Deck 10: Thermal Physics

Question 1

An interval of one Celsius degree is equivalent to an interval of:

A) one Fahrenheit degree.
B) one kelvin.
C) 5/9 Fahrenheit degree.
D) 5/9 kelvin.

Answer 1

one kelvin.

Question 2

51°F is how many degrees Celsius?

A) 11
B) 124
C) 21
D) 1
E) ​26

Answer 2

11

Question 3

A steel wire,159 m long at 17°C,has a coefficient of linear expansion of 11 × 10−⁶/C°.Give its change in length as the temperature changes from 17°C to 52°C.

A) 3.0 cm
B) 9.1 cm
C) 6.1 cm
D) 0.92 cm
E) ​5.0 cm

Answer 3

6.1 cm

Question 4

The zeroth law of thermodynamics pertains to what relational condition that may exist between two systems?

A) zero net forces
B) zero velocities
C) zero temperature
D) thermal equilibrium

Question 5

At what temperature is the same numerical value obtained in Celsius and Fahrenheit?

A) −40°
B) 0°
C) 40°
D) −72°

Question 6

A temperature change from 40°C to 55°C corresponds to what incremental change in °F?

A) 15
B) 104
C) 27
D) ​131
E) ​59

Question 7

Which best describes a system made up of ice,water and steam existing together?

A) absolute zero
B) triple point
C) ice point
D) steam point

Question 8

What is the temperature of a system in thermal equilibrium with another system made up of ice and water at one atmosphere of pressure?

A) 0°F
B) 273 K
C) 0 K
D) 100°C

Question 9

The pressure in a constant-volume gas thermometer extrapolates to zero at what temperature?

A) 0°C
B) 0 K
C) 0°F
D) 0 Pa

Question 10

What happens to a given mass of water as it is cooled from 4°C to zero?

A) expands
B) contracts
C) vaporizes
D) Neither expands,contracts,nor vaporizes.

Question 11

Carbon dioxide forms into a solid (dry ice)at approximately −157°F.What temperature in degrees Celsius does this correspond to?

A) −157°C
B) −93°C
C) −121°C
D) −105°C

Question 12

What is the temperature of a system in thermal equilibrium with another system made up of water and steam at one atmosphere of pressure?

A) 0°F
B) 273 K
C) 0 K
D) 100°C

Question 13

If it is given that 654 K equals 381°C,then it follows that 893 K equals:
​

A) 620°C.
B) 1,166°C.
C) ​520°C.
D) ​593°C.
E) ​606.5°C.

Question 14

A temperature of 184 K equals which of the following?

A) 457°C
B) 89°C
C) -128°F
D) 128°F
E) ​-791°F

Question 15

A substance is heated from 63°C to 78°C.What would the same incremental change be when registered in kelvins?

A) 15
B) 59
C) 288
D) 70.5
E) ​7

Question 16

The observation that materials expand in size with an increase in temperature can be applied to what proportion of existing substances?

A) 100%
B) most
C) few
D) none

Question 17

A rectangular steel plate with dimensions of 34 cm × 39 cm is heated from 15°C to 246°C.What is its change in area? (Coefficient of linear expansion for steel is 11 × 10−⁶/C°. )

A) 8.7 cm²
B) 9.7 cm²
C) 6.7 cm²
D) 1.7 cm²
E) 19.8 cm²

Question 18

Which of the following properties can be used to measure temperature?

A) the color of a glowing object
B) the length of a solid
C) the volume of gas held at constant pressure
D) all of the above

Question 19

Which best describes the relationship between two systems in thermal equilibrium?

A) no net energy is exchanged
B) volumes are equal
C) masses are equal
D) zero velocity

Question 20

Normal body temperature for humans is 37°C.What is this temperature in kelvins?

A) 296
B) 310
C) 393
D) 273

Question 21

The coefficient of area expansion is:

A) half the coefficient of volume expansion.
B) three halves the coefficient of volume expansion.
C) double the coefficient of linear expansion.
D) triple the coefficient of linear expansion.

Question 22

At 16°C an aluminum ring has an inner diameter of 10.000 cm,and a brass rod has a diameter of 10.050 cm.Keeping the brass rod at 16°C,which of the following temperatures of the ring will allow the ring to just slip over the brass rod? (α_Al = 2.4 × 10−⁵ /C°,α_brass = 1.9 × 10−⁵/C°)

A) 208°C
B) 168°C
C) 76°C
D) 224°C
E) ​284°C

Question 23

A material has a coefficient of volume expansion of 57 × 10−⁶/°C.What is its area coefficient of expansion?

A) 29 × 10−⁶/°C
B) 38 × 10−⁶/°C
C) 114 × 10−⁶/°C
D) 86 × 10−⁶/°C
E) ​19 × 10−⁶/°C

Question 24

At room temperature,the coefficient of linear expansion for Pyrex glass is ____ that for ordinary glass.

A) the same as
B) more than
C) less than
D) stronger than

Question 25

A steel sphere sits on top of an aluminum ring.The steel sphere (α = 1.10 × 10−⁵/C°)has a diameter of 5,000 0 cm at 0°C.The aluminum ring (α = 2.40 × 10−⁵/C°)has an inside diameter of 4,992 0 cm at 0°C.Closest to which temperature given will the sphere just fall through the ring?

A) 67°C
B) 146°C
C) 123°C
D) 154°C
E) ​93°C

Question 26

What happens to a given volume of water when heated from 0°C to 4°C?

A) density increases
B) density decreases
C) density remains constant
D) vaporizes

Question 27

Suppose the ends of a 20-m-long steel beam are rigidly clamped at 0°C to prevent expansion.The rail has a cross-sectional area of 27 cm².What force does the beam exert when it is heated to 42°C? (α_steel = 1.1 × 10−⁵/C°,Y_steel = 2.0 × 10¹¹ N/m²).

A) 2.5 × 10⁵ N
B) 0.9 × 10⁴ N
C) 1.8 × 10³ N
D) 1.9 × 10² N
E) ​0.6 × 10⁵ N

Question 28

Between 0° and 4°C,the volume coefficient of expansion for water:

A) is positive.
B) is zero.
C) is becoming less dense.
D) is negative.

Question 29

What happens to a volume of water when its temperature is reduced from 8°C to 4°C?

A) density increases
B) density decreases
C) density remains constant
D) vaporizes

Question 30

A long steel beam has a length of twenty-eight meters on a cold day when the temperature is 0°C.What is the length of the beam on a hot day when T = 39°C? (α_steel = 1.1 × 10−⁵/C°)

A) 28.009 m
B) 28.015 m
C) 28.012 m
D) 28.036 m
E) ​28.004 m

Question 31

A brass cube,9 cm on a side,is raised in temperature by 226°C.The coefficient of volume expansion of brass is 57 × 10−⁶/C°.By what percentage is any one of the 9-cm edges increased in length?

A) 0.32%
B) 3.85%
C) 0.43%
D) 1.73%
E) ​2.25%

Question 32

An ideal gas is confined to a container with adjustable volume.The pressure and mole number are constant.By what factor will volume change if absolute temperature triples?

A) 1/9
B) 1/3
C) 3.0
D) 9.0

Question 33

The thermal expansion of a solid is caused by:

A) the breaking of bonds between atoms.
B) increasing the amplitude of the atoms vibration.
C) increasing the distance between equilibrium positions for the vibrating atoms.
D) all of the above.

Question 34

A steel plate has a hole drilled through it.The plate is put into a furnace and heated.What happens to the size of the inside diameter of a hole as its temperature increases?

A) increases
B) decreases
C) remains constant
D) becomes elliptical

Question 35

A pipe of length 9 m increases in length by 1.7 cm when its temperature is increased by 99°F.What is its coefficient of linear expansion?

A) 34 × 10−⁶/°C
B) 69 × 10−⁶/°C
C) 62 × 10−⁶/°C
D) 26 × 10−⁶/°C
E) ​43 × 10−⁶/°C

Question 36

What happens to its moment of inertia when a steel disk is heated?

A) It increases.
B) It decreases.
C) It stays the same.
D) It increases for half the temperature increase and then decreases for the rest of the temperature increase.

Question 37

Which best expresses the value for the coefficient of volume expansion,β,for given material as a function of its corresponding coefficient of linear expansion,α?

A) β = α ³
B) β = 3α
C) β = α ²
D) β = 2α

Question 38

A brass cube,8 cm on a side,is raised in temperature by 248°C.The coefficient of volume expansion of brass is 57 × 10−⁶/C°.By what percentage does volume increase?

A) 0.7%
B) 1.8%
C) 1.4%
D) 4.9%
E) ​2.8%

Question 39

As a copper wire is heated,its length increases by 0.5%.What is the change of the temperature of the wire? (α_Cu = 16.6 × 10−⁶/C°)

A) 83°C
B) 301.2°C
C) 60.2°C
D) 225.9°C
E) ​376.5°C

Question 40

An automobile gas tank is filled to its capacity of 19 gallons with the gasoline at an initial temperature of 14°C.The automobile is parked in the sun causing the gasoline's temperature to rise to 56°C.If the coefficient of volume expansion for gasoline is 9.6 × 10−⁴/C°,what volume runs out the overflow tube? Assume the change in volume of the tank is negligible.

A) 0.26 gallons
B) 1.02 gallons
C) 0.77 gallons
D) 0.96 gallons
E) ​0.57 gallons

Question 41

A spherical air bubble originating from a scuba diver at a depth of 15 m has a diameter of 0.8 cm.What will the bubble's diameter be when it reaches the surface? (Assume constant temperature. )

A) 2 cm
B) 1.2 cm
C) 1.1 cm
D) 0.9 cm
E) ​1.7 cm

Question 42

An ideal gas is confined to a container with constant volume.The number of moles is constant.By what factor will the pressure change if the absolute temperature triples?

A) 1/9
B) 1/3
C) 3.0
D) 9.0

Question 43

The mass of a hot-air balloon and its cargo (not including the air inside)is 150 kg.The air outside is at a temperature of 10°C and a pressure of 1 atm = 10⁵ N/m².The volume of the balloon is 600 m³.Which temperature below of the air in the balloon will allow the balloon to just lift off? (Air density at 10°C is 1.25 kg/m³. )

A) 3°C
B) 62°C
C) 354°C
D) 71°C
E) ​318°C

Question 44

One way to heat a gas is to compress it.A gas at 2 atm at 31°C is compressed to two fifths of its original volume,and it reaches 36 atm pressure.What is its new temperature?

A) 360 K
B) 223°C
C) 2,189°C
D) 1,916°C
E) ​958 K

Question 45

With molar quantity and temperature held constant,by what factor does the pressure of an ideal gas change when the volume is five times bigger?

A) 0.2
B) 1.0
C) 5.0
D) 25.0

Question 46

Two moles of an ideal gas at 4 atm and 15°C are heated up to 170 °C.If the volume is held constant during this heating,what is the final pressure?

A) 6.2 atm
B) 2.6 atm
C) 16.9 atm
D) 7.7 atm
E) ​45.3 atm

Question 47

9.0 g of water in a 2.0-L pressure vessel is heated to 500°C.What is the pressure inside the container? (R = 0.082 L⋅atm/mol⋅K,one mole of water has a mass of 18 grams)

A) 21 atm
B) 12 atm
C) 6 atm
D) 11 atm
E) ​3 atm

Question 48

An ideal gas is confined to a container with adjustable volume.The number of moles and temperature are constant.By what factor will the volume change if pressure triples?

A) 1/9
B) 1/3
C) 3.0
D) 9.0

Question 49

Tricia puts 47 g of dry ice (solid CO₂)into a 4-L container and seals the top.The dry ice turns to gas at room temperature (20°C).Find the pressure increase in the 4-L container.(One mole of CO₂ has a mass of 47 g,R = 0.082 1 L⋅atm/mol⋅K.Ignore the initial volume of the dry ice. )

A) 24 atm
B) 6 atm
C) 3 atm
D) 11 atm
E) ​19 atm

Question 50

How many atoms are present in a sample of pure iron with a mass of 260 g? (The atomic mass of iron = 56 and N_A = 6.02 × 10²³)

A) 3.9 × 10¹⁹
B) 15.4 × 10²²
C) 5.8 × 10²⁸
D) 7.7 × 10²⁴
E) ​9.6× 10²⁴

Question 51

A helium-filled weather balloon has a 1.2 m radius at liftoff where air pressure is 2 atm and the temperature is 278 K.When airborne,the temperature is 227 K,and its radius expands to 2 m.What is the pressure at the airborne location?

A) 0.529 atm
B) 0.98 atm
C) 0.353 atm
D) 0.088 atm
E) ​7.6 atm

Question 52

A pressure of 3 × 10−⁷ mm of Hg is achieved in a vacuum system.How many gas molecules are present per liter volume if the temperature is 286 K? (760 mm of Hg = 1 atm,R = 0.082 1 L⋅atm/mol⋅K,and N_A = 6.02 × 10²³)

A) 6.8 × 10¹⁰
B) 8.3 × 10¹⁶
C) 10.1 × 10¹²
D) 1.9 × 10⁹
E) ​5.7 × 10¹⁴

Question 53

A 3-L container holds half a mole of an ideal gas at a pressure of 12 atm.What is the gas temperature? (R = 0.082 1 L⋅atm/mol⋅K)

A) 439 K
B) 659 K
C) 1,098 K
D) 878 K
E) ​549 K

Question 54

Two moles of nitrogen gas are contained in an enclosed cylinder with a movable piston.If the gas temperature is 333 K,and the pressure is 1.14 × 10⁶ N/m²,what is the volume? (R = 8.31 J/mol⋅K)

A) 2.42 × 10−³ m³
B) 4.85 × 10−³ m³
C) 6.06 × 10−³ m³
D) 9.71 × 10−³ m³
E) ​3.64 × 10−³ m³

Question 55

Boltzmann's constant,k_B,may be derived as a function of R,the universal gas constant,and N_A,Avogadro's number.Which expresses the value of k_B?

A) N_AR²
B) N_AR
C) R/N_A
D) N_A/R

Question 56

With volume and molar quantity held constant,by what factor does the absolute temperature change for an ideal gas when the pressure is five times bigger?

A) 0.2
B) 1.0
C) 5.0
D) 25.0

Question 57

One mole of an ideal gas at 1.00 atm and 0.00°C occupies 22.4 L.How many molecules of an ideal gas are in four cm³ under these conditions?

A) 268.8
B) ​89,600
C) 10.8 × 10¹⁹
D) 6.02 × 10²³
E) ​9.3 × 10²¹

Question 58

Two moles of nitrogen gas are contained in an enclosed cylinder with a movable piston.If the molecular mass of nitrogen is 28,how many grams of nitrogen are present?

A) 0.14
B) 56
C) 42
D) 112

Question 59

Estimate the volume of a helium-filled balloon at STP if it is to lift a payload of 250 kg.The density of air is 1.29 kg/m³ and helium has a density of 0.178 kg/m³.

A) 1,404 m³
B) 170 m³
C) 225 m³
D) 194 m³
E) ​278 m³

Question 60

How many moles of air must escape from a 12-m × 10-m × 3-m room when the temperature is raised from 5°C to 25°C? Assume the pressure remains unchanged at one atmosphere while the room is heated.

A) 7 × 10³ moles
B) 1.1 × 10³ moles
C) 3.5 × 10² moles
D) 8.8 × 10² moles
E) ​5.1 × 10³ moles

Question 61

What is the internal energy of 45 moles of Neon gas (molecular mass = 20 u)at 24°C? (R = 8.31 J/mol⋅K)

A) 1.7 × 10⁵ J
B) 7.4 × 10⁵ J
C) 1.9 × 10³ J
D) ​1.3 × 10⁴ J
E) ​It depends on the container size,which is not given.

Question 62

Metal lids on glass jars can often be loosened by running them under hot water.Why is this?

A) The hot water is a lubricant.
B) The metal and glass expand due to the heating,and the glass being of smaller radius expands less than the metal.
C) The metal has a higher coefficient of thermal expansion than glass so the metal expands more than the glass thus loosening the connection.
D) This is just folklore.

Question 63

The sulfur hexafluoride molecule consists of one sulfur atom and six fluorine atoms.The atomic masses of sulfur and fluorine are 32.0 u and 19.0 u respectively.What mass does one mole of this gas have?

A) 32 g
B) 51 g
C) 146 g
D) 608 g

Question 64

For an ideal gas of a given mass,if the pressure remains the same and the volume increases:

A) the average kinetic energy of the molecules decreases.
B) the average kinetic energy of the molecules stays the same.
C) the average kinetic energy of the molecules increases.
D) Nothing can be determined about the molecular kinetic energy.

Question 65

If the temperature of an ideal gas contained in a box is increased:

A) the average velocity of the molecules in the box will be increased.
B) the average speed of the molecules in the box will be increased.
C) the distance between molecules in the box will be increased.
D) all of the above.

Question 66

Two one-liter containers each contain 10 moles of a gas.The temperature is the same in both containers.Container A holds helium (molecular mass = 4 u),and Container B holds oxygen (molecular mass = 16 u).Which container has the higher pressure and by what factor?

A) Container A has 4 times the pressure of Container B.
B) Container A has 2 times the pressure of Container B.
C) Both containers have the same pressure.
D) More information is needed to answer this question.

Question 67

Different units can be used for length: m and cm,and of these two,m is the larger by a factor of 100.Different units can also be used for R: (1)J/mol⋅K, (2)L⋅atm/mol⋅K,and (3)(N/m²)⋅m³/mol⋅K.Which of these units for R is the largest? Hint: When expressing R in each of these units,which expression has the lowest numerical factor? (1L = 10−³ m³,1 atm = 1.01 × 10⁵ Pa)

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) They are all equal.

Question 68

The internal energy of a monatomic ideal gas is equal to which of the following?

A) (3/2)PV
B) (3/2)nT/V
C) 3 T/P
D) none of the above

Question 69

A quantity of a monatomic ideal gas expands to twice the volume while maintaining the same pressure.If the internal energy of the gas were U₀ before the expansion,what is it after the expansion?

A) U₀
B) 2 U₀
C) 4 U₀
D) The change in temperature must also be known to answer this question.

Question 70

The absolute temperature of an ideal gas is directly proportional to which of the following properties,when taken as an average,of the molecules of that gas?

A) speed
B) momentum
C) mass
D) kinetic energy

Question 71

Suppose the pressure of 20 g of an ideal monatomic gas is tripled while its volume is halved.What happens to the internal energy of the gas?

A) It stays the same,as the described changes do not involve internal energy.
B) It increases.
C) It decreases.
D) This depends on the molecular weight of the gas involved,thus this is indeterminate.

Question 72

Evaporation cools the liquid that is left behind because the molecules that leave the liquid during evaporation:

A) have kinetic energy.
B) have greater than average speed.
C) have broken the bonds that held them in the liquid.
D) create vapor pressure.

Question 73

Consider two containers with the same volume and temperature.Container One holds "dry" air--a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen.Container Two holds "moist" air.The "moist" air has the same ratio of nitrogen to oxygen molecules,but also contains water vapor.According to the ideal gas law,if the pressures are equal,the weight of the gas in Container One will be:

A) lighter than the gas inside the second container.
B) equal to the weight of the gas in the second container.
C) heavier than the gas inside the second container.
D) all the above are incorrect because the pressures cannot be equal.

Question 74

What is the root-mean-square speed of chlorine gas molecules at a temperature of 340 K? (R = 8.31 J/mol⋅K,N_A = 6.02 × 10²³,and the molecular mass of Cl₂ = 71)

A) 1.1 × 10² m/s
B) 3.5 × 10² m/s
C) 8.2 × 10⁴ m/s
D) 1.2 × 10⁵ m/s
E) ​3.4 × 10⁴ m/s

Question 75

John rapidly pulls a plunger out of a cylinder.As the plunger moves away,the gas molecules bouncing elastically off the plunger are:

A) rebounding at a higher speed than they would have if the plunger weren't removed.
B) rebounding at a lower speed than they would have if the plunger weren't removed.
C) rebounding at the same speed as they would have if the plunger weren't removed.
D) Whether they speed up or slow down depends on how fast the plunger is removed.

Question 76

Two ideal gases,X and Y,are thoroughly mixed and at thermal equilibrium in a single container.The molecular mass of X is 4 times that of Y.What is the ratio of root-mean-square velocities of the two gases,v_X,rms /v_Y,rms?

A) 4/1
B) 2/1
C) 1/2
D) 1/4
E) ​1/3

Question 77

Why do vapor bubbles get larger in boiling water as they approach the surface?

A) They only appear to get larger,this being a magnification effect due to looking through the water.
B) The bubbles' pressure increases as they rise.
C) The pressure in the water decreases as the bubble moves toward the surface.
D) Bubbles always get bigger after they form.

Question 78

A room has a volume of 50 m³ and is filled with air of an average molecular mass of 29 u.What is the mass of the air in the room at a pressure of 1.0 atm and temperature of 25°C? R = 0.082 L⋅atm/mol⋅K

A) 177 kg
B) 42 kg
C) 59 kg
D) 30 kg
E) ​24 kg

Question 79

A tank with a volume of 0.2 m³ contains 22°C helium gas at a pressure of 100 atm.How many balloons can be blown up if each filled balloon is a sphere 29 cm in diameter at 22°C and absolute pressure of 1.20 atm? Assume all the helium is transferred to the balloons.

A) 653 balloons
B) 1,306 balloons
C) 290 balloons
D) 1,633 balloons
E) ​180 balloons

Question 80

The ideal gas law treats gas as consisting of:

A) atoms.
B) molecules.
C) chemicals.
D) bubbles.