Deck 4: Social Cognition

Question 1

At which stage of a relationship are existing beliefs likely to be the most influential?

A) Dating
B) Commitment
C) Marriage
D) Every stage

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Positive illusions in relationships have been associated with:

A) isolation from those outside the relationship.
B) relationship dissolution.
C) relationship satisfaction.
D) infidelity.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

On an application a potential employee describes herself as friendly.In talking with references,before you meet her,you ask questions that probe for information that this expectation is correct.You are engaging in:

A) the fundamental attribution error.
B) the primacy effect.
C) confirmation bias.
D) self-monitoring.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Researchers found that people were _____ in assessing HIV risk status of their partner early in a relationship and they became _____ as the relationships developed.

A) fairly accurate; even more accurate
B) overconfident; even more overconfident
C) overconfident; more accurate
D) fairly accurate; overconfident

Question 5

It only takes us a(n)_____ to form an impression about someone's attractiveness,likeability,and trustworthiness.

A) tenth of a second
B) second
C) minute
D) hour

Question 6

Many would view someone described as intelligent,hard-working,and sneaky in a more positive light than someone described as sneaky,hard-working,and intelligent.This is an illustration of:

A) the primacy effect.
B) overconfidence.
C) the fundamental attribution error.
D) self-monitoring.

Question 7

Researchers have found that first impressions:

A) have almost no effect on later feelings or behavior.
B) have an effect immediately, but the influence is very short term (fades within hours).
C) are always wrong; we know they are wrong so we don't tend to use them later on.
D) have an effect on feelings or behavior months after the initial impression was made.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of a statement involving a self-serving bias?

A) "I did well on that test because it was easy."
B) "I failed that test. I'm so stupid."
C) "The instructor graded the test unfairly; that's the only reason I did poorly."
D) "I was really lucky to do well on that test."

Question 9

Distress-maintaining attributions include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) viewing negative behaviors as deliberate.
B) viewing negative behaviors as routine.
C) viewing positive behaviors as unintended.
D) viewing positive behaviors as habitual.

Question 10

The processes of perception and judgment with which we make sense of our social world are known as:

A) social cognition.
B) nonverbal understanding.
C) social work.
D) expectancy theory.

Question 11

Dr.Li studies the way romantic partners think about their relationships and the perceptions they have about one another.Dr.Li is doing research in the area of:

A) attachment theory.
B) associative learning.
C) social cognition.
D) hindsight bias.

Question 12

The tendency to seek out information that will support our beliefs is known as:

A) overconfidence.
B) confirmation bias.
C) primacy effects.
D) process loss.

Question 13

Over time in a developing relationship,accuracy with regard to sexual history of the partner _____ and confidence _____.

A) increases; remains the same
B) remains the same; increases
C) remains the same; remains the same
D) increases; increases

Question 14

Sue's husband forgot their anniversary.Sue views her husband's behavior as something he did because his boss assigned him a big project at work and she does not think he'll do something like this in the future.Sue is making what kind of attribution?

A) Distress-maintaining attribution
B) Relationship-enhancing attribution
C) Observe-biased attribution
D) Insecure attribution

Question 15

The tendency to blame your partner for any conflict is an example of:

A) a positive illusion.
B) a relationship enhancing belief.
C) an overconfidence perspective.
D) a self-serving bias.

Question 16

The tendency of the first information we receive about others to carry special weight in shaping our overall impressions of them is known as:

A) associative meaning.
B) hindsight bias.
C) the primacy effect.
D) the priming effect.

Question 17

In making attributions for conflict in her marriage,Linda sees her own behaviors as caused by situational factors and the behaviors of her partner as caused by his dispositional characteristics.Linda's explanations have most clearly been influenced by:

A) the powerlessness bias.
B) the conflict in her relationships.
C) gender stereotypes.
D) the actor/observer effect.

Question 18

Who are the best predictors of the future of relationships?

A) Both partners
B) Outsiders (e.g., the partners' parents and roommates)
C) Males
D) Females

Question 19

Research on our judgments of others suggests that we:

A) make fewer errors in our judgments of others than we realize.
B) have a good estimate of the number of errors we make in judging others.
C) make more errors in our judgments of others than we realize.
D) None of these.

Question 20

As the textbook suggests,individuals do not necessarily ignore their partners' liabilities; they:

A) pretend those faults are actually assets.
B) help their partners change those faults.
C) consider those faults to be less significant than other people perceive them to be.
D) consider those faults to be more significant than other people perceive them to be.

Question 21

All of the following statements are examples of dysfunctional relationship beliefs EXCEPT which one?

A) Men and women are different.
B) People who really care about each other can read each other's minds.
C) I deserve a great relationship.
D) Great relationships just happen.

Question 22

Impression management involves:

A) narcissism.
B) strategic self-presentation.
C) manifesting the same (socially desirable) persona across different relationships.
D) All of these.

Question 23

When we reconstruct memories we tend to:

A) forget disappointments in our relationships if we are currently happy.
B) forget disappointments in our relationships if we are currently unhappy.
C) always believe our relationships are getting better.
D) have less vivid and detailed memories about our relationships.

Question 24

The belief that good relationships are the result of hard work is an example of:

A) realistic belief.
B) growth belief.
C) dysfunctional belief.
D) defeatist belief.

Question 25

After breaking up with his girlfriend,Scott remarked,"I guess she wasn't my true love.I should have known it from the beginning; it took us a while to really click and we had too many things standing in the way of our relationship." It is likely Scott is high in:

A) self-monitoring.
B) destiny beliefs.
C) growth beliefs.
D) overconfidence.

Question 26

In the classic University of Minnesota study of self-fulfilling prophecies in the physical attractiveness domain:

A) before the participants began talking, the experimenter gave each male subject fake information about the female participant's socioeconomic status.
B) the female target with whom the subjects interacted was selected to be attractive or unattractive, depending on the experimental condition.
C) the male subjects thought they knew what the female target looked like but could not see her during the conversation.
D) priming was used to create a physical attractiveness stereotype.

Question 27

With regard to self-perceptions,people typically seek all of the following reactions from other people EXCEPT which kind?

A) Reactions that challenge us to reflect on who we really are
B) Reactions that are complimentary
C) Reactions that are self-enhancing
D) Reactions that are consistent with our self-concept

Question 28

The belief that in a truly good relationship partners never disagree is a _____ belief.

A) dysfunctional
B) growth
C) destiny
D) true

Question 29

By misremembering the past,partners can:

A) remain optimistic about the future.
B) continue to live a lie.
C) lose the love they share for each other.
D) become miserable.

Question 30

Relationship-enhancing attributions involve which of the following factors?

A) Accurately identifying a partner's transgressions
B) Actor/observer effects
C) Giving credit for positive actions and excusing transgressions
D) Identifying one's own contributions to the relationship

Question 31

Hearing rumors about her new roommate,Jamilla expects this roommate to be unfriendly and conceited.Because of this expectation Jamilla is not very warm or open.Several weeks later Jamilla finds that her roommate is unfriendly.This may be an example of:

A) growth beliefs.
B) overconfidence.
C) self-fulfilling prophecy.
D) positive illusions.

Question 32

People who often perceive snubs when none are intended are high in:

A) impression management.
B) rejection sensitivity.
C) destiny beliefs.
D) romanticism.

Question 33

Romanticism is:

A) being intensely in love.
B) a set of beliefs about love.
C) a good prognostic sign that a relationship will last.
D) All of these.

Question 34

All of the following statements are true of individuals with negative self-concept EXCEPT which one?

A) They like praise.
B) They do not believe praise.
C) They often date people who compliment them.
D) They prefer it if their spouses support their negative self-concept.

Question 35

Researchers have found a marriage shift where:

A) self-verification motives become more important.
B) self-enhancement motives become more important.
C) self-fulfillment motives become more important.
D) self-monitoring motives become more important.

Question 36

All of the following statements are aspects of romanticism EXCEPT which one?

A) One can fall in love at first sight.
B) Love means knowing what your partner wants without them having to tell you.
C) There is one "true" love.
D) Love can overcome any obstacle.

Question 37

Which form of memory has been found to help couples stay optimistic about the future?

A) Implicit
B) Explicit
C) Reconstructive
D) Illusory

Question 38

Which of the following factors is NOT part of the self-fulfilling prophecy process?

A) The person with the self-fulfilling stereotype forms an expectation about the target.
B) The person with the self-fulfilling belief subtly communicates his expectations to the target.
C) The target responds in a fashion that confirms the perceiver's expectation.
D) The perceiver realizes his or her role in producing the target's behavior.

Question 39

The goal of _____ is to get others to recognize and respect us.

A) affiliation
B) ingratiation
C) intimidation
D) self-promotion

Question 40

When someone is searching for positive,complimentary feedback,they are motivated by:

A) self-enhancement.
B) self-verification.
C) self-fulfillment.
D) self-monitoring.

Question 41

According to the textbook,are women better judges of others than men are?

A) No. Men are actually better judges.
B) No. Men and women are equally good judges of others in everyday circumstances.
C) Yes, but when men are motivated they can be as good as women.
D) Yes. In every circumstance women are better judges.

Question 42

Alan is sure to tell his boss about every new client he gets for their firm,and he is sure to pass along any compliments he gets from those clients.Which impression strategy is Alan using?

A) Ingratiation
B) Self-promotion
C) Intimidation
D) Supplication

Question 43

Which of the following is true about impression management?

A) We go to more trouble to maintain favorable images with our intimate partners than with strangers.
B) Individuals high in self-monitoring tend to have more friends than individuals low in self-monitoring.
C) Individuals high in self-monitoring are less attentive to the impression they make than individuals low in self-monitoring.
D) Individuals low in self-monitoring tend to create unstable impressions.

Question 44

What form of impression management involves presenting oneself as inept or infirm?

A) Ingratiation
B) Intimidation
C) Self-promotion
D) Supplication

Question 45

How does impression management in close relationships differ from impression management in casual friendships?

A) Impression management is more important in close relationships.
B) In close relationships, management often involves creating positive impressions of partners as well as of oneself.
C) Impression management in casual relationships continues long after it ends in close relationships.
D) All of these.

Question 46

Who is likely to have friends who are "activity specialists" (friends who are good for specific activities)but are compatible in few other ways?

A) Extroverts
B) High self-monitors
C) Low self-monitors
D) Introverts

Question 47

In the context of perceiver influence,inaccurate perceptions can change:

A) the perceived for the worse.
B) the perceived for the better.
C) both for the worse and for the better.
D) neither for the worse or for the better.

Question 48

George affects a dangerous persona so that people will do what he wants.This is the impression strategy of:

A) self-promotion.
B) supplication.
C) intimidation.
D) ingratiation.

Question 49

The set of abilities that describe a person's talents in perceiving,using,understanding,and managing emotions is:

A) emotional valence.
B) emotional intelligence.
C) self-monitoring.
D) self-understanding.

Question 50

The accuracy of our perceptions of others is influenced by all of the following qualities EXCEPT which one?

A) Extraversion
B) Motivation
C) Time spent together
D) Religion