Deck 6: Cartilage and Bone

Question 1

An example of a flat bone would be the

A)femur.
B)radius.
C)trapezoid.
D)parietal.
E)calcaneus.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What is the function of cartilage located in the epiphyseal plates?

A)Serves as model for bone formation
B)Provides passageway for blood vessels
C)Forms articular surface
D)Supports soft tissues
E)Provides flexibility for bending

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which type of cartilage would be punctured if you chose to pierce the auricle of your ear?

A)Reticular cartilage
B)Articular cartilage
C)Fibrocartilage
D)Hyaline cartilage
E)Elastic cartilage

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which is characteristic of cartilage connective tissue?

A)Gel-like ground substance
B)Matrix of protein fibers
C)Cells called chondrocytes
D)Avascular
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 5

Which is a sesamoid bone?

A)Patella
B)Cuboid
C)Talus
D)Sphenoid
E)Scaphoid

Question 6

Where does hemopoiesis occur?

A)Epiphyseal line
B)Endosteum
C)Red bone marrow
D)Yellow bone marrow
E)Nutrient foramina

Question 7

Which bone does not function in protection?

A)Parietal bone
B)Fibula
C)Lumbar vertebra
D)Sternum
E)Os coxae

Question 8

Which is not a function of bone?

A)Protection
B)Mineral storage
C)Body movement
D)Hormone synthesis
E)Hemopoiesis

Question 9

Which is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body?

A)Elastic cartilage
B)Fibrocartilage
C)Reticular cartilage
D)Hyaline cartilage
E)Vascular cartilage

Question 10

Which is not stored in bone?

A)Calcium
B)Lipid
C)Phosphate
D)Fat
E)Protein

Question 11

The steps in the process of appositional growth of cartilage are
A: New matrix is produced and secreted
B: Chondrocytes differentiate,each in its own lacuna
C: Stem cells undergo mitosis
D: Committed cells differentiate into chondroblasts
The correct chronological order for these steps is

A)c - d - a - b
B)d - c - b - a
C)c - d - b - a
D)a - c - b - d
E)a - c - d - b

Question 12

Which would not be classified as an irregular bone?

A)Scapula
B)Sphenoid
C)Sacrum
D)Thoracic vertebra
E)Ethmoid

Question 13

Which is not a function of cartilage?

A)Provides support for certain soft tissues
B)Synthesizes red blood cells
C)Forms gliding surface at articulations
D)Serves as model for bone formation
E)No exceptions;all of the choices are functions of cartilage.

Question 14

A metatarsal bone is an example of a(n)_____ bone.

A)long
B)irregular
C)short
D)flat
E)sesamoid

Question 15

During appositional growth of cartilage,the cells that produce the matrix are the

A)chondrocytes.
B)osteocytes.
C)fibroblasts.
D)chondroblasts.
E)osteoblasts.

Question 16

Which structure does not contain cartilage?

A)Larynx
B)Lung
C)Stomach
D)Knee
E)Ear

Question 17

Which type of cartilage is described as follows: matrix with thick collagen fibers;lacks perichondrium;resists stretching and compression?

A)Elastic cartilage
B)Reticular cartilage
C)Articular cartilage
D)Fibrocartilage
E)Hyaline cartilage

Question 18

Consider the classifications of bone,and examples of each.Which classification comprises bones used primarily for movement rather than protection?

A)Short bones
B)Long bones
C)Flat bones
D)Irregular bones
E)Regular bones

Question 19

Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs?

A)Hyaline cartilage
B)Fibrocartilage
C)Reticular cartilage
D)Articular cartilage
E)Elastic cartilage

Question 20

The bones of the wrist are classified as _____ bones.

A)long
B)regular
C)short
D)irregular
E)flat

Question 21

What gives bone its compressional strength?

A)Yellow bone marrow
B)Reticular fibers
C)Inorganic salts
D)Red bone marrow
E)Endosteum

Question 22

Which is not true about periosteum?

A)It includes outer fibrous and inner cellular layers.
B)It is composed of dense regular connective tissue.
C)It provides stem cells for bone growth and repair.
D)It is anchored to the bone by collagen fibers.
E)It covers the entire bone surface,with the exception of articular areas.

Question 23

What gives bone its flexibility?

A)Inorganic salts
B)Yellow bone marrow
C)Collagen fibers
D)Trabeculae
E)Elastic fibers

Question 24

Which bone does not contain diploe?

A)Parietal
B)Ethmoid
C)Occipital
D)Frontal
E)Temporal

Question 25

Which is not correct about osteoclasts?

A)They have a ruffled border to increase surface area.
B)They are found in pits called Howship's lacunae.
C)They function in bone resorption.
D)They are concentrated between the periosteum and the bone.
E)They are multinuclear.

Question 26

Which is an alternate term for compact bone?

A)Cancellous bone
B)Trabecular bone
C)Spongy bone
D)Diploe
E)Cortical bone

Question 27

The periosteum is anchored to the bone by collagen fibers called _____ fibers.

A)Transverse
B)Perforating
C)Penetrating
D)Connecting
E)Cementing

Question 28

Which is not correct about spongy bone?

A)Its spaces hold red bone marrow.
B)It is located deep to compact bone.
C)It forms diploe in the cranial bones.
D)It is composed of tubular units called osteons.
E)It is located in the epiphyses of long bones.

Question 29

The medullary cavity of a long bone is lined with a thin layer of connective tissue called the

A)diaphysis.
B)epiphysis.
C)endosteum.
D)periosteum.
E)trabeculae.

Question 30

Compact bone

A)is located deep to spongy bone in the diaphysis.
B)is composed of tubular units called osteons.
C)has a brace-like arrangement of trabeculae.
D)is avascular.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 31

Which region of a growing bone contains the epiphyseal plate?

A)Distal epiphysis
B)Proximal epiphysis
C)Metaphysis
D)Diaphysis
E)Periphysis

Question 32

Spongy bone

A)contains no osteocytes.
B)has spaces filled with yellow marrow.
C)is composed of tubular units called osteons.
D)forms diploe in the cranial bones.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 33

If a bone is immersed in a weak acid such as vinegar for several days,its inorganic components will dissolve.What will be the result of such an experiment?

A)The bone will dissolve completely.
B)The compact bone will dissolve,leaving only the inner spongy bone.
C)The bone will become hard and brittle.
D)The bone will become soft and flexible.
E)The spongy bone will dissolve,leaving only the outer compact bone.

Question 34

Osteolysis is

A)demineralization due to hydrochloric acid activity.
B)the release of calcium and phosphate from the matrix.
C)the result of osteoclast activity.
D)the result of enzyme activity.
E)All of these answers are correct.

Question 35

Bone cells called __________ break down bone by secreting hydrochloric acid and enzymes that dissolve the matrix.

A)osteoprogenitor cells
B)osteoid cells
C)osteocytes
D)osteoclasts
E)osteoblasts

Question 36

What would be the effect on bone growth of insufficient dietary calcium?

A)There would be no effect,since the body is able to synthesize calcium.
B)The matrix would be softer.
C)The bone would be less flexible.
D)The epiphyseal plates would ossify earlier in development.
E)There would be increased formation of spongy bone.

Question 37

Cells that produce new bone tissue by secreting matrix are called

A)osteocytes.
B)osteoclasts.
C)osteoblasts.
D)osteoprogenitor cells.
E)bone-lining cells.

Question 38

In compact bone,___________ connect adjacent lacunae,thereby providing pathways for nutrients and other materials to pass between osteocytes.

A)osteonic canals
B)blood vessels
C)lamellae
D)canaliculi
E)perforating canals

Question 39

In compact bone,the matrix rings that surround the central canal of each osteon are called

A)canaliculi.
B)concentric lamellae.
C)circumferential lamellae.
D)perforating canals.
E)interstitial lamellae.

Question 40

Which affects osteoblast and osteoclast activity?

A)Gravity
B)Mechanical stress
C)Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone levels
D)Blood calcium level
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 41

The steps in the process of endochondral ossification are
A: Ossification center forms in the diaphysis
B: Cartilage calcifies and a bone collar forms
C: Ossification centers form in the epiphyses
D: Bone replaces cartilage
E: Epiphyseal plates ossify
F: Cartilage model develops
The correct chronological order for these steps is

A)f - b - c - d - a - e
B)b - c - f - a - e - d
C)a - c - b - d - e - f
D)f - b - a - c - d - e
E)a - e - c - d - b - f

Question 42

What explains the dramatic acceleration in lengthwise bone growth at puberty?

A)Increased activity of osteoclasts occurs in response to parathyroid hormone stimulation.
B)Increased rate of calcium deposition occurs due to high blood calcium levels.
C)Increased physical activity causes lengthwise growth in response to bone stress.
D)Increased secretion of sex hormones promotes epiphyseal plate growth.
E)Increased absorption of dietary vitamins and minerals strengthens the matrix.

Question 43

The zones found in an epiphyseal plate are
A: Calcified cartilage
B: Hypertrophic cartilage
C: Ossification
D: Resting cartilage
E: Proliferating cartilage
The correct order for these zones,beginning with the edge closest to the epiphysis,is

A)c - a - b - e - d
B)d - b - e - a - c
C)e - d - a - c - b
D)c - d - e - a - b
E)d - e - b - a - c

Question 44

The formation of bone from a cartilaginous model is termed

A)mesenchymal ossification.
B)intramembranous ossification.
C)bone remodeling.
D)orthodontia.
E)endochondral ossification.

Question 45

When during human development does the process of ossification begin?

A)12 weeks after birth
B)12th-13th week of embryonic development
C)8th-9th month of fetal development
D)3-4 months of age
E)10-25 years of age

Question 46

During the process of endochondral ossification,chondrocytes in the cartilage model die.Why does this occur?

A)Blood supply to the cartilage is cut off by the developing periosteum.
B)Canaliculi connecting adjacent chondrocyte lacunae fuse.
C)Nutrients cannot diffuse to the chondrocytes through the calcified matrix.
D)The developing bone collar secretes enzymes that destroy the chondrocytes.
E)Phagocytic osteoclasts in the new bone engulf and destroy the chondrocytes.

Question 47

The steps in the process of intramembranous ossification are
A: Formation of lamellar bone
B: Osteoid undergoes calcification
C: Ossification centers form
D: Formation of woven bone and its periosteum
The correct chronological order for these steps is

A)b - a - c - d
B)c - b - d - a
C)c - b - a - d
D)a - c - d - b
E)b - c - d - a

Question 48

A fracture parallel to the long axis of the bone is a(n)_________ fracture.

A)transverse
B)oblique
C)linear
D)comminuted
E)medial

Question 49

Which hormone inhibits rather than stimulates bone growth?

A)Calcitonin
B)Estrogen and testosterone
C)Thyroid hormone
D)Parathyroid hormone
E)Growth hormone

Question 50

The epiphyseal plates in the _________ are the last ones in the body to ossify.

A)femur
B)humerus
C)clavicle
D)radius
E)tibia

Question 51

Before beginning orthodontic treatment,a patient may have her wrist and hand x-rayed to determine her stage of growth.What long bone feature will the orthodontist use to assess this?

A)Osteon
B)Periosteum
C)Spongy bone
D)Epiphyseal plate
E)Compact bone

Question 52

Which bone forms by intramembranous ossification?

A)Zygomatic
B)Radius
C)Axis
D)Hamate
E)First metatarsal

Question 53

Which is the definition for a greenstick fracture?

A)The bone is twisted as it fractures.
B)The fracture is at right angles to the long axis of the bone.
C)The bone is splintered into several fragments.
D)One side of the bone is broken and the other side is bent.
E)The fracture is at an oblique angle to the long axis of the bone.

Question 54

Bone growth in which the bone increases in diameter is called

A)interstitial growth.
B)epiphyseal growth.
C)appositional growth.
D)endosteal growth.
E)cancellous bone growth.

Question 55

Patients with osteoporosis often suffer _________ fractures of the vertebral bodies due to loss of bone mass.

A)spiral
B)epiphyseal
C)greenstick
D)compression
E)transverse

Question 56

When bone forms by intramembranous ossification,the ossification centers are within

A)hyaline cartilage.
B)compact bone.
C)mesenchyme.
D)elastic cartilage.
E)spongy bone.

Question 57

Growth at the epiphyseal plate is specifically stimulated by

A)growth hormone.
B)estrogen and testosterone.
C)parathyroid hormone.
D)calcitonin and parathyroid hormone.
E)growth hormone,estrogen,and testosterone.

Question 58

Which vitamin is required for the normal synthesis of collagen?

A)Vitamin D
B)Vitamin B
C)Vitamin A
D)Vitamin C
E)Vitamin K

Question 59

Endochondral ossification begins with a(n)_________ model.

A)mesenchyme
B)dense connective tissue
C)hyaline cartilage
D)membranous
E)osteoid

Question 60

Which is not true about bone remodeling?

A)It occurs throughout life.
B)It assists in the maintenance of calcium and phosphate levels in the body.
C)It occurs at both the endosteal and periosteal surfaces of the bone.
D)It occurs only at articular surfaces.
E)It can occur in response to stress on a bone.

Question 61

During bone repair,how long does the stage of the bony callus last?

A)12 to 24 hours
B)3 to 4 months
C)1 to 2 years
D)8 to 10 days
E)1 to 2 weeks

Question 62

This figure illustrates epiphyseal plate morphology.Which is the zone of proliferating cartilage?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 63

This figure illustrates the cell types found in bone.What type of cell does number 3 indicate?

A)Osteocyte
B)Osteoblast
C)Osteoprogenitor cell
D)Bone-lining cell
E)Osteoclast

Question 64

This figure illustrates epiphyseal plate morphology.What type of tissue is found in Zone 1?

A)Hyaline cartilage
B)Osseous tissue
C)Dense irregular connective tissue
D)Fibrocartilage
E)Adipose tissue

Question 65

This figure shows the gross anatomy of a long bone.Which number indicates the periosteum?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 66

The process of bone repair includes these steps:
A: Fracture hematoma forms
B: Bone is remodeled
C: Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
D: Bony callus forms
The correct chronological order for these steps is

A)a - c - d - b
B)a - b - d - c
C)c - d - b - a
D)d - a - b - c
E)b - a - c - d

Question 67

Which bone marking does not serve as an articulating surface?

A)Head
B)Epicondyle
C)Condyle
D)Facet
E)Trochlea

Question 68

This figure illustrates the components of compact bone.Which number indicates a region of concentric lamellae?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 69

This figure shows the gross anatomy of a long bone.Which number indicates the articular cartilage?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 70

Each of the depressions on the maxillae and mandible that holds a tooth is called a(n)

A)fossa.
B)sulcus.
C)sinus.
D)alveolus.
E)foramen.

Question 71

Which is a change in bone architecture or mass related to aging?

A)Insufficient calcification
B)Demineralization
C)Reduction in the organic content of the matrix
D)Loss of flexibility and increase in brittleness
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 72

This figure shows the gross anatomy of a long bone.What bone feature does number 1 indicate?

A)Epiphyseal line
B)Trabeculae
C)Osteon
D)Canaliculus
E)Perforating canal

Question 73

Which is not involved in the process of bone repair following a fracture?

A)Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to connect broken pieces of bone.
B)A fibrocartilaginous callus serves as a model for new bone growth.
C)Osteoclasts remove excess bone from the hard callus.
D)The fracture hematoma reorganizes to form a procallus.
E)No exceptions;all of the choices are involved in the process of bone repair.

Question 74

This figure illustrates the cell types found in bone.Which number indicates an osteocyte?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 75

This figure illustrates the components of compact bone.Number 5 indicates passageways called

A)central canals.
B)perforating canals.
C)penetrating canals.
D)canaliculi.
E)interstitial canals.

Question 76

This figure illustrates the cell types found in bone.The material indicated by number 5 is the initial semisolid form of bone matrix.What is it called?

A)Osteon
B)Osteoid
C)Osteoprogenitor tissue
D)Osteomatrix
E)Osteolysis

Question 77

This figure illustrates epiphyseal plate morphology.In which zone are minerals deposited in the matrix?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 78

Rami,trochanters,tubercles,and tuberosities are bone markings that serve as

A)articulating surfaces.
B)passageways for nerves.
C)attachments for ligaments or tendons.
D)pits or depressions to hold cartilage.
E)passageways for blood vessels.

Question 79

This figure illustrates epiphyseal plate morphology.Which zones are considered to be bone tissue?

A)3,4,5
B)4,5
C)5
D)1
E)1,2,3

Question 80

This figure illustrates the cell types found in bone.Which type of cell secretes osteoid?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)None of the choices is correct.