Deck 29: The Skeletal and Muscular Systems

Question 1

The type of skeleton that consists of fluid constrained within a layer of flexible tissue is a(n)

A) vascular canal.
B) endoskeleton.
C) gastrovascular cavity.
D) exoskeleton.
E) hydrostatic skeleton.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which function applies in vertebrates to an element other than calcium?

A) blood clotting
B) muscle contraction
C) transport of oxygen to the body's cells
D) cell membrane permeability
E) strengthening of bone

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Exercise leads to weaker muscles due to the repeated strain,which damages the muscle.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The type of skeleton that is an internal support structure is a(n)

A) endoskeleton.
B) hydrostatic skeleton.
C) gastrovascular cavity.
D) exoskeleton.
E) vascular canal.

Question 5

If you were starting a company to produce cells,tissues,and extracellular matrix materials,what could your company produce from cultures of chondrocytes?

A) fibrin
B) collagen
C) elastin
D) fibrin and collagen
E) collagen and elastin

Question 6

If you wanted to genetically engineer a goat so that it had finer muscle control than other goats,what would be your goal?

A) fewer muscle fibers per motor neuron
B) more motor neurons
C) more muscle fibers
D) larger sarcomeres
E) longer motor neurons

Question 7

Which would be excluded from a list of the parts of the axial skeleton?

A) pelvic girdle
B) ribs
C) skull
D) sternum
E) vertebral column

Question 8

The vertebrae in descending order from the skull are

A) cervical, thoracic, and lumbar.
B) lumbar, thoracic, and cervical.
C) cervical, lumbar, and thoracic.
D) thoracic, lumbar, and cervical.
E) lumbar, cervical, and thoracic.

Question 9

If you were asked to clean up some boxes of bones after a lab,which would you remove from a box marked "Lower Limbs"?

A) patella
B) femur
C) tibia
D) fibula
E) ulna

Question 10

Where are blood cells produced?

A) in red marrow inside of bones
B) in yellow marrow inside of bones
C) in joints by chondrocytes
D) in the liver
E) in the spleen

Question 11

The two closely allied organ systems that allow for running,swimming,and flying under the direction of the nervous system are the _____ systems.

A) skeletal and endocrine
B) muscular and endocrine
C) muscular and skeletal
D) circulatory and muscular
E) circulatory and skeletal

Question 12

Which is a bone of the lower limbs?

A) radius
B) ulna
C) patella
D) humerus
E) clavicle

Question 13

In an anatomy lab,you are shown a skeleton from a sea cucumber,with its internal calcium-rich spines.You would call this a(n)

A) exoskeleton.
B) hydrostatic skeleton.
C) gastrovascular cavity.
D) endoskeleton.
E) vascular canal.

Question 14

The type of skeleton that is usually composed of either a calcium-containing shell or chitin is a(n)

A) endoskeleton.
B) exoskeleton.
C) hydrostatic skeleton.
D) gastrovascular cavity.
E) vascular canal.

Question 15

A motor neuron stimulates how much muscular tissue?

A) one muscle fiber
B) several muscle fibers
C) an entire muscle
D) one sarcomere
E) several muscles

Question 16

You would expect more glycogen reserves in a muscle which is used less,since more could build up as it is not being used as much.

Question 17

Connective tissue of the musculoskeletal system includes

A) ligaments.
B) bone.
C) cartilage.
D) tendons.
E) All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 18

Greater force of contraction comes when

A) more motor units are stimulated.
B) motor units are stimulated for a longer time.
C) more ATP is available.
D) motor units have few muscle fibers per unit.
E) sacromeres are longer.

Question 19

A motor unit is

A) a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers to which it connects.
B) a sensory neuron and two muscle fibers.
C) a motor neuron and a whole muscle.
D) a sensory neuron and several sarcomeres.
E) a motor neuron and several sarcomeres.

Question 20

Which part would be excluded from a diagram of the appendicular skeleton?

A) pelvic girdle
B) sternum
C) pectoral girdle
D) femur
E) humerus

Question 21

A fast-twitch muscle fiber

A) uses ATP quickly in short, fast contractions.
B) has many capillaries.
C) is rich in myoglobin.
D) works aerobically.
E) All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 22

If you placed an electrode on a person's triceps and stimulated the muscle daily over several weeks,which of the following would occur?

A) That person would not be able to straighten his/her leg, and the muscle would grow.
B) That person would not be able to straighten his/her arm, and the muscle would degenerate.
C) That person would not be able to bend his/her leg, and the muscle would grow.
D) That person would have difficulty bending his/her arm, and the muscle would grow.
E) None of the answer choices is correct.

Question 23

An area where two bones meet is called a

A) synapse.
B) joint.
C) synaptic cleft.
D) vascular cavity.
E) olfactory bulb.

Question 24

The breast muscle of a wild duck is dark,while that of a domesticated chicken is white.What would be true of breast muscle in a wild duck?

A) predominately fast-twitch muscles with abundant capillaries and mitochondria
B) predominately fast-twitch muscles with few capillaries or mitochondria
C) predominately slow-twitch muscles with abundant capillaries and mitochondria
D) predominately slow-twitch muscles with few capillaries or mitochondria
E) None of the answer choices is correct.

Question 25

After a muscle cell contracts,which of the following must occur for the muscle to stop contracting?

A) Calcium ions must be pumped back into the endoplasmic reticulum.
B) Calcium ions must flow out of the endoplasmic reticulum.
C) Calcium ions must flow into the muscle cell.
D) Calcium ions must flow out of the muscle cell.
E) Calcium ions must be pumped out of the muscle cell.

Question 26

In muscle tissue,if there is not enough oxygen for aerobic respiration to occur,the muscle cell

A) can produce ATP by fermentation.
B) cannot make ATP.
C) uses creatine phosphate instead of ATP for energy.
D) can produce ATP from fats.
E) depletes its reserves of lactic acid.

Question 27

When examining a mutant mouse,you notice that its skeletal muscle looks very uniform,lacking in striations.To figure out what the mutation is in this mouse,you would begin by looking at

A) sarcomere organization.
B) the retention of calcium in the endoplasmic reticulum.
C) tendons.
D) the blood vessels in the muscles.
E) the sheath around muscles.

Question 28

Due to the lack of moderate stress on the skeleton,a bedridden person is at risk of which of the following?

A) rheumatoid arthritis and muscular degeneration
B) osteoarthritis and tendon damage
C) osteoporosis and muscle degeneration
D) cartilage growth and a sprain
E) anemia and cartilage degradation

Question 29

Ligaments are connective tissues that connect _____ to _____.

A) muscle; muscle
B) muscle; bone
C) tendons; bone
D) bone; bone
E) cartilage; bone

Question 30

Tendons connect _______ to _______.

A) muscle; bone
B) ligaments; bone
C) muscle; muscle
D) bone; bone
E) cartilage; bone

Question 31

The hormone that helps remove calcium from the blood and stores it in bone is

A) calcitonin.
B) prolactin.
C) parathyroid hormone (PTH).
D) insulin.
E) glucagon.

Question 32

The molecule that rapidly replenishes ATP at the beginning of muscle activity is

A) actin.
B) creatine phosphate.
C) dystrophin.
D) acetylcholine.
E) myosin.

Question 33

A slow-twitch muscle fiber

A) uses ATP quickly in short, fast contractions.
B) has many capillaries.
C) is low in myoglobin content.
D) works aerobically.
E) All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 34

Which of the following will be true of the muscles of a bedridden person?

A) Calcium levels and ATP production will be lower than normal.
B) Creatine kinase production will be lower than normal.
C) ATP production will be lower than normal.
D) Calcium levels and creatine kinase production will be lower than normal.
E) ATP and creatine phosphate production will be lower than normal.

Question 35

A sprain is a stretched or torn

A) ligament.
B) tendon.
C) muscle.
D) neuron.
E) vein.

Question 36

You are talking to a 54-year-old patient who has joint pain.You order a scan to look at the cartilage in the patient's painful joints because you suspect that cartilage has worn away,leading to

A) acromegaly.
B) rheumatoid arthritis.
C) scoliosis.
D) osteoporosis.
E) osteoarthritis.

Question 37

You are trying out for the USA Olympic gymnastics team.Everything is going well until you turn your ankle on the landing and tear a connection between two bones.Now you will have to wait another 4 years.You probably

A) sprained a ligament.
B) strained a ligament.
C) sprained a tendon.
D) strained a tendon.

Question 38

After death,muscles remain in a stiff position for several hours.This stiff position is called

A) osteoarthritis.
B) rheumatoid arthritis.
C) rigor mortis.
D) osteoporosis.
E) flaccid paralysis.

Question 39

A thin filament of muscle is composed primarily of the protein

A) hemoglobin.
B) myosin.
C) myoglobin.
D) actin.
E) pectin.

Question 40

A thick filament of muscle is composed primarily of the protein

A) pectin.
B) myoglobin.
C) hemoglobin.
D) actin.
E) myosin.

Question 41

The breast muscle of a wild duck is dark,while that of a domesticated chicken is white.What would be true of breast muscle in a domesticated chicken?

A) predominately fast-twitch muscles with abundant capillaries and mitochondria
B) predominately fast-twitch muscles with few capillaries or mitochondria
C) predominately slow-twitch muscles with abundant capillaries and mitochondria
D) predominately slow-twitch muscles with few capillaries or mitochondria
E) None of the answer choices is correct.

Question 42

The long bones of the human body elongate during development via growth plates at their ends.

Question 43

Antagonistic pairs of muscles work together to bend a structure.

Question 44

How are the biceps and triceps attached to the arm so that they can act in opposition?

A) The biceps attaches by tendons, the triceps by ligaments.
B) Both attach by tendons.
C) The biceps attaches by ligaments, the triceps by tendons.
D) Both attach by ligaments.
E) None of the answer choices are correct.

Question 45

What does the high level similarity between the myosin gene sequences in human and nonhuman primates suggest?

A) Humans and nonhuman primates had a common ancestor at some time in the past.
B) Humans and nonhuman primates had a common ancestor 2.4 million years ago.
C) The myosin gene arose independently in humans and nonhuman primates.
D) Genes can transfer readily between humans and nonhuman primates.
E) No natural selection has occurred in humans.

Question 46

Calcium ions are required for muscular contraction.

Question 47

When it is needed by the rest of the body,bone can provide calcium.

Question 48

If you were to cut the biceps so that it no longer had an attachment to bone,why would this limit motion of the upper arm?

A) The biceps and triceps antagonize one another in the motion of the arm; cutting removes one antagonist.
B) The biceps is where arm connects to all relevant nerve cells.
C) The biceps is the main muscle for moving the arm.
D) The other arm muscles all connect to the biceps and would also become detatched as a result.
E) None of the answer choices are correct.

Question 49

Which of the following describes the role of myosin in muscle contraction?

A) ATP forms a bridge binding actin to myosin.
B) Actin heads bend when attached to myosin.
C) Calcium ions form a bridge, moving actin along myosin.
D) Myosin heads bend when attached to actin.
E) Myosin synthesizes new strands of actin, lengthening the muscle.

Question 50

If you injected a calcium-channel blocking chemical into muscle cells,what would probably happen?

A) The muscle cell would be unable to communicate with nerves.
B) The muscle cell would be unable to contract.
C) The muscle cell would relax more slowly.
D) The muscle cell would die.
E) The muscle cell would divide.

Question 51

Weak muscular contraction could be due to either poor binding of actin and myosin or to insufficient calcium available to stimulate contraction.

Question 52

Which are functions of the vertebrate skeleton?

A) support
B) movement
C) protection of internal structures
D) mineral storage
E) All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 53

If you had a patient whose body produced a large excess of calcitonin,which skeletal function would be first to be impaired?

A) support
B) movement
C) protection of internal structures
D) mineral storage
E) All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 54

How can humans survive if they have an inactive gene that encodes a nonfunctional myosin protein?

A) We have over 40 closely related myosin genes.
B) Myosin is not essential for life.
C) Myosin participates in several processes in the cell.
D) Other proteins in the body can do the same thing as myosin.
E) Other primates have the same nonfunctional myosin protein and survive.

Question 55

The long bones of the human body begin as cartilaginous structures in embryos.

Question 56

Bones have blood vessels attached to their surfaces but not penetrating them.

Question 57

The biceps has the triceps for an antagonist.

Question 58

ADP is required for muscular contraction.

Question 59

The temporalis muscle is critical for chewing.

Question 60

If you found a mutation,involving the loss of two bases,which was present in humans living on all four continents which you could test but was absent in close relatives such as gorillas and chimps,what would this imply?

A) Two bases were actually insertions in the nonhuman primates.
B) Deletion arose before the branch between humans and nonhuman primates.
C) Deletion arose multiple nonhuman primates.
D) Deletion arose at least six times in different human populations.
E) Deletion arose after the branch between humans and nonhuman primates.

Question 61

Without its endoskeleton,the vertebrate body would be without support.

Question 62

You are looking at sonograms and are observing fetal bones.Compared to a much earlier sonogram,you can see that this stage of development shows

A) calcified cartilage in the long bones.
B) cartilage in the long bones.
C) compact bone in the long bones.
D) spongy bone in the long bones.
E) None of the answer choices are correct.

Question 63

If you applied a drug which could prevent action potentials to a muscle cell,what would be the result when a motor neuron fired?

A) no contraction since that requires an action potential
B) normal contraction
C) release of calcium outside the muscle cell
D) a graded potential in the neuron
E) None of the answer choices are correct.

Question 64

Which is the basic unit in a skeletal muscle?

A) muscle fiber
B) blood vessel
C) sheath
D) tendon
E) ligament

Question 65

Which is the neurotransmitter used by motor neurons to communicate with muscle cells?

A) acetylcholine
B) GABA
C) glutamine
D) fatty acids
E) serotonin

Question 66

The membrane of a muscle cell makes a deeply indented set of B tubules where a motor neuron contacts it.

Question 67

An individual skeletal muscle is defined as separate from others in part by the connective tissue sheath which wraps it.

Question 68

Each myofibril consists of two types of filaments,a thick actin filament and a thin myosin filament.

Question 69

When a motor neuron stimulates a muscle fiber,the fiber contracts.

Question 70

The basic job of skeletal muscle is to pump blood through the body.

Question 71

During development,bone becomes progressively more calcified and hardened.

Question 72

One of the critical functions of the vertebrate skeleton is helping to generate movement,along with the muscular system.