Deck 7: Microbial Nutrition, Ecology, and Growth

Question 1

Why do bacterial cells require calcium?

A)It stabilizes the cell wall.
B)It stabilizes the ribosomes.
C)It stabilizes the nucleoid.
D)It maintains cellular pH.
E)It makes strong bones.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The term phototroph refers to an organism that

A)uses CO₂ for its carbon source.
B)must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs.
C)gets energy from sunlight.
D)gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds.
E)does not need a carbon source.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The term chemotroph refers to an organism that

A)uses CO₂ for its carbon source.
B)must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs.
C)gets energy from sunlight.
D)gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds.
E)does not need a carbon source.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Aerobic respiration is an example of

A)photosynthesis.
B)methanoheterotrophy.
C)photoheterotrophy.
D)chemoheterotrophy.
E)photoautotrophy.

Question 5

The term autotroph refers to an organism that

A)uses CO₂ for its carbon source.
B)must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs.
C)gets energy from sunlight.
D)gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds.
E)does not need a carbon source.

Question 6

Which of the following is not a major element of a microbial cell?

A)copper
B)carbon
C)hydrogen
D)nitrogen
E)oxygen

Question 7

Archaea as a group are not pathogens.This is because

A)they evolved without mammals.
B)mammals evolved special defenses against them.
C)mammalian hosts do not meet their environmental requirements.
D)they are out-competed by natural flora.

Question 8

An organism that uses CO₂ for its carbon needs and sunlight for its energy needs would be called a/an

A)heterotroph.
B)photoautotroph.
C)chemoheterotroph.
D)saprobe.
E)halotroph.

Question 9

What compound has the highest concentration in a cell?

A)CO₂
B)CH₄
C)H₂O
D)glucose
E)NH₃

Question 10

Which of the following is an important mineral ion of the cytochrome pigments used in cellular respiration?

A)iron
B)zinc
C)calcium
D)magnesium
E)potassium

Question 11

Which of the following is the largest component of the dry weight of a cell?

A)inorganic compounds
B)minerals
C)water
D)organic compounds
E)salts

Question 12

An organic nutrient that cannot be synthesized by the organism and must be provided is called a/an

A)element.
B)macronutrient.
C)water.
D)growth factor.
E)trace element.

Question 13

The term heterotroph refers to an organism that

A)uses CO₂ for its carbon source.
B)must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs.
C)gets energy from sunlight.
D)gets energy by oxidizing inorganic compounds.
E)does not need a carbon source.

Question 14

The methanogens, producers of methane gas, require environments that

A)have sunlight.
B)are very acidic.
C)have abundant oxygen and CO₂.
D)are extremely cold.
E)are anaerobic with hydrogen gas and CO₂.

Question 15

Microorganisms require small quantities of this nutrient for enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure.

A)element
B)macronutrient
C)water
D)growth factors
E)trace element

Question 16

Which of the following is an important mineral ion that is a component of chloroplasts and stabilizer of membranes and ribosomes?

A)iron
B)zinc
C)calcium
D)magnesium
E)potassium

Question 17

Which term refers to a nutrient that is required by a microorganism in large quantities for use in cell structure and metabolism?

A)element
B)macronutrient
C)growth factor
D)trace element

Question 18

Organisms that feed on dead organisms for nutrients are called

A)saprobes.
B)parasites.
C)autotrophs.
D)lithoautotrophs.
E)phototrophs.

Question 19

The type of photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen

A)occurs in cyanobacteria.
B)does not require CO₂ as a reactant.
C)occurs in purple and green sulfur bacteria.
D)does not require sunlight.
E)occurs in algae and plants.

Question 20

Growth factors

A)are inorganic.
B)are synthesized by the organism.
C)contain elemental oxygen.
D)cannot be synthesized by the organism.
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 21

When whole cells or large molecules in solution are engulfed by a cell, this endocytosis is specifically termed

A)pinocytosis.
B)phagocytosis.
C)facilitated transport.
D)facilitated diffusion.
E)exocytosis.

Question 22

Which term refers to the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane?

A)facilitated diffusion
B)diffusion
C)active transport
D)osmosis
E)endocytosis

Question 23

Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated on the shelf of a refrigerator, out on a lab bench top, on the shelf of a 37°C incubator and on the shelf of a 50°C incubator.After incubation, there was no growth at 37°C and 50°C, slight growth out on the bench top and abundant growth at refrigeration.What term could be used for this species?

A)Halophile
B)Mesophile
C)Anaerobe
D)Psychrophile
E)Capnophile

Question 24

Which of the following terms refers to microorganisms that live in or on the body and cause harm?

A)mesophiles
B)thermophiles
C)commensals
D)pathogens
E)halophiles

Question 25

The term facultative refers to

A)the ability to exist in a wide range of conditions.
B)existing in a very narrow niche.
C)using chemicals for energy production.
D)using light for energy production.
E)using oxygen for metabolism.

Question 26

The movement of substances from higher to lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane that must have a specific protein carrier but no energy expenditure is called

A)facilitated diffusion.
B)diffusion.
C)active transport.
D)osmosis.
E)endocytosis.

Question 27

Microorganisms that live in severe habitats, such as very hot, acidic or salty environments, are called

A)thermophiles.
B)halophiles.
C)psychrophiles.
D)extremophiles.
E)barophiles.

Question 28

In _____ conditions, the cell wall will help prevent the cell from bursting.

A)hypertonic
B)hypotonic
C)isotonic
D)mesotonic
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 29

Facilitated diffusion is limited by

A)ATP concentration.
B)the number of carrier proteins in the membrane.
C)size of the pores in the membrane.
D)osmotic pressure.
E)the size of the cell.

Question 30

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration is called

A)facilitated diffusion.
B)diffusion.
C)active transport.
D)osmosis.
E)endocytosis.

Question 31

A microorganism that has an optimum growth temperature of 37°C, but can survive short exposure to high temperatures is called

A)an extremophile.
B)a thermophile.
C)a psychrophile.
D)a facultative psychrophile.
E)thermoduric.

Question 32

The term obligate refers to

A)the ability to exist in a wide range of conditions.
B)existing in a very narrow niche.
C)using chemicals for energy production.
D)using light for energy production.
E)using oxygen for metabolism.

Question 33

Contractile vacuoles are

A)used to expel excess water from cells.
B)found in bacterial cells.
C)important to certain organisms in hypertonic environments.
D)protein carriers in cell membranes.
E)used to bring solutes into a cell.

Question 34

Bacteria living in a freshwater stream that are moved to salty seawater would

A)now be in a hypotonic solution.
B)gain water as a result of the move.
C)now be in a isotonic solution.
D)shrivel as a result of the move.

Question 35

The use of energy by a cell to enclose a substance in its membrane by forming a vacuole and engulfing it is called

A)facilitated diffusion.
B)diffusion.
C)active transport.
D)osmosis.
E)endocytosis.

Question 36

The movement of substances from lower to higher concentration across a semipermeable membrane that must have a specific protein carrier and cell expenditure of energy is called

A)facilitated diffusion.
B)diffusion.
C)active transport.
D)osmosis.
E)endocytosis.

Question 37

Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated out on the incubator shelf, in an anaerobic jar and in a candle jar.After incubation there was moderate growth of cultures in the candle and anaerobic jars, but heavy growth of the culture on the incubator shelf.This species is a/an

A)aerobe.
B)anaerobe.
C)facultative anaerobe.
D)microaerophile.
E)capnophile.

Question 38

Nutrient absorption is mediated by the

A)cell wall.
B)peptidoglycan layer.
C)proteins in the periplasmic space.
D)cell membrane.
E)nuclear membrane.

Question 39

Which of the following microorganisms would find hypotonic conditions most detrimental?

A)bacteria
B)protozoa
C)fungi
D)algae
E)cyanobacteria

Question 40

Which of the following require the cell to use ATP?

A)facilitated diffusion
B)diffusion
C)endocytosis
D)osmosis

Question 41

Which two enzymes catalyze the steps converting the toxic superoxide ion to less harmful oxygen gas?

A)catalase and hydrogen peroxidases
B)superoxide dismutase and hydrogen peroxidase
C)superoxide dismutase and catalase
D)catalase and oxidase
E)superoxide dismutase and oxidase

Question 42

The production of antibiotics is a form of amensalism called

A)symbiosis.
B)satellitism.
C)antibiosis.
D)mutualism.
E)synergism.

Question 43

All of the following could find a location in or on body tissues suitable for growth except

A)psychrophiles.
B)anaerobes.
C)facultative anaerobes.
D)mesophiles.
E)capnophiles.

Question 44

Which location would best support the growth of a barophile?

A)acid pools
B)deep oceans
C)hot geyser springs
D)arid desert soil
E)salt lakes

Question 45

An organism that cannot grow without oxygen is a(n)

A)aerobe.
B)obligate aerobe.
C)facultative anaerobe.
D)microaerophile.
E)obligate anaerobe.

Question 46

Which location would best support the growth of a halophile?

A)acid pools
B)freshwater ponds
C)hot geyser springs
D)arid desert soil
E)salt lakes

Question 47

A change in one partner in a close relationship that leads to a change in the other partner is

A)symbiosis.
B)coevolution.
C)antibiosis.
D)mutualism.
E)synergism.

Question 48

The

A)parasitic
B)saprobic
C)commensal
D)mutualistic
E)coli that normally live in the human large intestines and produce vitamin K that the body uses would be best termed a _____ relationship.

Question 49

An organism that cannot tolerate any oxygen gas in its environment is a(n)

A)aerobe.
B)obligate aerobe.
C)facultative anaerobe.
D)microaerophile.
E)obligate anaerobe.

Question 50

A microaerophile

A)grows best in an anaerobic jar.
B)grows with or without oxygen.
C)needs normal atmospheric levels of oxygen.
D)requires a small amount of oxygen but won't grow at normal atmospheric levels.

Question 51

An organism that can exist in both oxygen and oxygen-free environments is a(n)

A)aerobe.
B)obligate aerobe.
C)facultative anaerobe.
D)microaerophile.
E)obligate anaerobe.

Question 52

The time interval from parent cell to two new daughter cells is called the

A)binary fission.
B)growth curve.
C)generation time.
D)death phase.
E)culture time.

Question 53

When microbes share a habitat, with each providing a necessary nutrient for the other, the relationship is called

A)syntrophy.
B)satellitism.
C)antibiosis.
D)antagonism.
E)autotrophy.

Question 54

What type of media is used to demonstrate oxygen requirements of microbes?

A)blood agar
B)thioglycollate
C)sulfite polymyxin sulfadiazine
D)sodium chloride

Question 55

Which term describes human pathogens?

A)psychrophiles
B)thermophiles
C)halophiles
D)mesophiles
E)acidophiles

Question 56

A microorganism that does not have catalase or superoxide dismutase would find it difficult to live in an environment with

A)carbon dioxide.
B)oxygen.
C)high salt.
D)temperatures above 37°C.
E)high acidity.

Question 57

An organism that grows slowly in the cold but has an optimum growth temperature of 32°C is called

A)an extremophile.
B)a thermophile.
C)a psychrophile.
D)a facultative psychrophile.
E)thermoduric.

Question 58

When microbes in close nutritional relationship and one benefits but the other is not harmed, it is called

A)symbiosis.
B)satellitism.
C)commensalism.
D)mutualism.
E)synergism.

Question 59

An organism that can use gaseous oxygen in metabolism and has the enzymes to process toxic oxygen products is a(n)

A)aerobe.
B)obligate aerobe.
C)facultative anaerobe.
D)microaerophile.
E)obligate anaerobe.

Question 60

An organism with a temperature growth range of 45°C to 60°C would be called

A)an extremophile.
B)a thermophile.
C)a psychrophile.
D)a facultative psychrophile.
E)thermoduric.

Question 61

In a commensal relationship, the commensal benefits but the cohabitant is neither harmed nor benefited.

Question 62

Inorganic nitrogen must be converted to ammonia to be used by a cell.

Question 63

Obligate saprobes can adapt to a living host.

Question 64

When it is important to count the number of cells, determine cell size and differentiate between dead and live cells a ___ is used.

A)Coulter counter
B)flow cytometer
C)SEM
D)methylene dye indicator
E)plate count

Question 65

Lithoautotrophs use inorganic nutrients for carbon and energy sources.

Question 66

The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which newly inoculated cells are adjusting to their new environment, metabolizing but not growing is the

A)lag phase.
B)log phase.
C)stationary phase.
D)death phase.
E)prophase.

Question 67

Whether an organism is a phototroph or a chemotroph depends on its source of energy.

Question 68

Bacteria have an average generation time of 24 hours.

Question 69

The majority of microbes live and grow in habitats between pH 7 and 9.

Question 70

Saprobes do not need a carbon source for growth and metabolism.

Question 71

Most microorganisms on Earth can only live and survive in habitats that are similar to human body conditions.

Question 72

Phosphorus is one of the major elements needed in larger quantities by microorganisms.

Question 73

A saprobe with a cell wall will utilize extracellular digestion.

Question 74

Anaerobes can be cultured in a CO₂ rich environment, as long as O₂ gas is excluded.

Question 75

Facilitated diffusion and active transport require a carrier protein to mediate the movement across the plasma membrane.

Question 76

Whether an organism is an autotroph or heterotroph depends on its source of nitrogen.

Question 77

The time that it takes for a freshly inoculated agar culture to develop visible colonies is principally governed by that species'generation time.

Question 78

The phase of the bacterial growth curve that shows the maximum rate of cell division is the

A)lag phase.
B)log phase.
C)stationary phase.
D)death phase.
E)prophase.

Question 79

The phase of the bacterial growth curve during which microbial growth slows and the rate of multiplication equals the rate of cell death is the

A)lag phase.
B)log phase.
C)stationary phase.
D)death phase.
E)telophase.

Question 80

In the viable plate count method, a measured sample of a culture is evenly spread across an agar surface and incubated.Each _____ on the agar surface represents one _____ from the sample.

A)cell; cell
B)cell; colony
C)colony; cell
D)species; colony
E)generation; cell