Deck 36: Animal Behavior

Question 1

Scientists have no way to measure objectively the

A) volume of blood flow through an artery.
B) force of a muscular contraction.
C) level of insulin in the bloodstream.
D) love that humans feel for a pet.
E) effect of a neurotransmitter on a muscle.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

An animal behavior,such as a bear entering camp more often,because it successfully finds food around camping people,is an example of

A) taxis.
B) innate.
C) imprinting.
D) operant conditioning.
E) reflex.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Taxis is defined as

A) a motor response initiated by a stimulus, continuing to completion of the response.
B) a movement towards or away from a stimulus.
C) rapid learning of behaviors by an animal during a restricted time in the animal's life.
D) an instantaneous, automatic response to a stimulus.
E) the learning of a behavior that is associated with consequences of the behavior.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Ethology is the scientific study of

A) animal behavior.
B) plants.
C) how organisms interact with the living and nonliving components of their environment.
D) inheritance.
E) None of the answer choices are correct.

Question 5

In the spring season,many people notice that snakes move onto warm roadways that have heated in the sunlight.This is done to warm up after winter dormancy,and is a behavior snakes have from birth.This is a(n)___ behavior.

A) learned
B) habituation
C) reflex and a taxis
D) taxis and an innate
E) None of the answer choices are correct.

Question 6

A type of behavior that causes babies of many animals to back away from a visual cliff is a(n)

A) innate behavior.
B) habituation.
C) behavior learned by observation.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.
E) learned behavior.

Question 7

An instantaneous automatic response to a stimulus is a(n)

A) imprinting.
B) learned behavior.
C) reflex.
D) fixed action pattern.
E) taxis.

Question 8

The behavior in which an animal mates for life,lives with its mate,helps care for the young,and defends the family is _____ which is _____.

A) monogamy; common to species in which sexual dimorphism is strong
B) monogamy; common to species in which males and females resemble each other
C) polygamy; common to species in which males and females resemble each other
D) polygamy; common to species in which sexual dimorphism is strong
E) monogamy; common only to species of primates and species of larger nesting birds

Question 9

Animals that mark and defend a home range against other animals are exhibiting

A) imprinting.
B) habituation.
C) symbiotic behavior.
D) territorial behavior.
E) taxis behavior.

Question 10

Which of the following is a proximate question in regards to animal behavior?

A) Why do parents risk their lives for those of their offspring?
B) Why do crows work together to attack great horned owls?
C) Why does a gazelle leap to warn others in the herd when a predator is present?
D) How does a male songbird learn the songs that attract females of his species?
E) When does a human male develop a deep voice?

Question 11

A common human behavior happens in your biology lecture.A student yawns after a long night studying,and then you and other people yawn because you observed her.Each student now completes an entire yawn,taking some six seconds to complete.The behavior of yawning to completion after your yawn was triggered by the stimulus of seeing someone else yawn is termed a

A) minimum survival pattern.
B) methodology template.
C) substantive blueprint.
D) fixed action pattern.
E) maximum survival pattern.

Question 12

The odd bouncing of one,then the entire herd of Thompson's gazelles when a predator is nearby,is called

A) bobbing.
B) dribbling.
C) mobbing.
D) cavorting.
E) stotting.

Question 13

If scientists ask "Why" questions about behaviors of organisms,the questions are ____,but if scientists ask "How" questions about behaviors of organisms,the questions are ____.

A) developmental; anatomical
B) dominant; recessive
C) ultimate; proximate
D) proximate; ultimate
E) philosophical; physiological

Question 14

The fitness of an organism includes any of these behaviors except

A) the learned behaviors that animals develop from experience in accessing needed resources.
B) an animal's behaviors that promote survival and reproductive success of itself and its kin.
C) behaviors associated with courtship, sexual selection, and mating.
D) the set of innate behaviors in which animals respond to stimuli.
E) the altruistic behaviors, which place an animal at additional risk for the good of others.

Question 15

Which of the following is an ultimate question in regards to animal behavior?

A) How does a male songbird learn the songs that attract females of his species?
B) Why do parents risk their lives for those of their offspring?
C) How does the nervous system translate instinct into action?
D) How do crows know to work together to attack a great horned owl?
E) When does a human male develop a deep voice?

Question 16

The type of behavior that does not require learning or experience to be performed correctly is

A) classical conditioning.
B) habituation.
C) imprinting.
D) innate behavior.
E) operant conditioning.

Question 17

People are often noted to pick up and "adopt" a baby wild animal,which then leads to a set of dependent behaviors that the young animal learns very rapidly.The dependent behaviors will be retained through life,endangering the survivability of the animal around people or in the wild.This behavior is learned by

A) taxis.
B) imprinting.
C) habituation.
D) observation.
E) reflex.

Question 18

A flock of crows attacking a great horned owl is an example of

A) bobbing.
B) cavorting.
C) dribbling.
D) mobbing.
E) stotting.

Question 19

Biologists generally classify animal behaviors by

A) the number or proportion of the species that displays the behavior.
B) how changeable the behavior is in the organism.
C) how specific or general the behavior allows the organism to interact within its environment.
D) the way the organism acquired the behavior.
E) both the way the organism acquired the behavior and how changeable the behavior is in the organism.

Question 20

Many small animals,such as raccoons and squirrels,become used to and stop reacting to loud noises,sights,and actions of people in cities or suburbs.They react differently from how they would,if encountering people in the wild.This is an example of

A) habituation.
B) taxis.
C) reflex.
D) observational.
E) imprinting.

Question 21

In eusocial animals like ants,the queen is diploid and the male is haploid.Why would female worker ants be more likely than other animals to engage in altruism,feeding the queen's offspring?

A) The worker ants hope for reciprocal altruism and may become the queen ant.
B) They are more related to the queen's offspring than they would be to their own offspring.
C) It is a reflex for the worker ants to be altruistic.
D) The worker ants are monogamous and remain faithful to the queen ant.
E) The queen establishes a dominance hierarchy over the colony.

Question 22

In the wild,an animal avoids a food that had previously made it sick.This animal is exhibiting which of the following?

A) operant conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) habituation
D) observational learning
E) imprinting

Question 23

A behavior that can increase reproductive success of an individual male in a species is

A) that, although more a physiological trait than a behavior, more sperm can be produced or released.
B) All of the answer choices are correct.
C) removal of the sperm from other males, so that there will be no successful fertilization.
D) post-mating physical competition to block other males from subsequently mating with the female.
E) direct physical competition for the "right" to mate with a particular female.

Question 24

A homing pigeon that uses landmarks to find its way back to its nest is engaging in

A) piloting.
B) solar navigation.
C) stellar navigation.
D) true navigation.
E) magnetic orientation.

Question 25

Crows feeding on whelks drop the whelks from the air until their shell breaks,allowing the crow to eat the mussel inside.What factor(s)is(are)important for crows optimizing this foraging strategy?

A) the force of gravity in each drop
B) the number of drops needed to break the shell and the height per drop
C) the number of drops needed to break the shell
D) the force of gravity in each drop and the height per drop
E) the height per drop

Question 26

In the morning,you are woken by hundreds of birds chirping in the trees outside your window.Which of the following is evidence of adaptation for birds living in a group?

A) increased availability of nesting sites
B) decreased aggression among members of the same species
C) increased resistance to diseases
D) increased availability of seeds to feed on
E) protection against predators

Question 27

Antlers on a male deer and the lack of antlers on a female deer are examples of

A) monogamy.
B) sexual dimorphism.
C) polygamy.
D) optimal foraging.
E) sexual behavior.

Question 28

Given that female cats produce few eggs relative to the number of sperm produced by males,which behavior would you predict?

A) Both females and males would not be choosy about their mate, and would mate with multiple partners.
B) Females would be more choosy about their mate.
C) Both females and males would be equally choosy about their mates.
D) Males would be more choosy about their mate.

Question 29

Sexual dimorphism in humans is most likely due to which of the following?

A) uncertainty of paternity by males
B) competition between males
C) desire for monogamy by females
D) female preference for physically attractive males
E) higher discrimination in mates by males

Question 30

Which of the following is an advantage of birds travelling in flocks?

A) An individual bird will need to spend less time finding food.
B) An individual bird's chance of finding a mate will increase.
C) An individual bird will have more food available.
D) A flock of birds is like a warning signal to predators not to feed on them.
E) An individual bird's chance of being eaten by a predator is diminished.

Question 31

In optimizing foraging,birds often stop feeding in an area and move on,even though there are still some seeds left.What is the best explanation for this observation?

A) They will leave some seeds to create the next generation of plants.
B) Other areas may have food at a lower density.
C) They are more likely to find a mate if they move around.
D) They are safer from predators when moving.
E) The density of the food becomes low, so it will take too much energy to find.

Question 32

Sepia apama cuttlefish mollusk males and females

A) are sexually dimorphic, having different arm lengths and colorations.
B) are opportunistically hermaphroditic, able to mate as either male or female depending on the population needs.
C) mate during the warm spring season.
D) live in populations of equal proportions, producing equal probability of reproductive success.
E) can't mate successfully unless they are among the larger individuals in the population.

Question 33

In which case is a male vertebrate exhibiting stronger confidence in paternity?

A) A male fish will help rear his young to adulthood.
B) A male fish will guard eggs that he fertilized.
C) A male dog will guard a female that he fertilized.
D) A male dog will help rear his young to adulthood.

Question 34

Using a hand puppet to feed a baby condor is done to promote ____ on condors and prevent ____ to humans.

A) imprinting; habituation
B) imprinting; operant conditioning
C) operant conditioning; imprinting
D) habituation; operant conditioning
E) habituation; imprinting

Question 35

What is the evidence that genes are involved in a white-crowned sparrow learning to sing?

A) If the sparrows are deafened after learning to sing, they will sing abnormally as adults.
B) If they do not hear singing from other white-crowned sparrows, they will eventually learn to sing normally.
C) If they do not hear singing from other white-crowned sparrows, they will not sing at all.
D) If they do not hear singing from other white-crowned sparrows, they will sing, but abnormally.
E) If they hear singing from both white-crowned and other species of sparrows, they will sing abnormally.

Question 36

Male sticklebacks that are shown a model of a fish with a red belly will attack,thinking it is a breeding male.Model fish without a red belly are not attacked.This is an example of which of the following?

A) reflex
B) fixed action pattern
C) learned behavior
D) taxis
E) imprinting

Question 37

Chimpanzees given food will readily share with other chimpanzees,even if not related.Which of the following is an explanation for this observation?

A) Dominance hierarchy is occurring.
B) They anticipate reciprocal altruism.
C) They are engaging in kin selection.
D) It is a reflex.
E) Sexual dimorphism is occurring.

Question 38

Evidence that experience is important in white-crowned sparrows learning to sing includes which of the following?

A) They will not produce any song at all if they do not hear other birds sing.
B) White-crowned sparrows raised in a laboratory cannot learn how to sing properly.
C) They need to hear songs from other male white-crowned sparrows from 10-50 days after hatching.
D) They must imprint on their father to learn how to sing their song properly.
E) They need to hear songs from any sparrow from 10-50 days after hatching to sing properly.

Question 39

A squirrel visits your bird feeder every day,and has learned that if it jumps onto the feeder,seeds will fall on the ground that it can then eat.The squirrel has gone through which of the following?

A) classical conditioning
B) imprinting
C) habituation
D) operant conditioning
E) observational learning

Question 40

Mutation of the fru (fruitless)gene in fruit flies results in males attempting to mate with other males.This is an example of which of the following?

A) learned behavior
B) reflex
C) imprinting
D) fixed action pattern
E) taxis

Question 41

Reproducing is a type of innate behavior.

Question 42

A meerkat sentry,at high risk of predation and exposure to environmental conditions,is an example of altruistic behavior.

Question 43

Imprinting is a type of innate behavior.

Question 44

The type of animal behavior that is inborn and does not require experience or learning to be performed correctly is innate behavior.

Question 45

A chimp using a stick to probe for termites from a nest is evidence of cognition.

Question 46

Response to a predator is a type of innate behavior.

Question 47

Stotting and mobbing are altruistic behaviors used by certain animals to warn others of danger.

Question 48

Ethologists asking "why"-type questions in their studies are studying proximate causes of animal behavior.

Question 49

Studying the Sepia apama cuttlefish,Hanlon,Naud,and their colleagues observed that most success in producing fertilized eggs was attributed to the males guarding mated females from subsequent mating attempts by other males.What additional behavior contributed to successful production of fertilized eggs?

A) As opportunistic hermaphrodites, smaller males were able to mate and reproduce as females.
B) All of the answer choices are correct.
C) Smaller, less aggressive males used mimicry of females to approach guarded females repeated times in attempts to mate.
D) Smaller males distracted larger males for more than 40 minutes, past the viability of their sperm, and then the smaller males mated with the females.
E) The sparse population density of Sepia apama cuttlefish results in lower but equal reproductive successes among smaller and less aggressive males.

Question 50

Figuer: Hanlon,Naud,and their colleagues analyzed DNA among mating males and fertilized eggs of Sepia apama cuttlefish,after mating had been observed.Examine their results in this figure.Which conclusion is supported by these results?

A) Mimicry of females by smaller males does not result in any successful production of fertilized eggs.
B) Guarding females for more than 40 minutes prevents females from sorting and fertilizing sperm and eggs before the eggs die.
C) Smaller males that mimic females are more successful in producing fertilized eggs.
D) There is no reproductive value for a male to guard the female for less than 20 minutes.
E) A male guarding a female 20 to 40 minutes from subsequent mating attempts of other males is the most successful behavior.

Question 51

Through initial observation,research led by Naud and Hanlon showed that the main adaptation in behavior,that increases reproductive success of a male in the cuttlefish Sepia apama,is

A) the use of the male's arms to sort and mix the eggs and sperm, to ensure successful fertilization before he leaves the female.
B) an altruistic trade, in which females allow a large male to mate with them in exchange for protection from predators during the vulnerable gestation period.
C) None of the answer choices are correct.
D) guarding the females from subsequent mating attempts by other males.
E) to change color and mimic another female, because the females are solitary and do not allow any males near them.

Question 52

Ethologists asking "how"-type questions in their studies are studying proximate causes of animal behavior.

Question 53

Monogamous animals live with their one mate and help take care of their young.

Question 54

An evolutionary mechanism in animals that sacrifices an individual's genes for the sake of the genes it shares with related animals is termed kin selection.

Question 55

The scientific study of animal behavior is ethology.

Question 56

In almost all cases,innate and learned behaviors are determined by both genetics and environment.

Question 57

Imprinting is a kind of rapid learning that occurs only during a restricted time,early in the life of an animal.