Deck 10: Genetic Engineering: a Revolution in Molecular Biology

Question 1

The use of an organism's biochemical processes to create a product is

A)genetic engineering.
B)biotechnology.
C)recombinant DNA.
D)gel electrophoresis.
E)gene probes.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Gene probes can be labeled for detection with

A)enzymes.
B)fluorescent dyes.
C)radioisotopes.
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The primers in PCR are

A)synthetic DNA oligonucleotides.
B)bacterial enzymes.
C)short RNA strands.
D)DNA polymerases.
E)reverse transcriptases.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) probes are applied to intact cells and observed microscopically for the presence and location of

A)DNA.
B)RNA.
C)proteins.
D)recombinant DNA.
E)specific genetic marker sequence on genes.

Question 5

DNA strands can be clipped crosswise at selected positions by using enzymes called

A)palindromes.
B)reverse transcriptases.
C)restriction endonucleases.
D)ligases.
E)DNA polymerases.

Question 6

Sequences of DNA that are identical when read from the 5' to 3' direction on one strand and the 3' to 5' direction on the other strand are

A)palindromes.
B)reverse transcriptases.
C)restriction endonucleases.
D)ligases.
E)DNA polymerases.

Question 7

Thermococcus litoralis and Thermus aquaticus are thermophilic bacteria that are

A)used as cloning vectors.
B)sources of heat stable DNA polymerases.
C)genetically engineered bacteria.
D)principal sources of restriction endonucleases.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 8

Which PCR step synthesizes complementary DNA strands?

A)add DNA polymerase and nucleotides at 72 ^$\circ$ C
B)cool DNA to between 50 ^$\circ$ C and 65 ^$\circ$ C
C)add primers
D)heat target DNA to 94 ^$\circ$ C
E)repeat the cycle of heating and cooling

Question 9

DNA polymerases used in PCR

A)use an RNA template to make complementary DNA.
B)must remain active at very cold temperatures.
C)include Taq polymerases and Vent polymerase.
D)are labeled with fluorescent dyes.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 10

The various techniques by which scientists manipulate DNA in the lab are called

A)genetic engineering.
B)biotechnology.
C)recombinant DNA.
D)gel electrophoresis.
E)gene probes.

Question 11

The Western Blot technique detects

A)DNA.
B)RNA.
C)proteins.
D)recombinant DNA.
E)specific genetic marker sequence on genes.

Question 12

A technique that separates a readable pattern of DNA fragments is

A)genetic engineering.
B)biotechnology.
C)recombinant DNA.
D)gel electrophoresis.
E)gene probes.

Question 13

Labeled, known, short stretches of DNA used to detect a specific sequence of nucleotides in a mixture are

A)genetic engineering.
B)biotechnology.
C)recombinant DNA.
D)gel electrophoresis.
E)gene probes.

Question 14

Which PCR step causes the denaturation of double-stranded DNA?

A)add DNA polymerase and nucleotides at 72 ^$\circ$ C
B)cool DNA to between 50 ^$\circ$ C and 65 ^$\circ$ C
C)add primers
D)heat target DNA to 94 ^$\circ$ C
E)repeat the cycle of heating and cooling

Question 15

Geneticists can make complimentary DNA copies of messenger, transfer, and ribosomal RNA by using

A)palindromes.
B)reverse transcriptases.
C)restriction endonucleases.
D)ligases.
E)DNA polymerases.

Question 16

The function of the dideoxy (dd) nucleotides that are used in the Sanger method of DNA sequencing is to

A)denature DNA into single strands.
B)serve as primers.
C)be a fluorescent tag.
D)incorporate into newly replicated DNA strands and stop elongation.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 17

EcoRI and HindIII are

A)palindromes.
B)reverse transcriptases.
C)restriction endonucleases.
D)ligases.
E)DNA polymerases.

Question 18

Amplification of DNA is accomplished by

A)polymerase chain reaction.
B)DNA sequencing.
C)gene probes.
D)Southern blot.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 19

Analysis of DNA fragments in gel electrophoresis is based on:

A)larger fragments move slowly and remain closer to the wells.
B)DNA has an overall negative charge and moves to the positive pole.
C)DNA fragments are stained to see them.
D)an electric current through the gel causes DNA fragments to migrate.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 20

The deliberate removal of genetic material from one organism and combining it with the genetic material of another organism is a specific technique called

A)genetic engineering.
B)biotechnology.
C)recombinant DNA technology.
D)gel electrophoresis.
E)gene probes.

Question 21

Which technique will hopefully be used to identify and devise treatments for diseases based on the genetic profile of the disease?

A)PCR
B)genetic engineering
C)antisense technology
D)microarray analysis
E)DNA sequencing

Question 22

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used in all of the following fields, except

A)forensics.
B)evolutionary studies.
C)gene mapping.
D)medicine.
E)None of the choices; it is useful for all these fields.

Question 23

The commercial product Frostban contains a genetically engineered strain of

A)Escherichia coli.
B)Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
C)Thermus aquaticus.
D)Pseudomonas syringae.
E)Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Question 24

Which of the following is less subject to degradation than is chromosomal DNA and is used as an evolutionary time clock?

A)mitochondrial DNA
B)chloroplast DNA
C)rRNA
D)mRNA
E)tRNA

Question 25

This is often used in forensic science to distinguish one sequence of DNA from another by comparing the sequence of the strands at specific loci:

A)cloning
B)gene therapy
C)antisense therapeutic
D)DNA fingerprinting
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 26

All of the following are characteristics that make plasmids good cloning vectors, except

A)they are small.
B)they are well characterized.
C)they can be transferred into appropriate host cells.
D)they can carry genetic markers, such as antibiotic resistance genes.
E)they can accept a relatively large amount of foreign DNA.

Question 27

All of the following are correct about DNA fingerprinting, except

A)it displays the unique pattern of an individual's DNA fragments.
B)it can be used to analyze evidence when only minute amounts of DNA are found.
C)it cannot be used on specimens older than five years.
D)it is routine to use it as trial evidence in the U.S.
E)it can be used on hair and saliva.

Question 28

In order to ensure compatibility between the target DNA and the plasmid DNA,

A)target DNA is removed from cells and isolated.
B)cloning host is treated with calcium chloride and receives plasmid.
C)target DNA and plasmid are treated with the same restriction endonuclease.
D)desired protein is produced by cloning host.
E)gene is amplified by multiplication of cloning host.

Question 29

Both DNA sequencing and polymerase chain reactions require special __________ to initiate synthesis of a new DNA molecule.

A)RNA promoters
B)fluorescent nucleotides
C)primers
D)thermophilic polymerases
E)endonucleases

Question 30

Which of the following methods determines which genes are actively transcribed in a cell under a variety of conditions?

A)DNA fingerprinting
B)microarray analysis
C)gene mapping
D)Western blot
E)antisense therapy

Question 31

The Southern Blot technique detects

A)DNA.
B)RNA.
C)proteins.
D)recombinant DNA.
E)specific genetic marker sequence on genes.

Question 32

When determining the sequence of nucleotides in an unknown sample of DNA, which method is used to sequence the DNA?

A)PCR
B)Cloning
C)The Sanger Method
D)Southern blot hybridization
E)Microarray analysis

Question 33

All of the following are desirable features in a microbial cloning host, except it

A)can be grown in large quantities.
B)has a slow growth rate.
C)is capable of accepting plasmid vectors.
D)will secrete a high yield of proteins from expressed foreign genes.
E)has a genome that is well delineated.
Learning Outcome: 10.06 Characterize the events in cloning, using an example.
Topic: Basics of Genetic Engineering

Question 34

Recombinant strains of this organism are released to colonize plant roots to produce an insecticide to destroy invading insects:

A)Escherichia coli
B)Saccharomyces cerevisiae
C)Thermus aquaticus
D)Pseudomonas syringae
E)Pseudomonas fluorescens

Question 35

Which of the following is a serious concern when performing PCR?

A)high temperature needed may denature the DNA
B)restriction enzymes are difficult to obtain in adequate quantities
C)introduction and amplification of contaminating DNA
D)exposure to radiation by the lab personnel
E)it is a very time consuming process

Question 36

Transgenic animals

A)can be engineered to become factories for manufacturing proteins.
B)are often obtained from germ line engineering.
C)will pass the genes on to their offspring.
D)commonly include mice.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 37

Which step involves transformation?

A)target DNA removed from cells and isolated
B)cloning host takes up a plasmid
C)target DNA and plasmid treated with the same restriction endonuclease
D)desired protein is produced by cloning host
E)gene is amplified by multiplication of cloning host

Question 38

When DNA is heated to just below boiling (90 ^$\circ$ C - 95 ^$\circ$ C),

A)the sugar phosphate backbone of the DNA strands breaks.
B)the sugar, phosphate and base come apart in each nucleotide.
C)the helix unwinds but hydrogen bonds between the bases remain intact.
D)the two DNA strands separate completely.
E)Nothing happens until the boiling point is reached (100 ^$\circ$ C).

Question 39

Which of the following drugs is/are produced by genetic engineering and approved for human use?

A)human growth hormone
B)Factor VIII
C)insulin
D)tissue plasminogen activator
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 40

When patient tissues are transfected with viruses carrying a needed, normal human gene, the technique is called

A)cloning.
B)gene therapy.
C)antisense therapeutic.
D)DNA fingerprinting.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 41

Genomic _____ are collections of isolated genes maintained in a cloning host.

Question 42

When DNA is heated, the two strands will separate.

Question 43

Restriction endonucleases are obtained from various species of bacteria.

Question 44

The process of introducing a needed, normal gene, into human cells is called DNA mapping.

Question 45

Some genes in bacteria are repressed by antisense RNA that binds to them.

Question 46

An example of gene therapy is the insertion of the gene for human growth hormone into
E.coli cells.

Question 47

Restriction endonucleases recognize and clip at DNA base sequences called _____.

Question 48

Vectors often contain a gene conferring drug resistance to their cloning host, in order to detect cells harboring the plasmid.

Question 49

VNTRs and microsatellite polymorphisms are genetic markers seen in DNA fingerprinting.

Question 50

Reverse transcriptase is used to make cDNA from an RNA template.

Question 51

The size of DNA is often given in the number of _____ that it contains.

Question 52

The two common vectors used to transfer a piece of DNA into a cloning host are _____ and _____.

Question 53

If you have the sequence of mRNA that is AUAUGC, then the DNA antisense strand is ____.

A)AUAUGC
B)UAUACG
C)TATACG
D)CGUAUA

Question 54

In recombinant DNA technique, an enzyme called _____ is needed to seal the sticky ends of genes into plasmids or chromosomes.

Question 55

Two different nucleic acids can _____ by uniting at their complementary sites.

Question 56

Sequencing a gene automatically identifies which gene it is.

Question 57

The _____ blot method analyzes DNA, while the _____ method analyzes RNA.

Question 58

The enzyme___ adds three nucleotides of DNA in the ___direction when DNA is being semi-conservatively replicated

A)DNA polymerase III, 3' $\rarr$ 5'
B)DNA polymerase I, 3' $\rarr$ 5'
C)DNA polymerase III, 5' $\rarr$ 3'
D)DNA polymerase I, 5' $\rarr$ 3'
E)None of the above

Question 59

Transformation and transfection are methods used to introduce DNA into host cells.

Question 60

After 3 replication cycles in PCR, there will be a total of 4 double-stranded DNA molecules.

Question 61

Draw and label the specific sequence of procedures, reagents, and materials needed to obtain a human protein from E.coli cells growing in a lab culture.

Question 62

One of the first uses of DNA fingerprinting was in _________ medicine.

Question 63

Transgenic animals are _____ modified organisms.

Question 64

Compare and contrast recombinant DNA and gene therapy.

Question 65

Describe what is meant by a DNA fingerprint and how it is used in forensic science.