
B) Direction
C) Intensity
D) Aptitude
E) Competencies

Question 42

_____ represents the forces within a person that affect the direction,intensity,and persistence of voluntary behavior.

A) Motivation
B) Personality
C) Values
D) Ethics
E) Ability

Question 43

People with high power distance expect relatively equal power sharing.

Question 44

Which element in the MARS model of behavior and performance is competencies most closely related to?

A) Motivation
B) Situational factors
C) Role perceptions
D) Ability
E) Emotions

Question 45

Which of the following concepts consists of aptitudes,skills,and competencies?

A) Motivation
B) Personality
C) Values
D) Ethics
E) Ability

Question 46

One limitation with information about cross-cultural values is that it incorrectly assumes that everyone within a specific country holds similar values.

Question 47

Which of the following identifies the four factors that directly influence individual behavior and performance?

A) Utilitarianism
B) MARS model
C) Schwartz's model
D) Holland's model
E) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Question 48

Which of the following refers to the fact that motivation is goal-directed,not random?

A) Persistence
B) Direction
C) Intensity
D) Aptitude
E) Competencies

Question 49

Which of the following refers to the natural talents that help employees learn specific tasks more quickly and perform them better?

A) Persistence levels
B) Direction
C) Intensity
D) Aptitude
E) Commitment

Question 50

Which of the following refers to a person's beliefs about what behaviors are appropriate or necessary in a particular situation?

A) Natural aptitudes
B) Role perceptions
C) Competencies
D) Locus of control
E) Situational factors

Question 51

Which of the following actions ensure that selected candidates have appropriate aptitudes to perform the job?

A) Hiring applicants with appropriate aptitudes
B) Training employees so that they develop appropriate aptitudes
C) Motivating employees to have appropriate aptitudes
D) Providing resources that allow employees to perform their jobs
E) Providing employees with the latest technology

Question 52

Individualism and collectivism are mutually exclusive values found in certain countries and places.

Question 53

Which of the following directly influences an employee's voluntary behavior and performance?

A) Role perceptions
B) Moral intensity
C) Corporate social responsibility
D) Uncertainty avoidance
E) Income

Question 54

In terms of cross-cultural values,people in the United States tend to have relatively high individualism,middle to high achievement orientation,and medium to low power distance.

Question 55

All technical employees at a paper mill take a course on how to operate a new paper-rolling machine.This course will improve job performance mainly by altering employees':

A) aptitudes.
B) attitude.
C) motivation.
D) organizational citizenship.
E) learned capabilities.

Question 56

People with high achievement orientation tend to value assertiveness,competitiveness,and materialism.

Question 57

Travel Happy Corp.gives simple accounts to newly hired employees,and then adds more challenging accounts as employees master the simple tasks.This practice mainly:

A) improves role perceptions.
B) increases person-job matching.
C) reduces employee motivation.
D) provides more resources to accomplish the assigned task.
E) improves employee aptitudes.

Question 58

Which of the following are external to the individual but still affect his/her behavior and performance?

A) Motivations
B) Role perceptions
C) Situational factors
D) Abilities
E) Resolutions

Question 59

Motivation affects a person's _____ of voluntary behavior.

A) direction, intensity, and persistence
B) antecedents, consequences, and reinforcers
C) size, shape, and weight
D) aptitudes, abilities, and competencies
E) agreeableness, locus of control, and ethical sensitivity

Question 60

Which of the following does ability include?

A) Aptitudes and learned skills
B) Natural aptitude and intensity
C) Persistence and direction
D) Intensity and learned capabilities
E) Direction and intensity

Question 61

Assisting coworkers with their work problems,adjusting work schedules to accommodate coworkers,and showing genuine courtesy toward coworkers are some of the forms of:

A) role perception.
B) counterproductive behavior.
C) task performance.
D) organizational citizenship.
E) job matching.

Question 62

Being good-natured,empathetic,caring,and courteous are characteristics of people with _____ personality trait.

A) openness to experience
B) agreeableness
C) locus of control
D) emotional stability
E) extraversion

Question 63

Lawrence stole a clock from his workplace.Which of the following refers to Lawrence's activity?

A) Productive behavior
B) Counterproductive behavior
C) Task performance
D) Organizational citizenship behavior
E) Job matching

Question 64

You have just hired several new employees who are motivated,able to perform their jobs,and have adequate resources.However,they are not sure what tasks are included in their job.According to the MARS model,these new employees will likely:

A) emphasize the utilitarianism principle in their decision making.
B) have lower job performance due to poor role perceptions.
C) have high job performance because they are motivated and able to perform the work.
D) have above-average organizational citizenship.
E) have a high degree of differentiation according to Holland's classification of occupations.

Question 65

Most employees in the social services section of a government department have frequent interaction with people who are unemployed or face personal problems.Which of the following personality characteristics is best suited to employees working in these jobs?

A) High neuroticism
B) External locus of control
C) High introversion
D) High agreeableness
E) Low motivation

Question 66

_____ characterizes people with high levels of anxiety,hostility,depression,and self-consciousness.

A) Extraversion
B) Openness to experience
C) Conscientiousness
D) Neuroticism
E) Agreeableness

Question 67

The "Big Five" personality dimensions represent:

A) all of the personality traits found in an ideal job applicant.
B) the aggregated clusters representing most known personality traits.
C) the personality traits caused by the environment rather than heredity.
D) the necessary conditions for a person to have extraversion.
E) the characteristics of employees with low levels of motivation.

Question 68

The relatively stable pattern of behaviors and consistent internal states that explain a person's behavioral tendencies refers to:

A) personality.
B) values.
C) motivation.
D) locus of control.
E) job satisfaction.

Question 69

_____ refers to goal-directed behaviors under the individual's control that support organizational objectives.

A) Organizational citizenship
B) Counterproductive behavior
C) Task performance
D) Maintaining attendance
E) Intensity

Question 70

Which of the following statements about the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is true?

A) It advocates the view that thinking and feeling is less important in decision making.
B) It is no longer used in organizations.
C) Research has concluded that the MBTI does a poor job of measuring Jung's psychological types.
D) Research suggests that the MBTI is more useful for career development and self-awareness than for selecting job applicants.
E) The MBTI combines 16 pairs of traits into four distinct types.

Question 71

Jung's psychological types are measured through the:

A) "Big Five" personality types.
B) locus of control scale.
C) instrument that also measures neuroticism.
D) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
E) self-monitoring personality test.

Question 72

_____ characterizes people who are quiet,shy,and cautious.

A) Introversion
B) Openness to experience
C) Conscientiousness
D) Neuroticism
E) Agreeableness

Question 73

Which of the following explicitly identifies neuroticism?

A) MARS model
B) Schwartz's values model
C) Five-factor model of personality
D) Holland's theory of vocational choice
E) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Question 74

Which of the following acronyms identifies the "Big Five" personality dimensions?

A) MBTIA
B) CANOE
C) VALUE
D) MARSE
E) HAPPY

Question 75

An individual's personality:

A) changes several times throughout the year.
B) is formed only from childhood socialization and the environment.
C) is less evident in situations where social norms, reward systems, and other conditions constrain behavior.
D) does not provide an enduring pattern of processes.
E) is more prominent when rewards of behavior are substantial.

Question 76

To reduce the amount of non-recyclable waste that employees throw out each day,a major computer company removed containers for non-recyclable rubbish from each office and workstation.This altered employee behavior mainly by:

A) increasing employee motivation to be less wasteful.
B) helping employees to learn how to be less wasteful.
C) altering situational factors so that employees have more difficulty practicing wasteful behavior.
D) increasing aptitudes that make employees less wasteful.
E) increasing organizational citizenship so that employees will be less wasteful.

Question 77

Which "Big Five" personality dimension is most valuable for predicting job performance?

A) Extraversion
B) Openness to experience
C) Conscientiousness
D) Neuroticism
E) Agreeableness

Question 78

Eric is the advertising head of a firm.He is extremely imaginative,creative,and curious.Which of the following personality dimensions does Eric possess?

A) Customary thinking
B) Openness to experience
C) Resistance to change
D) Neuroticism
E) Cautiousness

Question 79

Barney who is a manager,is very conventional,resistant to change,habitual,and does not accept new ideas very easily.This implies that Barney has:

A) low neuroticism.
B) low customary thinking.
C) high extraversion.
D) high agreeableness.
E) low openness to new experience.

Question 80

Conscientiousness is a dimension of:

A) the MARS model.
B) Schwartz's values model.
C) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
D) Jungian personality theory.
E) the five-factor model of personality.