Deck 1: Self, Family, and Community

Question 1

According to the ecological model of health and wellness, which of the following is a factor in a person's natural physical environment?

A)air quality
B)sanitation systems
C)access to health care services
D)housing

Answer 1

air quality

Question 2

Which of the following best illustrates an action step?

A)Working out will help me lose weight.
B)Beginning next week, I will work out three days a week.
C)My workouts will involve weight-lifting.
D)I hope to start working out every day.

Answer 2

Beginning next week, I will work out three days a week.

Question 3

The Stages of Change Model of health behavior change emphasizes that

A)change happens as a process.
B)people change only when faced with an illness.
C)change occurs only when the environment supports it.
D)changes are more effective when based on personal perceptions.

Answer 3

change happens as a process.

Question 4

What is the major goal of primary disease-prevention efforts?

A)Detect diseases before they become symptomatic.
B)Treat a person for particular problems associated with a disease.
C)Find a cure for prevalent diseases.
D)Inhibit the development of diseases.

Question 5

Which of the following statements best illustrates a sense of self-efficacy?

A)I can do it.
B)I can't do it.
C)I must do it.
D)I should do it.

Question 6

Mackenzie has resolved to start exercising three times a week when her membership at a local gym begins in two weeks.In which stage of change in the Transtheoretical Model is Mackenzie operating?

A)contemplation
B)preparation
C)precontemplation
D)action
E)maintenance

Question 7

One of the hallmarks of community health promotion is its emphasis on improving

A)common health-related resources.
B)privately-funded wellness programs.
C)taxpayer-funded health initiatives.
D)the regulation of hospitals and clinics.

Question 8

Of the following, the best type of website on which to research health issues is one that is sponsored by

A)a commercial health organization.
B)a nonprofit political organization.
C)an educational institution.
D)an individual.

Question 9

The purpose of making a clinical study double-blind is to

A)reduce researcher bias.
B)guarantee the results.
C)disguise the study's sponsors.
D)make the results depend on the outcomes of other studies.

Question 10

Which of the following is considered a social determinant of health?

A)heredity
B)employment status
C)your values
D)the physical environment

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true concerning medical research studies?

A)Subjects are not randomly assigned to either a treatment group or control group.
B)To be considered reliable results, the same results must be obtained by no other researchers conducting the same study.
C)Researchers assign participants to either a treatment group or control group in order of when the participants register for the study.
D)Clinical studies attempt to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

Question 12

Which of the following best demonstrates an ecological model of health and wellness?

A)seeking a natural balance between your own life forces and those in your environment
B)being aware of hereditary risks and avoiding unhealthy environments and behaviors
C)going to the doctor whenever you suspect an illness
D)seeking nontraditional medical treatments

Question 13

The aspect of personal health that is most within your control is

A)genetic inheritance.
B)human biology.
C)environment.
D)lifestyle.

Question 14

Adam's sister lectures him daily about the threat his smoking poses to his health.She argues that, if he quits, he would improve both his health and his athletic performance.Adam knows his sister is right, but according to the Stages of Change Model, he will actually quit smoking when he reaches the

A)precontemplation stage.
B)contemplation stage.
C)preparation stage.
D)action stage.

Question 15

Which of the following best illustrates a public health measure?

A)upgrading the local hospital's dialysis equipment
B)preventing the spread of disease-carrying insects
C)medical schools competing for research grants
D)promoting a new surgical technique

Question 16

Good health is a means to attain what ultimate goal?

A)the highest possible quality of life
B)a multicultural approach to wellness
C)freedom from disease
D)greater control over lifestyle decisions

Question 17

In general, what can American ethnic minority populations expect concerning their health, as compared to the general population?

A)lower lifestyle risk factors
B)equal health benefits from medical advances
C)higher rates of cancer, infant mortality, and alcoholism
D)decreased exposure to carcinogens

Question 18

In 2010 approximately ________ percent of the U.S.population were members of racial or ethnic minority groups.

A)15
B)28
C)35
D)41

Question 19

In which stage of change in the Transtheoretical Model does an individual intend to change a specific health behavior within the next six months?

A)preparation
B)contemplation
C)maintenance
D)precontemplation
E)action

Question 20

Which of the following best illustrates a SMART goal?

A)I will get more exercise in the new year.
B)I will avoid situations where I am tempted to eat junk food.
C)I will make smart health choices in each major life activity.
D)I will eat my meals on time and limit myself to one snack daily.

Question 21

Health is conceptualized as having several domains, such as physical, mental, social, and spiritual domains.

Question 22

When a change occurs in a gene, it is called

A)a recessive gene.
B)an allele.
C)a mutation.
D)a chromosomal disorder.

Question 23

Genetic disorders caused by multiple genes interacting with the environment are called

A)polygenic.
B)autosomal.
C)ecological.
D)multifactorial.

Question 24

The terms disease prevention and health promotion mean the same thing.

Question 25

The ecological model of health and wellness focuses exclusively on environmental factors as health determinants.

Question 26

Alternative forms of the same gene are called

A)recessive genes.
B)alleles.
C)mutations.
D)chromosomes.

Question 27

Factors such as income level, available health care services, and literacy are examples of social determinants of health.

Question 28

The basic definition of health literacy refers to one's ability to

A)navigate the health care system successfully.
B)obtain and use health information.
C)describe symptoms to a doctor.
D)achieve maximum wellness.

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT a specific national health objective of Healthy People 2020?

A)Eliminate preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death.
B)Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all.
C)Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups.
D)Focus on promoting health for older individuals.

Question 30

What information found in a family health tree indicates that a disease might have a genetic link?

A)presence of a disease in family members with poor health habits
B)onset of a disease at a late age
C)appearance of a disease in one family member
D)a family member with multiple cancers

Question 31

Healthy People 2020 places increased emphasis on "health determinants," which

A)target and measure important public health issues.
B)include both social and environmental determinants.
C)are based on scientific studies.
D)are defined as a person's internal sense of control.

Question 32

In the United States, poor health outcomes are associated with environmental pollution, low educational attainment, and poverty.

Question 33

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, includes which of the following?

A)a triple helix
B)proteins
C)a nucleus
D)four bases

Question 34

What is the purpose of creating a family health tree?

A)to discover your personal health risks and strengths
B)to identify environmental factors that influence your health
C)to illustrate patterns of lifestyle habits in your family
D)to estimate your life expectancy

Question 35

Which of the following statements is true regarding family health trees?

A)Basic information for each relative in the family health tree includes date of birth, major diseases, age, and cause of death.
B)Results from genetic testing are required to create a family health tree.
C)Lifestyle habit information should not be included.
D)A family health tree traces a family's origin.

Question 36

Which of the following statements about health risks is FALSE?

A)By definition, a health risk involves the probability or likelihood of an event occurring.
B)A health risk is the probability of exposure to a hazard that can result in negative consequences.
C)All health risks can be avoided.
D)Health risks include factors such as age, gender, family history, income, and education.

Question 37

Individual choice is the only factor governing a person's ability to live a healthy lifestyle.

Question 38

Which of the following statements about cells and genes is FALSE?

A)The sequencing of bases within a gene is of little significance.
B)Each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.
C)Our bodies are made up of about 260 different types of cells.
D)Each chromosome contains from hundreds to thousands of genes.

Question 39

Heart disease is an example of a multifactorial illness.Which of the following does NOT support this statement?

A)Both smoking tobacco and having high blood pressure increase the risk for heart disease.
B)First-degree relatives have a six-fold increase in their risk for heart disease.
C)Genetic screening and information may lead an individual to modify his or her environmental risk factors to prevent the disease from developing.
D)Random error in the formation of ovum or sperm causes heart disease.

Question 40

Ethnicity is synonymous with race.

Question 41

Although Alzheimer's "ranks" as the 6^th leading cause of death overall for Americans, it is "outranked" by 10 other causes for African Americans and Hispanic/Latino populations.

Question 42

When implementing a behavior change plan that involves a long-term health goal, you should strictly avoid setting and rewarding interim goals.

Question 43

A key difference between the Health Belief Model and the Stages of Change Model for understanding individual health behavior change is that the Health Belief Model acknowledges the role of perception, while the Stages of Change Model does not.

Question 44

Healthy People 2020 includes a focus on health determinants.

Question 45

Advances in medical technology, lifestyle improvements, and environmental protection have produced significant and equal health benefits for most American ethnic populations.

Question 46

The Stages of Change Model emphasizes that change happens not as a one-time event, but as a process.

Question 47

Adam is in the contemplation stage of the Transtheoretical Model when he decides that he will stop drinking alcohol at the beginning of next month.

Question 48

One of the most important factors influencing health behavior change is commitment to change.

Question 49

In assessing your health risks, it is important to ignore any emotional reaction you may experience.

Question 50

The terms ethnicity and race can be used interchangeably.

Question 51

Behavior change contracts are among the most effective tools for change.

Question 52

The slogan "healthy people in healthy communities" accurately expresses the general goals of Healthy People 2020.

Question 53

Activities such as developing social support systems and establishing goals and rewards help people to move through stages in the Stages of Change Model.

Question 54

For some types of behaviors, the maintenance stage of the Stages of Change Model can be an ongoing, lifelong process.

Question 55

In the maintenance stage of the Transtheoretical Model for health behavior change, a new behavior has been in place for a minimum of two years.

Question 56

Arturo, an 18-year-old male, is more likely to die from an unintentional injury than heart disease.

Question 57

Scientists typically consider the results of a single study to be conclusive and definitive.

Question 58

A successful behavior change plan will include strategies for dealing with potential barriers to change.

Question 59

For a person to change a behavior successfully, he or she does not need to have a perceived sense of self-efficacy.

Question 60

Cultural values have little influence on health.

Question 61

Most genetic disorders are caused by single-gene mutations.

Question 62

Genetics cannot distinguish one race of people from another.

Question 63

External environmental conditions that can be altered by social and health policies and programs are known as the social ________ of health.

Question 64

Multifactorial disorders are those caused by the interaction of both environmental and genetic factors.

Question 65

In a person's complete set of DNA, one pair of genomes is labeled with an X or a Y rather than a number.Females have two X genomes; males have an X and a Y genome.

Question 66

Three of the top ten current health concerns in the United States-based on Healthy People 2020-are substance abuse, immunization, and mental health.

Question 67

The WHO defined ________ in 1947 as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.

Question 68

If an individual receives a faulty, mutated copy of a gene from his or her mother, that person will most likely acquire a genetic disorder.

Question 69

Of our 23 chromosome pairs, 22 are the same for women and men.

Question 70

Sally's aunt and sister-in-law both recently developed breast cancer.Courtney's mother and sister both recently developed breast cancer.Courtney has a higher risk of breast cancer than Sally.

Question 71

Genetic mutations can be beneficial or harmful-or neither-to one's health.

Question 72

A family health tree is also called a genogram or a genetic pedigree.

Question 73

The most relevant information from a family health tree includes major diseases as well as age and cause of death.

Question 74

A family health tree should be shared with your health provider.

Question 75

The ________ model of health and wellness addresses the interrelationships between individuals and their environment.

Question 76

The term ________ is generally defined as the process of adopting patterns of behavior that can lead to improved health and life satisfaction.

Question 77

The complete set of DNA is called a person's genome.

Question 78

Your health is affected by your ________ physical environment (including schools, sanitation, and transportation) and your natural physical environment (such as air and water quality).

Question 79

When evaluating a family health tree, a family member who has a heart attack at age 70 raises more genetic concerns than a relative who develops colon cancer at age 28.

Question 80

The dimensions of wellness include the physical, the emotional, the intellectual, the spiritual, the interpersonal or social, the environmental, and the ________.