Deck 23: Plant Nutrition and Transport

Question 1

Which of the following macronutrients is not an element taken in primarily by the roots of the plant?

A) calcium
B) carbon
C) magnesium
D) phosphorus
E) nitrogen

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The bacterium Rhizobium

A) breaks the triple covalent bond in N_2.

B) enters plants through the root hairs.
C) All of the answer choices are correct.
D) lives symbiotically within plant cells.
E) triggers the development of root nodules in legumes.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The products of photosynthesis move from the leaf to other parts of the plant via

A) phloem and cortex.
B) cortex.
C) xylem and cortex.
D) xylem.
E) phloem.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Nutrients that an organism needs in fairly large amounts are referred to as

A) total nutrients.
B) essential nutrients.
C) macronutrients.
D) solid nutrients.
E) micronutrients.

Question 5

"N" is the elemental symbol for

A) neon.
B) copper.
C) nitrogen.
D) magnesium.
E) nickel.

Question 6

In lab,you collect and analyze several soil samples,and find that there is a certain amount of spongy,hard-to-digest carbon complex,mostly within the topsoil.This is

A) clay.
B) silt.
C) creosote.
D) topsoil.
E) humus.

Question 7

Which of the following is not a legume?

A) alfalfa
B) soybeans
C) beans
D) corn
E) peas

Question 8

Farmers often use organic matter,such as manure,compost,or even crop residue from previous harvests,with the advantage of

A) increasing the water-holding capacity of the soil.
B) All of the answer choices are correct.
C) providing food for beneficial soil microorganisms.
D) aerating the soil.
E) improving fertility of the soil.

Question 9

Carbon dioxide,as an input for photosynthesis,enters a plant from the atmosphere through pores called

A) plasmodesmata.
B) companion cells.
C) guard cells.
D) sieve tubes.
E) stomata.

Question 10

Turgor is the

A) passage of water vapor out of a plant through the stomatal openings.
B) cohesion of water molecules with each other, as they pass through a plant's vascular tissues.
C) diffusion of water across plant cell membranes in response to the nutrient solute concentrations.
D) pressure placed on the inside of a cell membrane of a plant by water.
E) adhesion of water molecules to the inside of a cell membrane of a plant's xylem.

Question 11

The carnivorous plant having two-sided leaves,each with highly sensitive trigger hairs for snapping shut on small animals is the

A) club moss.
B) sundew plant.
C) pitcher plant.
D) horsetail.
E) Venus flytrap.

Question 12

Your professor brings in a soybean plant,having pulled it up roots and all from a nearby farm field.Small growths on the roots are shown to have bacteria,which the professor explains can "fix" nitrogen into a usable form for the plant.The growths are called

A) sieve tubes.
B) nodules.
C) root hairs.
D) nodes.
E) internodes.

Question 13

Organisms that use light energy to assemble their own organic molecules from water and elements that they absorb from their environment are which of the following?

A) heterotrophs
B) omnivores
C) autotrophs
D) detritivores
E) decomposers

Question 14

Most carnivorous plants use their prey as a primary source of

A) nitrogen.
B) energy.
C) potassium.
D) carbon.
E) magnesium.

Question 15

"P" is the elemental symbol for

A) phosphorus.
B) copper.
C) nickel.
D) plutonium.
E) potassium.

Question 16

"K" is the elemental symbol for

A) copper.
B) krypton.
C) phosphorus.
D) potassium.
E) nickel.

Question 17

Commercial fertilizer labels prominently display three numbers,which indicate the content of three elements needed by most plants as macronutrients.These elements in number sequence are

A) carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen.
B) zinc, magnesium, and potassium.
C) nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
D) copper, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
E) nitrogen, zinc, and copper.

Question 18

A useful form of nitrogen is made available to plants through their

A) roots.
B) roots and leaves.
C) leaves.
D) stomata.
E) stomata and leaves.

Question 19

Nitrogen is needed in plants to manufacture

A) All of the answer choices are correct.
B) amino acids.
C) chlorophyll.
D) proteins.
E) nucleic acids.

Question 20

The evaporation of water from a plant leaf's internal cell surfaces is

A) transpiration.
B) condensation.
C) sublimation.
D) totally prevented by the leaf's cuticle.
E) hydrolysis.

Question 21

Throughout a growing season,a plant uses up to 1000 liters (or kg)of water to produce just 1 kilogram of tissue.What happens to most of the remaining 999 kg of water?

A) It is used in the cytoplasm.
B) It is used in photosynthesis.
C) It is used in hydrolysis reactions.
D) It passes back through the roots into the soil.
E) It evaporates.

Question 22

The importance of abscisic acid in the water conservation of a leaf is that it

A) reacts with cuticle to seal any pores and expand to cover the stomatal openings.
B) triggers a change in osmotic potential of the guard cells in a drought, forcing them to lose water and collapse to close.
C) forces water in the leaf to flow through the endodermis, through the Casparian strip, and stay in the vascular tissues.
D) interacts with the polar water molecules to produce positive pressure flow of the phloem solution.
E) forces a change in osmotic potential of the guard cells to fill them with turgor pressure, opening them for transpiration.

Question 23

If water is abundant,a plant's guard cells will ______________ and the stomata will _________________.

A) swell; close
B) collapse; open
C) swell; open
D) collapse; close

Question 24

The waxy _____ ensures that all of the water coming into a root moves into the xylem.

A) cuticle
B) epidermis
C) Casparian strip
D) sieve tubes
E) companion cells

Question 25

In the pressure flow theory,any part of a plant that does not carry out photosynthesis is a

A) aqueduct.
B) reservoir.
C) companion cell.
D) source.
E) sink.

Question 26

When a plant does not get enough water,it will wilt.This is due to which of the following?

A) a decrease in osmosis in the stomata
B) an increase in transpiration by the leaves
C) an increase in sap moving through the xylem
D) a decrease in turgor in the stem
E) a decrease in sap moving through the phloem

Question 27

If water were being pushed from below,air bubbles in the xylem stream would not pose a problem.However,the observation that air bubbles can interrupt xylem function provides important evidence supporting the _______ theory of water movement.

A) pressure-flow
B) cohesion-tension
C) gravity-suction
D) osmotic
E) active transport

Question 28

The tendency of water molecules to attract one another because of hydrogen bonds is

A) hydrolysis.
B) cohesion.
C) condensation.
D) adhesion.
E) evaporation.

Question 29

A farmer decides to use a crop rotation plan that plants corn one year,peanuts the next year,and soy beans the next year,and then starts over with corn the following year.The most likely reason for this type of crop rotation is to replace the soil's _____ content.

A) phosphorus
B) water
C) potassium
D) calcium
E) nitrogen

Question 30

In many parts of the Everglades in Florida,excessive irrigation is lowering water levels and allowing salt water to enter the normally freshwater swamps.Why is this a problem for plants that have adapted to life in these swamps?

A) The salt competes with minerals for uptake by the plants, limiting their growth.
B) The plants cannot move sugars down the xylem if there is salt outside of the roots pulling water out.
C) The plant roots cannot take up water if the soil salt concentration is high.
D) Salts bind to nitrogen, preventing it from being taken up.
E) Photosynthesis is inhibited by salt.

Question 31

The cohesion-tension theory explains how properties of water associated with hydrogen bonds

A) move the watery sap solution through the xylem tissue cells of a plant.
B) conserve water in plants by secreting cuticle, a nonpolar triglyceride coating the epidermis of leaves.
C) form a positive pressure that moves phloem solution from "sources" to "sinks."
D) form a pressure behind stomata that forces water through them.
E) move some water through cell cytoplasm of roots, and some water in the spaces between root cells.

Question 32

Scientists measured the pressure in the xylem of redwood trees at different heights and found that the higher they made their measurements,the lower the pressure.They extrapolated this to a pressure of zero,and concluded that the tallest a tree could grow is 122-130 meters.The tallest known tree on Earth is 112.7 meters.Which of the following most likely limits the height of trees?

A) amount of energy needed to pump water to the tops of the trees
B) amount of photosynthesis in leaves
C) amount of transpiration in leaves
D) strength of water cohesion
E) ability to take up CO₂

Question 33

Which of the following will not increase the rate of transpiration in a plant?

A) high humidity
B) low humidity
C) All of the answer choices are correct.
D) high temperature
E) high wind speeds

Question 34

According to pressure-flow theory,how does sap move from the sieve tube into a sink?

A) osmosis of the dissolved sugars across the sieve tube and the sink plasma membranes
B) a positive pump pressure
C) gravitational action as phloem moves down from the source
D) active membrane transport through the plasma membranes
E) a negative pump pressure

Question 35

Water and minerals can move through a root's intracellular pathway from one cell to another through the

A) plasmodesmata.
B) stomata.
C) Casparian strip.
D) guard cells.
E) companion cells.

Question 36

In which of the situations below would a plant be at greatest risk for the formation of air bubbles in the xylem stream?

A) in the early morning, with cooler temperatures and calm winds
B) only on a day during a drought
C) The risk is the same at any time of day.
D) during the afternoon, when transpiration is highest
E) during the night, when transpiration is low

Question 37

During photosynthesis in a leaf,sugars are loaded into the sieve tube by _____,followed by ______ to increase the pressure.

A) osmosis; facilitated diffusion
B) osmosis; gravity
C) facilitated diffusion; osmosis
D) gravity; active transport
E) active transport; osmosis

Question 38

The _____ and _____ of a plant's leaf help conserve water in a plant.

A) root hairs; stomata
B) Casparian strip; cuticle
C) None of the answer choices are correct.
D) Casparian strip; endodermis
E) stomata; cuticle

Question 39

If water is scarce,a plant's guard cells will ______________ and the stomata will _________________.

A) swell; open
B) swell; close
C) collapse; close
D) collapse; open

Question 40

The concentration of solutes in most soil is lower than the concentration of solutes in root cells,so water enters the roots by

A) cohesion.
B) hydrostatic pressure.
C) hydrolysis.
D) adhesion.
E) osmosis.

Question 41

What hypothesis were Ellison and Gotelli testing when they manipulated concentrations of nutrients available to pitcher plants?

A) Providing extra light would increase leaf production.
B) Providing extra nutrients would increase photosynthetic leaf surface area.
C) Providing extra light would increase the need for nutrients.
D) Providing extra nutrients would reduce the need for extra leaves.
E) Cutting leaves would diminish the need for more nutrients.

Question 42

Nitrogen is used in plant cells to produce which of the following?

A) proteins and nucleic acids
B) sugars
C) sugars and nucleic acids
D) proteins
E) nucleic acids

Question 43

Soybeans will have several hundred Rhizobium nodules per plant and may divert 20-30 percent of its energy generated by photosynthesis to the nodule instead of to other plant functions when the nodule is actively fixing nitrogen.Which of the following best describes Rhizobium?

A) antagonistic virus that invades the root
B) mutualistic bacterium that penetrates the root
C) parasitic plant that invades the root
D) multicellular mycelium that invades the root
E) decomposer soil fungus that invades the root

Question 44

Carnivorous plants like Sarracenia purpurea are which of the following?

A) producers
B) consumers
C) producers and detritivores
D) producers and consumers
E) detritivores

Question 45

Carnivorous plants exist only in science fiction.

Question 46

A normal pitcher has a narrow keel and a wide pitcher opening,maximizing the potential for trapping prey.On the other hand,a leaf optimized for photosynthesis has a wide keel and a small pitcher opening.Based on this observation and the figure,what conclusion can be drawn?

A) high nitrogen correlated with increased trapping ability
B) high phosphorus correlated with increased photosynthetic ability
C) high nitrogen correlated with increased photosynthetic ability
D) high phosphorus correlated with increased trapping ability

Question 47

In the absence of environmental sources of water,such as precipitation or condensation,how would water get into the pitcher of a carnivorous plant?

A) through the xylem
B) through the phloem
C) from the leaves
D) from the fruit

Question 48

Soil scientists use relative amounts of sand,silt,and clay to classify soils.

Question 49

How would a noncarnivorous plant obtain nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus?

A) from animals through its pitcher
B) from the rain through its leaves
C) from the soil through its roots
D) from the air through its leaves
E) from the sun through photosynthesis

Question 50

Soybeans will have several hundred Rhizobium nodules.A study in Minnesota found that soybeans grown without P₂O₅ fertilizer produced 23.0 bushels per acre,while adding 23 lbs of P₂O₅ per acre gave a yield of 37 bushels per acre.What is the best explanation for this observation?

A) Rhizobium produces PO₄ and NH₄, so you do not need any fertilizer.
B) Rhizobium produces PO₄, so you do not need phosphorus-containing fertilizer.
C) Rhizobium cannot produce PO₄, so you need to add phosphorus-containing fertilizer.
D) Rhizobium cannot produce NH₄, so you need to add nitrogen-containing fertilizer.
E) Rhizobium produces NH₄, so you do not need nitrogen-containing fertilizer.

Question 51

Carbon,hydrogen,and oxygen only account for about 50% of the dry weight of a plant.

Question 52

What can you conclude about the grass in your lawn if the recommended fertilizer has an N-P-K ratio of 29-3-4?

A) It has a taproot.
B) It is not a legume.
C) It is parasitic.
D) It needs a lot of water.
E) P and K are not essential nutrients.

Question 53

Soybeans will have several hundred Rhizobium nodules per plant and may divert 20-30 percent of its energy generated by photosynthesis to the nodule instead of to other plant functions when the nodule is actively fixing nitrogen.Why would the plant divert so much energy to Rhizobium?

A) Rhizobium protects the plants from parasites.
B) Rhizobium protects the plants from predators.
C) Rhizobium produces NH_4.
D) Rhizobium produces N_2.
E) Rhizobium produces sugars.

Question 54

What is the cost of being a carnivorous plant?

A) reduced mobility
B) reduced respiration
C) reduced photosynthesis
D) reduced nutrients
E) reduced water

Question 55

Chemicals that are vital to the metabolism,growth,and reproduction of plants are called essential elements.

Question 56

Scientists measured the pressure in the xylem of redwood trees at different heights and found that the higher they made their measurements,the lower the pressure.They extrapolated this to a pressure of zero,and concluded that the tallest a tree could grow is 122-130 meters.The tallest known tree on Earth is 112.7 meters.What assumption were the scientists making to conclude that when pressure was zero,the plant could grow no further?

A) transpiration would be less than uptake of water from the xylem
B) stems above that point could not transport sugars in their xylem
C) leaves above that point would not receive any sunlight
D) leaves above that point would not receive any water
E) turgor pressure would be greater than gravity

Question 57

What structure does the pitcher of a carnivorous plant sprout from?

A) stems
B) leaves
C) fruits
D) roots
E) stomata

Question 58

The B horizon soil consists of most of the humus found in soil.

Question 59

Figuer:
When Ellison and Gotelli manipulated concentrations of nutrients available to pitcher plants,what was the independent variable?

A) amount of nitrogen or phosphorus added to the pitcher of each plant
B) number of insects fed to each plant
C) ratio of the pitcher opening to pitcher length
D) amount of nitrogen or phosphorus added to the roots of each plant
E) ratio of the keel width to total width

Question 60

Soybeans will have several hundred Rhizobium nodules.A study in Minnesota found that soybeans grown without ammonium sulfate fertilizer produced 52.4 bushels per acre,while adding 75 lbs of ammonium sulfate per acre gave a yield of 54.2 bushels per acre.What is the best explanation for this observation?

A) Rhizobium produces NH₄, so you don't need nitrogen-containing fertilizer.
B) Rhizobium cannot produce NH₄, so you need to add nitrogen-containing fertilizer.
C) Rhizobium produces PO₄ and NH₄, so you don't need any fertilizer.
D) Rhizobium produces PO₄, so you don't need phosphorus-containing fertilizer.
E) Rhizobium cannot produce PO₄, so you need to add phosphorus-containing fertilizer.

Question 61

The part of a plant's roots that forces water to enter cells and move into the xylem is the Casparian strip.

Question 62

The cohesion-tension theory explains how water moves within a plant.

Question 63

Water is pulled from a plant's roots to its leaves by transpiration.

Question 64

A typical,mature tree consumes only about 5 gallons of water a day.

Question 65

Chemically,nutrients from inorganic fertilizers are not equivalent to nutrients from manure or compost.

Question 66

Mycorrhizal fungi decrease the ability of a plant's roots to absorb water.

Question 67

The "wearing away" of soil by wind and water is called erosion.

Question 68

Most plants prevent nighttime transpiration by keeping their stomata closed,but because cacti open their stomata at night,transpiration can occur at that time.