Deck 5: Social Structure, Social Process, and Social Reaction Theories

Question 1

__________ developed five modes of adaptation.

A)Shaw and McKay
B)Merton
C)Agnew
D)Cloward and Ohlin
E)Cohen

Answer 1

B

Question 2

___________ is an example of a subculture theory.

A)Cohen's delinquency and frustration theory
B)Cloward and Ohlin's differential opportunity theory
C)Miller's lower-class focal concern theory
D)All of the above
E)none of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

_______________ asserted that delinquent behavior is a function of learning and not a function of either the ability to obtain economic success or of living in a socially disorganized area of a city.

A)Cloward and Ohlin
B)Sutherland
C)Akers
D)Miller
E)Sykes and Matza

Answer 3

B

Question 4

______________ seek to explain delinquency based on where it occurs.

A)Social reaction theories
B)Life course theories
C)Social process theories
D)Social structure theories
E)Social detachment theories

Question 5

_______________ identified six focal concerns that describe six values of a lower-class subculture.

A)Cloward and Ohlin
B)Sutherland
C)Akers
D)Miller
E)Sykes and Matza

Question 6

Shaw and McKay studied the juvenile court and police records of juvenile delinquents from which U.S.city?

A)New York, New York
B)Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
C)Boston, Massachusetts
D)Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
E)Chicago, Illinois

Question 7

____________ differential reinforcement theory integrated differential association and the learning theory of operant conditioning.

A)Cloward and Ohlin's
B)Sutherland's
C)Akers's
D)Miller's
E)Sykes and Matza's

Question 8

__________ examine the role that societal institutions, including the juvenile justice system, play in perpetuating delinquent behavior

A)Social reaction theories
B)Life course theories
C)Social process theories
D)Social structure theories
E)Social detachment theories

Question 9

_______________ devised theories that are examples of social reaction theories.

A)Reckless, Hirschi, and Gottfredson
B)Thornberry, Sampson and Laub
C)Lemert, Hagan, and Colvin and Pauly
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 10

__________ see delinquency as a result of a lack of opportunity.

A)Differential association theorists
B)Mobility theorists
C)Frustration theorists
D)Adaptation theorists
E)Strain theorists

Question 11

___________ devised theories that are examples of life force theories.

A)Reckless, Hirschi, and Gottfredson
B)Thornberry, Sampson and Laub
C)Lemert, Hagan, and Colvin and Pauly
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 12

__________ is a factor that influences delinquency.

A)Family relationships
B)Association with delinquent peers
C)Lack of opportunity
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 13

According to _______________, three distinct types of gangs might form in neighborhoods: criminal gangs, conflict gangs, and retreatist gangs.

A)Cloward and Ohlin
B)Sutherland
C)Akers
D)Miller
E)Sykes and Matza

Question 14

____________ believed that the individuals belonging to the lower class hold different values, norms and beliefs than the members of the middle class.

A)Shaw and McKay
B)Merton
C)Agnew
D)Cloward and Ohlin
E)Cohen

Question 15

_______ theory does not focus exclusively on delinquency committed by members of the lower-class but can be used as an explanation of delinquency among all social classes.

A)Shaw and McKay's
B)Merton's
C)Agnew's
D)Cloward and Ohlin's
E)Cohen's

Question 16

____________ focus on the onset and termination of delinquency at different stages over the course of one's life.

A)Social reaction theories
B)Life course theories
C)Social process theories
D)Social structure theories
E)Social detachment theories

Question 17

____________ thought that most delinquents hold conventional values, norms, and beliefs and must learn to neutralize the values before committing delinquent acts.

A)Cloward and Ohlin
B)Sutherland
C)Akers
D)Miller
E)Sykes and Matza

Question 18

____________ focused on serious delinquency committed by urban, male, gang members in the book Delinquency and Opportunity.

A)Shaw and McKay
B)Merton
C)Agnew
D)Cloward and Ohlin
E)Cohen

Question 19

__________ focus on the relationship between socialization and delinquency.

A)Social reaction theories
B)Life course theories
C)Social process theories
D)Social structure theories
E)Social detachment theories

Question 20

____________ sought to explain why juvenile crime rates were so high in an area of the city characterized by urban decay.

A)Shaw and McKay
B)Merton
C)Agnew
D)Cloward and Ohlin
E)Cohen

Question 21

Three social structure theories support the argument that socioeconomic conditions and cultural values in the lower class lead to delinquency.

Question 22

According to Sutherland's differential association theory, delinquency is a learned behavior.

Question 23

Cloward and Ohlin argued that not everyone has access to the illegitimate opportunity structure.

Question 24

If lower-class students fail at school, they will not be able to attain their goal of middle-class status.This is known as status frustration.

Question 25

According to Merton, the _______________ mode of adaptation involves an acceptance of cultural goals and a rejection of institutionalized means.

A)Ritualism
B)Innovation
C)Retreatism
D)Rebellion
E)None of the above

Question 26

According to Cohen, although members of the lower class have norms and values that differ from those of the middle class, lower-class families can teach their children the proper socialization techniques necessary for middle-class membership.

Question 27

When delinquent subcultures/gangs are established with a different set of values, norms, and beliefs, the type of delinquent gang that develops will depend upon the family in which the youths live and whether they have access to illegitimate opportunity structures.

Question 28

According to Hirischi, the cultural goal of American society is economic success.

Question 29

Most youths that are raised in abusive households are more likely to become delinquent and commit delinquent acts.

Question 30

According to Merton, the _______________ mode of adaptation involves a rejection of cultural goals and an acceptance of institutionalized means.

A)Ritualism
B)Innovation
C)Retreatism
D)Rebellion
E)None of the above

Question 31

Juveniles that are unable to cope with strain and commit delinquent acts are likely to be overly sensitive, have an explosive temperament, have a low tolerance for adversity, and have poor problem-solving skills.

Question 32

Inversion is the practice of removing juveniles from the juvenile justice process and providing them with treatment services outside of the juvenile justice system.

Question 33

The four steps of neutralization are denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of victim, and condemnation of the condemners.

Question 34

According to Sampson and Laub two turning points in a criminal career are marriage and the birth of a child.

Question 35

The factor that began the process of delinquency was a lack of power in the workplace according to Colvin and Pauly.

Question 36

Social process theories focus on the relationship between socialization and delinquency.

Question 37

Conflict theorists are concerned with the role government plays in creating an environment that is conducive to crime.

Question 38

Hirschi stated that there were four elements of the social bond: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.

Question 39

According to Merton, the _______________ mode of adaptation involves a rejection of cultural goals and a rejection of institutionalized means.

A)Ritualism
B)Innovation
C)Retreatism
D)Rebellion
E)None of the above

Question 40

A person is arrested for only one of every three offenses.

Question 41

According to Merton, what is the difference between ritualism and rebellion?

Question 42

Describe the five techniques of neutralization.

Question 43

Shaw and McKay identified three characteristics of interstitial areas: cultural heterogeneity, mobility, and poverty.

Question 44

What does it mean to have access to illegitimate opportunity structure?

Question 45

Name and explain the two types of social reaction theories.

Question 46

In what way does the Job Corps meet the needs of disadvantaged youths?

Question 47

What are the four elements of the social bond?

Question 48

Explain the two major factors that influence delinquency.

Question 49

There are three types of social theories of delinquency: social structure theories, social process theories, and social reaction theories.

Question 50

Explain the theory of differential association.

Question 51

Why was there increased delinquency in Shaw and McKay's zone in transition?

Question 52

How can lower-class youths achieve middle class status?

Question 53

What are the five different modes of adaptation that were developed by Merton?

Question 54

Compare and contrast the three different types of delinquent gangs.

Question 55

Explain how life course theories are different from social learning and social control theories.

Question 56

How are Sutherland's differential association theory and Akers's differential reinforcement theory different? How are they similar?

Question 57

Explain the works of Robert Merton.

Question 58

Explain social structure theories and name the three major social structure theories.

Question 59

Three social structure theories include ecological theory, strain theory, and subculture theory.