Deck 25: Antihypertensive Drugs

Question 1

Which of the following ions does the blood utilize to neutralize cell waste products,such as lactic acid?

A) Bicarbonate
B) Sodium
C) Chloride
D) Ammonium

Answer 1

Bicarbonate

Question 2

Under the influence of the pituitary antidiuretic hormone (ADH):

A) water molecules migrate away from the sodium ions in the blood.
B) urine volume decreases.
C) the reabsorption of water is inhibited.
D) potassium ions maintain the plasma volume and water balance.

Answer 2

urine volume decreases.

Question 3

In which of the following parts of the nephron is weak acids and weak bases secreted?

A) The proximal convoluted tubule
B) The distal convoluted tubule
C) The nephron loop
D) The collecting ducts

Answer 3

The proximal convoluted tubule

Question 4

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are considered to be refractory because:

A) they do not produce adequate diuresis.
B) an acid-base balance is needed for the medication to work properly.
C) they lead to an accumulation of potassium ions in the blood.
D) overproduction of bicarbonate ions leads to hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.

Question 5

_____ is a diuretic that is used to treat acute mountain sickness and glaucoma.

A) Mannitol
B) Isosorbide
C) Furosemide
D) Acetazolamide

Question 6

A patient experiencing _____ is most likely to be administered spironolactone.

A) hypotension
B) open-angle glaucoma
C) hypokalemia
D) acute mountain sickness

Question 7

_____ is formed in the tubular cells in the presence of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CAH).

A) Hydrogen peroxide
B) Carbon tetrachloride
C) Hydrochloric acid
D) Carbonic acid

Question 8

Which of the following ion exchanges occur in the distal convoluted tubule?

A) Na⁺ for H⁺ and Na⁺ for HCO₃^-
B) Na⁺ for H⁺ and Na⁺ for Cl^-
C) Na⁺ for H⁺ and Na⁺ for K⁺
D) Na⁺ for Ca⁺ and Na⁺ for K⁺

Question 9

_____ antibiotics when administered with organic acid diuretics may potentiate ototoxicity of the loop diuretics.

A) Cephalosporin
B) Penicillin
C) Nitrofurans
D) Aminoglycoside

Question 10

Which of the following effects is an acidic drug such as aspirin likely to produce in the body?

A) No change due to downregulation of the number of transporters for tubular secretion
B) No change due to upregulation in the number of transporters for tubular secretion
C) Metabolic alkalosis due to limited number of transporters for tubular secretion
D) Metabolic acidosis due to limited number of transporters for tubular secretion

Question 11

A unique property of osmotic diuretics is that:

A) they can neither be filtered by the glomerulus nor be reabsorbed in the renal tubules.
B) they can be filtered by the glomerulus and be reabsorbed in the renal tubules.
C) they can be filtered by the glomerulus but not be reabsorbed by the renal tubules.
D) they cannot be filtered by the glomerulus but can be reabsorbed by the renal tubules.

Question 12

The filtration of substances from the blood into the nephrons occurs in the:

A) nephron loop.
B) collecting duct.
C) proximal convoluted tubule.
D) glomerulus.

Question 13

Diuretics are primarily used in the management of all these conditions except:

A) anuria.
B) hypotension.
C) hypertension.
D) edema.

Question 14

Which class of diuretics has a greater diuretic action than the thiazides and is often prescribed for patients who have edema and have become resistant to thiazide diuretics?

A) Potassium-sparing diuretics
B) Organic acid diuretics
C) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
D) Xanthine derivatives

Question 15

Spironolactone produces its potassium-sparing diuretic effect by being an aldosterone receptor agonist that:

A) aldosterone receptor agonist that stimulates sodium and potassium exchange.
B) aldosterone receptor agonist that stimulates hydrogen and potassium exchange.
C) aldosterone receptor antagonist that inhibits sodium and potassium exchange.
D) aldosterone receptor antagonist that inhibits hydrogen and potassium exchange.

Question 16

Due to the ability of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics to remove sodium and water from the body,patients taking these diuretics may experience:

A) hyperkalemia.
B) orthostatic hypotension.
C) respiratory depression.
D) hypoglycemia.

Question 17

What are the two mechanisms by which sodium ions can be reabsorbed along the nephron?

A) Anion exchange and chloride ion transport
B) Anion exchange and sodium ion transport
C) Cation exchange and chloride ion transport
D) Cation exchange and sodium ion transport

Question 18

Which type of diuretic would be recommended for a patient who was very sensitive to electrolyte imbalances and needs to self-administer the diuretic?

A) Mannitol
B) Torsemide
C) Amiloride
D) Tolvaptan

Question 19

Edema is a result of _____ retention in the circulatory system.

A) water
B) nitrogenous waste
C) chloride
D) sodium

Question 20

Metabolic acidosis can occur as a side effect of taking acetazolamide because:

A) bicarbonate ions are wasted when sodium is excreted into the urine, leaving behind acidic metabolic waste products that need to be neutralized.
B) chloride ions are wasted when sodium is excreted into the urine, leaving behind acidic metabolic waste products that need to be neutralized.
C) bicarbonate ions are wasted when sodium is reabsorbed into the tubule as it attracts hydrogen ions.
D) chloride ions are wasted when sodium is reabsorbed into the tubule as it attracts hydrogen ions.

Question 21

Which of the following diuretics is most likely to produce ototoxicity in patients?

A) Chlorothiazide
B) Bumetanide
C) Metolazone
D) Triamterene

Question 22

_____ are preferred therapy when a patient is suffering from hypertension,mild heart failure,or nephrolithiasis.

A) Loop diuretics
B) Thiazides
C) Osmotic diuretics
D) Carbonic anhydrous inhibitors

Question 23

Hydrochlorothiazide and _____ produce the same pharmacological action in the renal tubules,even though they are not chemically related.

A) mannitol
B) indapamide
C) methazolamide
D) glycerin

Question 24

Howard,a patient,is being administered ethacrynic acid to treat his pulmonary edema.He also suffers from hyperkalemia.The doctor observes that an infection has developed in Howard and prescribes him an antibiotic.Which of the following antibiotics should the doctor avoid prescribing to Howard?

A) Cefadroxil
B) Amikacin
C) Teicoplanin
D) Amoxicillin

Question 25

_____ is a refractory diuretic.

A) Mannitol
B) Acetazolamide
C) Chlorothiazide
D) Isosorbide

Question 26

Dr.Lee is treating a patient who suffers from an edema.She decides to use acetazolamide to help the patient.Which of the following is most likely to be a side effect of using acetazolamide?

A) Hyponatremia
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Hyperchloremia
D) Hypouricemia

Question 27

A patient who is administered _____ for a short term is likely to have elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)cholesterol.

A) mannitol
B) methyclothiazide
C) methazolamide
D) isosorbide

Question 28

_____ diuretics are used to improve renal failure due to increased load and to reduce intracranial pressure.

A) Potassium-sparing
B) Osmotic
C) Loop
D) Thiazide

Question 29

Dr.Lawson is scheduled to perform cardiovascular surgery on a patient.He decides to use mannitol to reduce a swelling on the patient's arm.Which of the following statements,if true,would support Dr.Lawson's choice?

A) The patient's renal system is not functioning appropriately.
B) The patient's acid-base balance has been altered, and it is more alkaline.
C) The patient's electrolyte levels are appropriate.
D) The patient is prone to nausea and headaches.

Question 30

_____ is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that continues to produce diuresis even in the presence of alkalosis.

A) Mannitol
B) Chlorothiazide
C) Acetazolamide
D) Isosorbide

Question 31

_____ is used to achieve urologic irrigation.

A) Mannitol
B) Glycerin
C) Methazolamide
D) Isosorbide

Question 32

Dr.Hernandez and Dr.Taylor are discussing the medical condition of a patient who was admitted recently to the hospital where they work.They agree that a diuretic is required to treat the patient but disagree on the diuretic to be used.Dr.Taylor favors mannitol,whereas Dr.Hernandez thinks that acetazolamide would be a better choice.Which of the following statements,if true,would indicate that Dr.Hernandez is right?

A) The patient suffers from an edema on his neck.
B) The patient suffers from epileptic seizures.
C) The patient is anorexic.
D) The patient suffers from glaucoma.

Question 33

Dr.Jones is treating a patient with chronic edema.He decides to use mannitol to treat the patient.Which of the following statements,if true,would make mannitol the wrong choice for this patient?

A) The chronic edema is a consequence of a skin infection.
B) The chronic edema is a consequence of intracranial bleeding.
C) The patient is suffering from an imbalance in her electrolyte levels.
D) The patient has low levels of sodium in her blood.

Question 34

Dr.Torres is treating a patient with glaucoma.She considers using a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor to produce diuresis.Dr.Torres should reconsider her choice of diuretic if the patient:

A) has acute mountain sickness.
B) has an edema.
C) is hyponatremic.
D) is hypokalemic.

Question 35

_____ is used in the short-term management of ascites due to malignancy and lymphedema.

A) Chlorothiazide
B) Ethacrynic acid
C) Isosorbide
D) Triamterene