Deck 12: Drugs, Microbes, Host--The Elements of Chemotherapy

Question 1

Salvarsan was

A)discovered in the mid-1900's.
B)used to treat syphilis.
C)formulated from the red dye prontosil.
D)first discovered as a product of Penicillium notatum.
E)discovered by Robert Koch.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which antimicrobic does not interfere with protein synthesis?

A)aminoglycosides
B)tetracyclines
C)erythromycin
D)trimethroprim
E)chloramphenicol

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Broad-spectrum drugs that disrupt the body's normal flora often cause

A)nephrotoxicity.
B)superinfections.
C)allergic reactions.
D)drug toxicity.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

All of the following pertain to fluoroquinolones except

A)broad spectrum.
B)include ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin.
C)are nephrotoxic.
D)used to treat respiratory, urinary, and sexually transmitted infections.
E)they work by inhibiting bacterial DNA replication.

Question 5

Which of these drugs is useful in treating infections by methicillin-resistant S.aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus?

A)tetracycline
B)isoniazid
C)linezolid
D)aminoglycosides
E)cephalosporins

Question 6

Important characteristics of antimicrobic drugs include

A)readily delivered to the site of infection.
B)high toxicity against microbial cells.
C)do not cause serious side effects in humans.
D)remains active in body tissues and fluids.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 7

A chemical that inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes is

A)synercid.
B)penicillinase.
C)aztreonam.
D)clavulanic acid.
E)imipenem.

Question 8

All of the following pertain to cephalosporins except

A)they have a beta-lactam ring.
B)greater resistance to beta-lactamases.
C)newer generations have activity against gram negatives.
D)many administered by injection not orally.
E)they are synthetic drugs.

Question 9

Ampicillin, amoxicillin, mezlocillin, and penicillin G all have

A)a beta-lactam ring.
B)resistance to the action of penicillinase.
C)a semisynthetic nature.
D)an expanded spectrum of activity.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 10

Penicillins and cephalosporins

A)interfere with DNA synthesis.
B)are metabolic analogs of PABA and block folic acid synthesis.
C)attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis.
D)damage cell membranes.
E)block the peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules.

Question 11

Substances that are naturally produced by certain microorganisms that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms are called

A)antibiotics.
B)narrow-spectrum drugs.
C)semisynthetic drugs.
D)synthetic drugs.
E)broad-spectrum drugs

Question 12

This drug is used to treat cases of tuberculosis

A)penicillin G.B.vancomycin.C.aminoglycosides.D.synercid.E.isoniazid.

Question 13

Sulfonamides

A)interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan.
B)are metabolic analogs of PABA and block folic acid synthesis.
C)attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis.
D)damage cell membranes.
E)block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules.

Question 14

Antibiotics are derived from all the following except

A)Penicillium.
B)Bacillus.
C)Staphylococcus.
D)Streptomyces.
E)Cephalosporium.

Question 15

Which antimicrobic does not inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A)gentamicin
B)vancomycin
C)cephalosporins
D)penicillins
E)clavamox

Question 16

Gram negative rods are often treated with

A)penicillin G.B.vancomycin.C.aminoglycosides.D.synercid.E.isoniazid.

Question 17

Antimicrobics effective against a wide variety of microbial types are termed

A)antibiotics.
B)narrow-spectrum drugs.
C)semisynthetic drugs.
D)synthetic drugs.
E)broad-spectrum drugs.

Question 18

Antimicrobics that are macrolides

A)disrupt cell membrane function.
B)include tetracyclines.
C)include azithromycin, clarithromcyin, and erythromycin.
D)are very narrow-spectrum drugs.
E)are hepatotoxic.

Question 19

Which is mismatched?

A)Fleming - penicillin
B)Domagk - sulfonamide
C)Ehrlich - tetracycline
D)Florey and Chain - penicillin
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 20

Aminoglycosides

A)interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan.
B)are metabolic analogs of PABA and block folic acid synthesis.
C)attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis.
D)damage cell membranes.
E)block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules.

Question 21

The drug used against intestinal anaerobic bacteria, that can also alter normal flora causing antibiotic-associated colitis is

A)chloramphenicol.
B)clindamycin.
C)ciprofloxacin.
D)bacitracin.
E)gentamicin.

Question 22

A clinical microbiologist makes serial dilutions of several antimicrobics in broth, and then incubates each drug dilution series with a standard amount of a patient's isolated pathogen.What is this microbiologist setting up?

A)Kirby-Bauer
B)antibiogram
C)E-test
D)MIC
E)therapeutic index (TI)

Question 23

Side effects that occur in patient tissues while they are on antimicrobic drugs include all the following except

A)development of resistance to the drug.
B)hepatotoxicity.
C)nephrotoxicity.
D)diarrhea.
E)deafness.

Question 24

Ketoconazole, fluconazole, clotrimazole, and miconazole are broad-spectrum azoles used to treat _____ infections.

A)bacterial
B)fungal
C)protozoan
D)helminthic
E)virus

Question 25

The most versatile and useful antifungal drug that is used to treat serious systemic fungal infections is

A)nystatin.B.griseofulvin.C.amphotericin B.D.sulfa drugs.E.metronidazole.

Question 26

The drug used for several protozoan infections is

A)nystatin.B.griseofulvin.C.amphotericin B.D.sulfa drugs.E.metronidazole.

Question 27

Antivirals that target reverse transcriptase would be used to treat

A)influenza A virus.
B)HIV.
C)herpes zoster virus.
D)respiratory syncytial virus.
E)hepatitis C virus.

Question 28

A "shotgun" approach to antimicrobial therapy involves

A)giving a narrow spectrum drug.
B)culturing the pathogen and identifying it.
C)performing the disk diffusion assay.
D)using a broad spectrum drug so that the chance of killing the pathogen is greater.
E)using antiviral and antibiotic drugs in combination.

Question 29

An antiviral that is a guanine analog would have an antiviral mode of action that

A)blocks penetration.
B)blocks DNA replication.
C)inhibits peptidoglycan cross linking.
D)blocks maturation.
E)bonds to ergosterol in the cell membrane.

Question 30

Mebendazole, niclosamide, and ivermectin are drugs used to treat _____ infections.

A)bacterial
B)fungal
C)protozoan
D)helminthic
E)virus

Question 31

The drug that can cause aplastic anemic, and is used to treat typhoid fever and brain abscesses is

A)chloramphenicol.
B)clindamycin.
C)ciprofloxacin.
D)bacitracin.
E)gentamicin.

Question 32

Which of the following is not a mode of action of an anti-viral?

A)block penetration
B)block transcription and translation
C)inhibit DNA synthesis
D)block maturation
E)bond to ergosterol in the cell membrane

Question 33

Drug susceptibility testing

A)determines the patient's response to various antimicrobics.
B)determines the pathogen's response to various antimicrobics.
C)determines if normal flora will be affected by antimicrobics.
D)determines if the drug is increasing to toxic levels in a patient.
E)determines the pathogen's identity.

Question 34

The cellular basis for bacterial resistance to antimicrobics include

A)bacterial chromosomal mutations.
B)synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure.
C)prevention of drug entry into the cell.
D)alteration of drug receptors on cell targets.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 35

Antimicrobics effective against only gram positive bacteria would be termed

A)antibiotics.
B)narrow-spectrum drugs.
C)semisynthetic drugs.
D)synthetic drugs.
E)broad-spectrum drugs.

Question 36

Acyclovir is used to treat

A)influenza A virus.
B)HIV.
C)shingles, chickenpox, and genital herpes.
D)respiratory syncytial virus.
E)hepatitis C virus.

Question 37

A superinfection results from

A)build up of a drug to toxic levels in the patient.
B)the wrong drug administered to the patient.
C)an immune system reaction to the drug.
D)decrease in most normal flora with overgrowth of an unaffected species.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 38

The multidrug resistant pumps in many bacterial cell membranes cause

A)bacterial chromosomal mutations.
B)synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure.
C)prevention of drug entry into the cell.
D)alteration of drug receptors on cell targets.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 39

There are fewer antifungal, antiprotozoan, and antihelminth drugs compared to antibacterial drugs because these organisms

A)do not cause many human infections.
B)are not affected by antimicrobics.
C)are so similar to human cells that drug selective toxicity is difficult.
D)are parasites found inside human cells.
E)have fewer target sites compared to bacteria.

Question 40

A ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to humans versus the minimum effective dose for that pathogen is assessed to predict the potential for toxic drug reactions.This is called the

A)Kirby-Bauer.
B)antibiogram.
C)E-test.
D)MIC.
E)therapeutic index (TI).

Question 41

Drugs that are hepatotoxic cause damage to a patient's kidneys.

Question 42

When a patient's immune system reacts adversely to a drug, this serious side effect is called a superinfection.

Question 43

Species of Bacillus produce bacitracin and the polymyxins.

Question 44

All of the following could be reasons why antimicrobic treatment fails except

A)the inability of the drug to diffuse into the infected body compartment.
B)a mixed infection where some of the pathogens are drug resistant.
C)not completing the full course of treatment.
D)a disk diffusion test showing pathogen sensitivity to the antimicrobic.
E)diminished gastrointestinal absorption due to an underlying condition or age.

Question 45

All of the following are correct about Tamiflu and Relenza except

A)they should be given early in an infection.B.they prevent assembly and release of the virus.C.they are used to treat infections by influenza A and B.D.they inhibit fusion and uncoating of the virus.E.they are effective prophylactics for influenza.

Question 46

All of the following are correct about allergic reactions to drugs except

A)the drug acts as an antigen.
B)the greatest number of antimicrobic allergies are to the penicillins.
C)hives may be the result after the drug is taken.
D)anaphylaxis can occur.
E)allergic reactions generally will occur the first time a person takes the drug.

Question 47

Which organ is responsible for metabolizing and detoxifying foreign chemicals in the blood, including drugs?

A)Liver
B)Kidneys
C)Gall bladder
D)Spleen
E)Stomach

Question 48

Which of the following will influence a physician's decision to prescribe an antimicrobial?

A)patient age
B)pregnancy
C)liver function
D)alcohol use
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 49

The MIC is the smallest concentration of an antimicrobic required to inhibit the growth of the microbe.

Question 50

A semisynthetic antibiotic is a drug which is chemically modified in the laboratory after being isolated from natural sources.

Question 51

Which of the following antimicrobials is contraindicated for children due to permanent tooth discoloration?

A)Penicillin G
B)Tetraclycline
C)Gentamicin
D)Vancomycin
E)Erythromycin

Question 52

Levaquin, a fluoroquinolone kills viruses.

Question 53

Resistance factor plasmids are transferred to other bacterial cells during transformation, transduction, and conjugation.

Question 54

The Kirby-Bauer test uses an agar surface, seeded with the test bacterium, to which small discs containing a specific concentration of several drugs are placed on the surface.

Question 55

Ciprofloxacin is used to treat viral respiratory infections.

Question 56

Which bacteria does Levaquin target?

A)Streptococcus pneumoniae
B)Haemophilus influenzae
C)Moraxella catarrhalis
D)Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 57

Why has the United States and Europe banned the use of human drugs in animal feeds?

A)Because it makes the animals grow too large.
B)Because it causes infections in the cows and poultry fed them.
C)Because it raises the price of the meat too high.
D)Because it contributes to the growing drug resistance problem.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 58

An antimicrobic with a low therapeutic index is a safer choice compared to a drug with a high therapeutic index.

Question 59

What does Vancomycin target?

A)Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
B)Clostridium difficile
C)Streptococcus pyogenes
D)Both A & B are correct choices

Question 60

Which of the following describes the mechanism of action for AZT?

A)It is a thymine analog that interferes with DNA synthesis.
B)It directly binds to reverse transcriptase and prevents reverse transcription of HIV RNA.
C)It inhibits the assembly of HIV particles.
D)It inhibits fusion of the viral envelope and host cell envelope.
E)It prevents the viral DNA from integrating in the host chromosome.

Question 61

Sulfonamides are analogs of PABA and, as a result, they inhibit _____ synthesis.

Question 62

Polyene drugs bind to fungal _____ and cause loss of selective permeability.

Question 63

Discuss the problems with development of antifungal, antiprotozoan, antihelminth, and antiviral drugs compared to the antibacterial drugs.Discuss at least 3 different modes of action that have been developed for these drugs.

Question 64

Short peptides produced by bacteria that inhibit the growth of other bacteria are called _____.

Question 65

The macrolide, __________, is a useful substitute for dealing with penicillin-resistant Streptococci.

Question 66

Drugs that act by mimicking the normal substrate of an enzyme, thereby blocking its active site, are called _____.

Question 67

Discuss 5 factors that have influenced the increasing development of resistant microbial strains.

Question 68

Nutrients that encourage the growth of beneficial microbes in the intestines are called ________.

Question 69

If pathogen A is more resistant to an erythromycin disc on a Kirby-Bauer plate compared to pathogen B, then pathogen A will have a _____ zone of inhibition compared to pathogen
B.

Question 70

________ are preparations of live microorganisms that are fed to animals and humans to modify the intestinal flora.

Question 71

_____ are plasmids that contain genes for resistance to a drug.

Question 72

Describe how the therapeutic index of a drug is determined and explain its function.

Question 73

The major source of naturally produced penicillin is the mold _____.