Deck 7: Microbial Nutrition, Ecology, and Growth

Question 1

The methanogens, producers of methane gas, require environments that

A)Have sunlight
B)Are very acidic
C)Have abundant oxygen and CO₂
D)Are extremely cold
E)Are anaerobic with hydrogen gas and CO₂

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Growth factors

A)Are inorganic
B)Are synthesized by organism
C)Contain elemental oxygen
D)Cannot be synthesized by the organism
E)All of the choices are correct

Answer 2

D

Question 3

An organism that uses CO₂ for its carbon needs and sunlight for its energy needs would be called a/an

A)Heterotroph
B)Photoautotroph
C)Chemoheterotroph
D)Saprobe
E)Halotroph

Answer 3

B

Question 4

An important mineral ion of the cytochrome pigments of cellular respiration is

A)Iron
B)Zinc
C)Calcium
D)Magnesium
E)Potassium

Question 5

The type of photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen

A)Occurs in cyanobacteria
B)Does not require CO₂ as a reactant
C)Occurs in purple and green sulfur bacteria
D)Does not require sunlight
E)Occurs in algae and plants

Question 6

Calcium is required for bacteria because

A)It stabilizes the cell wall
B)It stabilizes the ribosomes
C)It stabilizes the nucleoid
D)It maintains cellular pH
E)It makes strong bones

Question 7

Which of the following is not a major element of a microbial cell?

A)Copper
B)Carbon
C)Hydrogen
D)Nitrogen
E)Oxygen

Question 8

What compound has the highest concentration in a cell?

A)CO₂
B)CH₄
C)H₂O
D)Glucose
E)NH₃

Question 9

The term heterotroph refers to an organism that

A)Uses CO₂ for its carbon source
B)Must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs
C)Gets energy from sunlight
D)Gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds
E)Does not need a carbon source

Question 10

The term chemotroph refers to an organism that

A)Uses CO₂ for its carbon source
B)Must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs
C)Gets energy from sunlight
D)Gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds
E)Does not need a carbon source

Question 11

Microorganisms require small quantities of this nutrient for enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure

A)Element
B)Macronutrient
C)Water
D)Growth factors
E)Trace element

Question 12

Aerobic respiration is an example of

A)Photosynthesis
B)Methanoheterophy
C)Photoheterotrophy
D)Chemoheterotrophy
E)Photo autotrophy

Question 13

An organic nutrient that cannot be synthesized by the organism and must be provided is called a/an

A)Element
B)Macronutrient
C)Water
D)Growth factor
E)Trace element

Question 14

Organisms that feed on dead organisms for nutrients are called

A)Saprobes
B)Parasites
C)Autotrophs
D)Lithoautotrophs
E)Phototrophs

Question 15

Archea as a group are not pathogens.This is because

A)They evolved without mammals
B)Mammals evolved special defenses against them
C)Mammalian hosts do not meet their environmental requirements
D)They are out competed by natural flora
E)None of the choices are correct

Question 16

Microorganisms require large quantities of this nutrient for use in cell structure and metabolism

A)Element
B)Macronutrient
C)Water
D)Growth factor
E)Trace element

Question 17

An important mineral ion that is a component of chloroplasts and stabilizer of membranes and ribosomes is

A)Iron
B)Zinc
C)Calcium
D)Magnesium
E)Potassium

Question 18

Most of the dry weight of a microbial cell is from

A)Inorganic compounds
B)Minerals
C)Water
D)Organic compounds
E)Salts

Question 19

The term autotroph refers to an organism that:

A)Uses CO₂ for its carbon source
B)Must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs
C)Gets energy from sunlight
D)Gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds
E)Does not need a carbon source

Question 20

The term phototroph refers to an organism that

A)Uses CO₂ for its carbon source
B)Must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs
C)Gets energy from sunlight
D)Gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds
E)Does not need a carbon source

Question 21

Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated on the shelf of a refrigerator, out on a lab bench top, on the shelf of a 37 ^$\circ$ C incubator and on the shelf of a 50 ^$\circ$ C incubator.After incubation, there was no growth at 37 ^$\circ$ C and 50 ^$\circ$ C, slight growth out on the bench top and abundant growth at refrigeration.What term could be used for this species?

A)Halophile
B)Mesophile
C)Anaerobe
D)Psychrophile
E)Capnophile

Question 22

Facilitated diffusion is limited by

A)Substrate concentration
B)Carrier proteins in the membrane
C)Size of the pores in the membrane
D)Osmotic pressure
E)The size of the cell

Question 23

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration is called

A)Facilitated diffusion
B)Diffusion
C)Active transport
D)Osmosis
E)Endocytosis

Question 24

The term facultative refers to

A)The ability to exist in a wide range of conditions
B)Existing in a very narrow niche
C)Using chemicals for energy production
D)Using light for energy production
E)Using oxygen for metabolism

Question 25

The movement of substances from lower to higher concentration across a semi permeable membrane that must have a specific protein carrier and cell expenditure of energy is called

A)Facilitated diffusion
B)Diffusion
C)Active transport
D)Osmosis
E)Endocytosis

Question 26

Mediated transport of polar molecules and ions across the plasma membrane utilizes a _____ _____ that will bind to the substance effecting a conformational change that allows movement across the membrane.

A)Protein carrier
B)Lipid carrier
C)Porin carrier
D)Enzyme carrier
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 27

The term obligate refers to

A)The ability to exist in a wide range of conditions
B)Existing in a very narrow niche
C)Using chemicals for energy production
D)Using light for energy production
E)Using oxygen for metabolism

Question 28

The movement of substances from higher to lower concentration across a semi permeable membrane that must have a specific protein carrier but no energy expenditure is called

A)Facilitated diffusion
B)Diffusion
C)Active transport
D)Osmosis
E)Endocytosis

Question 29

When whole cells or large molecules in solution are engulfed by a cell, this endocytosis is specifically termed

A)Pinocytosis
B)Phagocytosis
C)Facilitated transport
D)Facilitated diffusion
E)Exocytosis

Question 30

Nutrient absorption is mediated by the

A)Cell wall
B)Peptidoglycan layer
C)Proteins in the periplasmic space
D)Cell membrane
E)Nuclear membrane

Question 31

Organisms called _____ live on or in the body of a host and cause some degree of harm.

A)Mesophiles
B)Thermophiles
C)Commensals
D)Pathogens
E)Halophiles

Question 32

The use of energy by a cell to enclose a substance in its membrane by forming a vacuole and engulfing it is called

A)Facilitated diffusion
B)Diffusion
C)Active transport
D)Osmosis
E)Endocytosis

Question 33

Contractile vacuoles are

A)Used to expel excess water from cells
B)Found in bacterial cells
C)Important to certain organisms in hypertonic environments
D)Protein carriers in cell membranes
E)Used to bring solutes into a cell

Question 34

Diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane is called

A)Facilitated diffusion
B)Diffusion
C)Active transport
D)Osmosis
E)Endocytosis

Question 35

Microorganisms that live in severe habitats, such as very hot, acidic or salty environments, are called

A)Thermophiles
B)Halophiles
C)Psychrophiles
D)Extremophiles
E)Barophiles

Question 36

Bacteria living in a freshwater stream that are moved to salty seawater would

A)Be in a hypotonic solution
B)Gain water
C)Be in a isotonic solution
D)Shrivel
E)None of the choices are correct

Question 37

Halobacteria regulate osmotic pressure by

A)Releasing salt to the environment
B)Absorbing salt from the environment
C)Excluding salt from the environment
D)Changing their cell wall to provide additional osmotic protection
E)None of the choices are correct

Question 38

Which of the following require the cell to use ATP?

A)Facilitated diffusion
B)Diffusion
C)Endocytosis
D)Osmosis
E)None of the choices are correct

Question 39

In _____ conditions, the cell wall will help prevent the cell from bursting.

A)Hypertonic
B)Hypotonic
C)Isotonic
D)Mesotonic
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 40

Which of the following microorganisms would find hypotonic conditions most detrimental?

A)Bacteria
B)Protozoa
C)Fungi
D)Algae
E)Cyanobacteria

Question 41

What type of media is used to demonstrate oxygen requirements of microbes?

A)Blood agar
B)Thioglycollate
C)Sulfite polymyxin sulfadiazine
D)Sodium chloride
E)None of the choices is correct

Question 42

When microbes in close nutritional relationship and one benefits but the other is not harmed, it is called

A)Symbiosis
B)Satellitism
C)Commensalism
D)Mutualism
E)Synergism

Question 43

A microaerophile

A)Grows best in an anaerobic jar
B)Grows with or without oxygen
C)Needs normal atmospheric levels of oxygen
D)Requires a small amount of oxygen but won't grow at normal atmospheric levels
E)None of the choices are correct

Question 44

An organism that can exist in both oxygen and oxygen-less environments is a(n)

A)Aerobe
B)Obligate aerobe
C)Facultative anaerobe
D)Microaerophile
E)Obligate anaerobe

Question 45

When microbes live independently but cooperate and share nutrients, it is called

A)Symbiosis
B)Satellitism
C)Antibiosis
D)Mutualism
E)Synergism

Question 46

The E. coli that normally live in the human large intestines and produce vitamin K that the body uses would be best termed a _____ relationship.

A)Parasitic
B)Saprobic
C)Commensal
D)Mutualistic
E)None of the choices are correct

Question 47

An organism that cannot tolerate an oxygen environment is a(n)

A)Aerobe
B)Obligate aerobe
C)Facultative anaerobe
D)Microaerophile
E)Obligate anaerobe

Question 48

Human pathogens fall into the group

A)Psychrophiles
B)Thermophiles
C)Halophiles
D)Mesophiles
E)Acidophiles

Question 49

Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated out on the incubator shelf, in an anaerobic jar and in a candle jar.After incubation there was moderate growth of cultures in the candle and anaerobic jars, but heavy growth of the culture on the incubator shelf.This species is a/an

A)Aerobe
B)Anaerobe
C)Facultative anaerobe
D)Microaerophile
E)Capnophile

Question 50

A microorganism that does not have catalase or superoxide dismutase would find it difficult to live in an environment with

A)Carbon dioxide
B)Oxygen
C)High salt
D)Temperatures above 37 ^$\circ$ C
E)High acidity

Question 51

An organism that grows slowly in the cold but has an optimum growth temperature of 32 ^$\circ$ C is called a(n)

A)Extremophile
B)Thermophile
C)Psychrophile
D)Facultative psychrophile
E)Thermoduric

Question 52

A barophile would grow best in

A)Acid pools
B)Deep oceans
C)Hot geyser springs
D)Arid, desert soil
E)Salt lakes

Question 53

An organism that can use gaseous oxygen in metabolism and has the enzymes to process toxic oxygen products is a(n)

A)Aerobe
B)Obligate aerobe
C)Facultative anaerobe
D)Microaerophile
E)Obligate anaerobe

Question 54

An organism that cannot grow without oxygen is a(n)

A)Aerobe
B)Obligate aerobe
C)Facultative anaerobe
D)Microaerophile
E)Obligate anaerobe

Question 55

A halophile would grow best in

A)Acid pools
B)Fresh water ponds
C)Hot geyser springs
D)Arid, desert soil
E)Salt lakes

Question 56

An organism with a temperature growth range of 45 ^$\circ$ C to 60 ^$\circ$ C would be called a(n)

A)Extremophile
B)Thermophile
C)Psychrophile
D)Facultative psychrophile
E)Thermoduric

Question 57

All of the following could find a location in or on body tissues suitable for growth except

A)Psychrophiles
B)Anaerobes
C)Facultative anaerobes
D)Mesophiles
E)Capnophiles

Question 58

A microorganism that has an optimum growth temperature of 37 ^$\circ$ C, but can survive short exposure to high temperatures is called a(n)

A)Extremophile
B)Thermophile
C)Psychrophile
D)Facultative psychrophile
E)Thermoduric

Question 59

The toxic superoxide ion is converted to harmless oxygen by two enzymes,

A)Catalase and hydrogen peroxidases
B)Superoxide dismutase and hydrogen peroxidase
C)Superoxide dismutase and catalase
D)Catalase and oxidase
E)Superoxide dismutase and oxidase

Question 60

The production of antibiotics is a form of antagonism called

A)Symbiosis
B)Satellitism
C)Antibiosis
D)Mutualism
E)Synergism

Question 61

In the viable plate count method, a measured sample of a culture is evenly spread across an agar surface and incubated.Each _____ represents one _____ from the sample.

A)Cell, cell
B)Cell, colony
C)Colony, cell
D)Species, colony
E)Generation, cell

Question 62

In a commensal relationship, the commensal benefits but the cohabitant is neither harmed nor benefited.

Question 63

A saprobe with a cell wall will utilize extracellular digestion.

Question 64

A change in one partner in a close relationship that leads to a change in the other partner is

A)Symbiosis
B)Coevolution
C)Antibiosis
D)Mutualism
E)Synergism

Question 65

Lithoautotrophs use inorganic nutrients for carbon and energy sources.

Question 66

Inorganic nitrogen must be converted to ammonia to be used by a cell.

Question 67

The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which the rate of multiplication equals the rate of cell death is the

A)Lag phase
B)Log phase
C)Stationary phase
D)Death phase
E)Telophase

Question 68

Obligate saprobes can adapt to a living host.

Question 69

Most microorganisms on earth can only live and survive in habitats that are similar to human body conditions.

Question 70

The time interval from parent cell to two new daughter cells is called the

A)Binary fission
B)Growth curve
C)Generation time
D)Death phase
E)Culture time

Question 71

The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which newly inoculated cells are adjusting to their new environment, metabolizing but not growing is the

A)Lag phase
B)Log phase
C)Stationary phase
D)Death phase
E)Prophase

Question 72

Anaerobes can be cultured in a CO₂ environment.

Question 73

Phosphorus is one of the major elements needed in larger quantities by microorganisms.

Question 74

Saprobes do not need a carbon source for growth and metabolism.

Question 75

Facilitated diffusion and active transport require a carrier protein to mediate the movement across the plasma membrane.

Question 76

When it is important to count the number of cells, determine cell size and differentiate between dead and live cells a ___ is used.

A)coulter counter
B)flow cytometer
C)SEM
D)methylene dye indicator
E)plate count

Question 77

The phase of the bacterial growth curve that shows the maximum rate of cell division is the

A)Lag phase
B)Log phase
C)Stationary phase
D)Death phase
E)Prophase

Question 78

The majority of microbes live and grow in habitats between pH 7 and 9.

Question 79

Whether an organism is an autotroph or heterotroph depends on its source of nitrogen.

Question 80

Whether an organism is a phototroph or a chemotroph depends on its source of energy.