Deck 20: Fungi

Question 1

The main nutrient storage molecule in fungi is

A) glucose, a monosaccharide.
B) glycogen, a carbohydrate.
C) cellulose, a carbohydrate.
D) starch, a polysaccharide.
E) chitin, a carbohydrate.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In the ecosystems of the world,fungi act primarily as

A) detritovores.
B) secondary consumers.
C) producers.
D) decomposers.
E) primary consumers.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Fungi are classified into phyla based on which characteristic?

A) composition of cell wall
B) organelles
C) sexual structures
D) multicellular versus unicellular
E) photosynthesis

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A disease-causing fungus found in bird droppings is called

A) Claviceps purpurea.
B) Aspergillus flavus.
C) Coccidioides immitis.
D) Histoplasma capsulatum.
E) Staphylococcus aureus.

Question 5

A plant disease called ergot is caused by

A) Claviceps purpurea.
B) Histoplasma capsulatum.
C) Aspergillus flavus.
D) Coccidioides immitis.
E) Staphylococcus aureus.

Question 6

Microscopic reproductive cells produced by most fungi are

A) fruiting bodies.
B) spores.
C) mycelium.
D) gills.
E) hyphae.

Question 7

In biology lab,you have just collected a sample of fungus.The original mass looked similar to a mushroom,but with magnification,you can see that there are individual filaments of cells that make up the mass.This larger collection of the individual filaments is called a

A) ascus.
B) mycelium.
C) conidia.
D) spore.
E) gill.

Question 8

Yeasts are

A) multi-celled heterotrophs.
B) multi-celled autotrophs.
C) All of the answer choices are correct.
D) single-celled heterotrophs.
E) single-celled autotrophs.

Question 9

The familiar growth form represented by edible mushrooms,as well as some poisonous mushrooms,is associated with the ______ phylum.

A) glomeromycetes
B) basidiomycetes
C) zygomycetes
D) ascomycetes
E) chytridiomycetes

Question 10

Fungi and animals are similar in that they both

A) are heterotrophs.
B) are phototrophs.
C) have cell walls made of chitin.
D) use starch as their main storage carbohydrate.
E) are decomposers.

Question 11

Fungi that can live only in mycorrhizal association with roots of plants may be placed into a phylum named

A) Rootomycota.
B) Ascomycota.
C) Symbiomycota.
D) Deuteromycota.
E) Glomeromycota.

Question 12

Associations of fungi and plant roots are called

A) rhizoids.
B) root forks.
C) mycorrhizae.
D) gnetophytes.
E) lichens.

Question 13

Zygospores are formed when two haploid hyphae fuse.Zygospores are which of the following?

A) haploid
B) asexual
C) diploid
D) sterile
E) dikaryotic

Question 14

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is commonly referred to as

A) the "false morel."
B) the "death angel."
C) the bread yeast.
D) an antibiotic producer.
E) the common bread mold.

Question 15

The large reproductive structure shown,produced after meiosis in the fungal life cycle,is characteristically covered by a large,flat,shelf,conical,or puffball fruiting body in the phylum

A) chytridiomycetes.
B) glomeromycetes.
C) zygomycetes.
D) ascomycetes.
E) basidiomycetes.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct statement?

A) Fungi are heterotrophs, but plants are essentially autotrophs.
B) All of the answer choices are correct.
C) Plants and fungi both carry out photosynthesis.
D) Plants and fungi both have cellulose as the main component of their cell walls.
E) Glycogen is the main storage carbohydrate in both fungi and plants.

Question 17

The fungi that are referred to as ancient fungi are

A) chytridiomycetes.
B) ascomycetes.
C) deuteromycetes.
D) basidiomycetes.
E) zygomycetes.

Question 18

The individual microscopic filaments that make up most of a multicellular fungus are

A) gills.
B) hyphae.
C) fruiting bodies.
D) chitin.
E) spores.

Question 19

The spore-producing structure of aggregated hyphae,as shown in the diagram below,is a

A) sporophytes.
B) gills.
C) hyphae.
D) fruiting bodies.
E) mycelium.

Question 20

Valley fever,a medical condition caused by Coccidioides immitis,is caused by

A) common allergic reactions that many people have to the fungus.
B) entry of the fungal spores by inhalation.
C) a mutation of the common fungal inhabitant of human hair, nails, and skin.
D) toxins produced by the fungus.
E) eating the fruiting body, rather than the mycelium of the fungus.

Question 21

The leaf-cutter ants of Central America use leaves as food to cultivate the basidiomycete Lepiota in special underground chambers.Streptomyces bacteria coat parts of the ants' cuticles and secrete a potent antibiotic that kills an ascomycete that attacks the cultivated fungus.What ecological relationship exists between Lepiota and the ants?

A) predation
B) mutualism
C) parasitism
D) commensalism
E) interspecific competition

Question 22

The carcinogen aflatoxin is produced by the fungus

A) Claviceps purpurea.
B) Coccidioides immitis.
C) Staphylococcus aureus.
D) Aspergillus flavus.
E) Histoplasma capsulatum.

Question 23

The leaf-cutter ants of Central America use leaves as food to cultivate the basidiomycete Lepiota in special underground chambers.Streptomyces bacteria coat parts of the ants' cuticles and secrete a potent antifungal that kills an ascomycete that attacks the cultivated fungus.Lepiota is most closely related to which of the following?

A) The leaf, because it is photosynthetic and has a cell wall.
B) The ant, because it is a multicellular heterotroph.
C) The bacteria, because it secretes digestive enzymes and is single-celled.
D) The bacteria, because it secretes digestive enzymes and has a cell wall.
E) The leaf, because it is multicellular and has a cell wall.

Question 24

Which of the following is a difference between how a frog and Chytridiomycetes obtain energy?

A) Frogs are heterotrophs, while Chytridiomycetes are phototrophs.
B) Frogs ingest their food, while Chytridiomycetes secrete digestive enzymes into the environment and absorb nutrients.
C) Chytridiomycetes are heterotrophs, while frogs are phototrophs.
D) Frogs are autotrophs, while Chytridiomycetes are phototrophs.
E) Chytridiomycetes ingest their food, while frogs secrete digestive enzymes into the environment and absorb nutrients.

Question 25

Endophyte translates to "inside plant" and refers to which of the following?

A) fungi that live inside of plants and help protect plants from disease-causing organisms
B) protozoans that live within plant cells and kill invading microorganisms
C) bacteria that live inside of plants and help protect plants from disease-causing organisms
D) fungi that live inside of plants and produce oxygen for the plant
E) bacteria that live inside of plants and produce carbon dioxide for the plant

Question 26

A lichen is made up of which two types of organisms?

A) a fungus and a bacterial species
B) a fungus and a nonvascular plant species
C) an alga and a nonvascular plant species
D) a fungus and either an algal or bacterial species
E) a fungus and an algal species

Question 27

Chytridiomycetes produce enzymes that digest cellulose,chitin,and similar molecules.These fungi are contributing to the decline of amphibians worldwide through what mechanism?

A) by digesting chitin in the cell wall of the frog's cells
B) by digesting cellulose in the cell wall of the frog's cells
C) by infecting their lungs
D) by killing their eggs in the water
E) by digesting keratin in the frog's skin

Question 28

The leaf-cutter ants of Central America use leaves as food to cultivate the basidiomycete Lepiota in special underground chambers.Streptomyces bacteria coat parts of the ants' cuticles and secrete a potent antifungal that kills an ascomycete that attacks the cultivated fungus.Which of these interacting organisms or structures does not have cell walls?

A) Lepiota
B) the ascomycete
C) the leaf
D) the ant
E) Streptomyces

Question 29

Within the life cycle of Neurospora crassa,strands of exactly eight spores are

A) asci.
B) haploid.
C) dikaryotic.
D) diploid.
E) both asci and haploid.

Question 30

Which part of an endophyte penetrates inside of a plant?

A) the fruiting body
B) the exoenzyme
C) the mycelium
D) the hyphae
E) the spore

Question 31

The fungus Drechslerella anchonia,a carnivorous fungus that forms sacs containing eight spores,belongs to the

A) Deuteromycota.
B) Chytridiomycota.
C) Basidiomycota.
D) Ascomycota.
E) Zygomycota.

Question 32

The leaf-cutter ants of Central America use leaves as food to cultivate the basidiomycete Lepiota in special underground chambers.To use leaves as an energy source,Lepiota must do which of the following?

A) produce antibiotics to kill Streptomyces
B) produce antibiotics to kill the ascomycete
C) secrete enzymes to digest cellulose
D) secrete enzymes to digest chitin
E) ingest and break down the leaves

Question 33

Sometimes if a person takes an antibiotic to treat a bacterial infection,the yeast Candida can grow out of control and cause a vaginal or intestinal infection.What is the best explanation for this observation?

A) The antibiotic weakens the immune system.
B) There are fewer bacteria present to compete with the yeast.
C) Bacteria normally digest yeast cells.
D) Antibiotics are often contaminated with Candida yeast.
E) The antibiotic causes mutations in the yeast that give the yeast resistance.

Question 34

Which is the best description of the mutual benefit to both species found in a lichen?

A) The heterotroph protects the autotroph from predation.
B) The autotroph produces antibiotics to ward off infection by bacteria.
C) The autotroph produces oxygen and the heterotroph consumes oxygen.
D) The autotroph prevents dehydration and the heterotroph provides energy.
E) The autotroph provides energy and the heterotroph prevents dehydration.

Question 35

Chytridiomycetes produce enzymes that digest cellulose,chitin,and similar molecules.Because of this,they are found in the digestive tract of

A) frogs.
B) people.
C) plants.
D) lichens.
E) ruminants.

Question 36

The organization of the spores would make Neurospora crassa useful for studying which biological process?

A) crossing over during meiosis
B) circadian rhythms
C) asexual reproduction
D) gene regulation
E) one gene-one enzyme

Question 37

Why are lichens a good indicator of environmental quality?

A) If the soil is polluted, they cannot produce roots.
B) They cannot excrete absorbed toxins.
C) They cannot absorb toxins.
D) If the air is polluted, they cannot get enough sunlight for photosynthesis.
E) Toxins inhibit their reproduction.

Question 38

Ascomycetes are the largest group of fungi.When their haploid hyphae fuse without fusion of their nuclei,the resulting cells are which of the following?

A) asexual
B) sterile
C) haploid
D) diploid
E) dikaryotic

Question 39

Figuer:
Based on the structures of the spores of Neurospora crassa in this figure,in which phylum would it be found?

A) basidiomycetes
B) ascomycetes
C) chytridiomycetes
D) deuteromycetes
E) zygomycetes

Question 40

About 80% of all land plants,including grasses,shrubs,and trees,form mycorrhizae.Mycorrhizae are which of the following?

A) mutualistic associations between fungi and plant leaves
B) balanced competitive associations between plants and fungi
C) parasitic associations between fungi and plant leaves
D) mutualistic associations between fungi and plant roots
E) parasitic associations between fungi and plant roots

Question 41

Endophytes that colonize a leaf to get "first dibs" on the dead tissue are examples of which of the following?

A) carnivores
B) producers
C) herbivores
D) detritovores
E) decomposers

Question 42

Ascomycetes are fungi that cause disease and are not beneficial to humans in any way.

Question 43

In this figure,did the age of the leaf at the time of treatment affect the ability of endophytes to protect the plants?

A) Yes, the mature leaves treated with endophytes showed the highest level of damage.
B) Yes, the young leaves with or without endophytes had less damage than the mature leaves with or without endophytes.
C) Yes, young leaves were more susceptible to damage even in the presence of endophytes.
D) No, the mature leaves treated with endophytes had about the same level of damage as young leaves without endophytes.
E) No, the endophytes could protect the plants equally if applied to young or old leaves.

Question 44

Endophyte spores were sprayed on the cacao leaves.Which of the following is true of spores?

A) They are only produced by fungi.
B) They undergo meiosis.
C) They are not cells.
D) They are haploid.
E) Within fungi, they are only produced by endophytes.

Question 45

An endophyte absorbing nutrients and water from a live cacao leaf is which of the following?

A) a producer
B) a heterotroph
C) a detritovore
D) a decomposer
E) an autotroph

Question 46

Unlike the plant cells,fungal cells lack which of the following?

A) mitochondria
B) cell walls
C) cytoplasm
D) chloroplasts
E) nuclei

Question 47

Figuer:
In the figure,what was the dependent variable?

A) the percent of the leaf area damaged
B) the age of the leaf
C) the presence or absence of the pathogen Phytophthora
D) the presence or absence of endophyte spores
E) the percent of the leaf area containing endophytes

Question 48

Mycologists classify fungi into five phyla based on their sexual structures.

Question 49

Win-win relationships,such as the one between the cacao tree and its resident endophyte fungi,are an example of which of the following?

A) parasitism
B) commensalism
C) competition
D) mutualism
E) mimicry

Question 50

A mushroom is a structure that is attached to a much larger growth form of the organism.

Question 51

Molecular evidence places fungi closer to animals than to plants.

Question 52

Salt and sugar in high enough concentrations retard mold growth by limiting the ability of these organisms to take up water by osmosis.

Question 53

Molecular evidence places fungi closer to plants than to animals.

Question 54

A dikaryotic stage is common in the life cycle of many plants,protozoans,and fungi.

Question 55

A yeast is a multicellular fungus.

Question 56

In the experiments by Arnold,et al.,why were some leaves on a cacao plant treated with endophytes and others not treated?

A) as a control for variation between plants
B) to reduce the amount of endophyte spores that were needed
C) the endophytes were able to spread from one leaf to another
D) to keep the Phytophthora from spreading to other plants
E) to reduce the number of plants that were needed

Question 57

When a haploid spore germinates,it goes through mitosis,forming hyphae.The resulting hyphae would be which of the following?

A) gametes
B) dikaryotic
C) haploid
D) diploid
E) zygotes