Deck 12: The Forces of Evolutionary Change

Question 1

The name for heritable traits that provide benefit and advantage for each individual in a population to survive and reproduce are

A) polymorphisms.
B) alleles.
C) adaptations.
D) genotypes.
E) superpositions.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

On a biology field trip near campus,you observe layers of volcanic rock,eroded mountain rocks,and even rocks apparently formed near an ocean coast.Fossils found in the different rock layers have diverse body forms,for living on land,or in the sea,or other habitats.This set of observations tends to support

A) limits to the fossil organism populations, as proposed by Malthus.
B) microevolution of the organisms, as the environment changed.
C) uniformitarianism, as proposed by Hutton.
D) catastrophism, as proposed by Cuvier.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The mode of natural selection in which two or more extreme phenotypes are fitter than the intermediate phenotype is

A) directive selection.
B) convergent selection.
C) disruptive selection.
D) stabilizing selection.
E) artificial selection.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The French taxonomist,who in 1809,proposed the first testable evolutionary theory,that organisms using body parts repeatedly would increase their abilities,was

A) Georges-Louis Buffon.
B) James Hutton.
C) Charles Lyell.
D) Charles Darwin.
E) Jean Baptiste Lamarck.

Question 5

The mode of natural selection in which one extreme phenotype is fittest and the environment selects against the others is

A) directional selection.
B) stabilizing selection.
C) artificial selection.
D) convergent selection.
E) disruptive selection.

Question 6

The relatively short-term changes in allele frequencies within a population is

A) fitness.
B) adaptation.
C) microevolution.
D) convergent evolution.
E) natural selection.

Question 7

The scientist,___,proposed catastrophism and the principle of superposition after observing ___

A) Charles Darwin; variability in populations of island and continental populations.
B) James Hutton; anatomical differences observed to be caused by variable use of parts of their bodies.
C) Georges-Louis Buffon; the similarities and differences among closely related species.
D) Charles Lyell; observed genetic patterns of inheritance among plants and animals.
E) Georges Cuvier; interruptions and fossil similaries in the fossil record.

Question 8

A relationship between Mendel's work on genetics and inheritance,and evolutionary theory proposed by Darwin,is currently

A) that Darwin could not validate and publish his theory until he read the works by Mendel.
B) founded in Mendel's genetics research proving that each generation evolves at a uniform rate, as Darwin predicted.
C) that genetic variations due to mutations and other factors counter the proposed mechanisms of evolution proposed by Darwin.
D) in a modern evolutionary synthesis of genetic traits and species observations beyond Mendel's and Darwin's proposals.

Question 9

Sexual selection is a type of natural selection resulting from variation in the ability to obtain mates.

Question 10

Malthus' ideas on population resource limits,was incorporated by Darwin as the summary that natural selection

A) preserves favorable variations and rejects harmful variations in a population.
B) preserves harmful variations and rejects favorable variations in a population.
C) preserves favorable and harmful variations in a population.
D) neither preserves nor rejects harmful variations in a population.

Question 11

Although an "obvious" extension of evolutionary theory,evolution does not address

A) what variations are in each gene pool.
B) All of these answer options are addressed directly in evolution theory.
C) the roles of mutations in evolution.
D) how life began.
E) which genotypes are inherited by each offspring from its parents.

Question 12

The scientist who published "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" in 1859 was

A) James Hutton.
B) Georges Buffon.
C) Charles Darwin.
D) Charles Lyell.
E) Jean Lamarck.

Question 13

Antibiotic resistance is becoming more common in disease-causing bacteria because

A) antibiotics are sometimes prescribed for viral infections (due to pressure from patients).
B) All of the answer choices are correct.
C) antibiotics are used in feed for livestock.
D) antibiotics are used to treat infections in cattle, chickens, and other animals used for agricultural purposes.
E) some patients do not take the antibiotics as directed.

Question 14

The geologist who,in 1830,renewed the idea of uniformitarianism by showing that gradual changes in some organisms could be represented in successive fossil layers was

A) James Hutton.
B) Georges Buffon.
C) Charles Darwin.
D) Jean Lamarck.
E) Charles Lyell.

Question 15

A gradual change in an organism,from an ancestral type was referred to by Darwin as

A) an adaptation.
B) descent with modification.
C) natural selection.
D) convergent evolution.
E) artificial selection.

Question 16

Genetic change in a population from generation to generation defines which of the following?

A) heredity
B) evolution
C) mitosis
D) phenotype
E) genotype

Question 17

Convergent evolution means that

A) organisms living in similar habitats may develop similar traits even though they are not closely related.
B) evolution converges on a desired body form based on an external plan or design.
C) different organisms will never have similar traits.
D) all species will eventually have the same traits.
E) some life-forms are more evolved and therefore superior to other life-forms.

Question 18

In 1785,the theory of uniformitarianism was proposed by

A) James Hutton.
B) Georges Cuvier.
C) Charles Lyell.
D) Charles Darwin.
E) Georges Buffon.

Question 19

The entire collection of genes and their alleles is a population's

A) recessive traits.
B) phenotype.
C) genotype.
D) dominant traits.
E) gene pool.

Question 20

The French naturalist,who in 1749 became one of the first scientists to suggest that closely related species arose from a common ancestor and were changing,was

A) Georges-Louis Buffon.
B) Georges Cuvier.
C) James Hutton.
D) Charles Darwin.
E) Charles Lyell.

Question 21

In Africa and other parts of the world,malaria parasites can cause deadly illness.Sickle cell anemia,and other varied alleles in the production of hemoglobin,can produce a resistance to parasite growth.In these cases,individuals whose red blood cells break down more rapidly have a better chance of reaching reproductive age,in a form of balanced polymorphism.This is known as

A) heterozygote disadvantage.
B) pleiotropy.
C) heterozygote advantage.
D) homozygote advantage.
E) polygenic inheritance.

Question 22

Sexually dimorphic features do not include

A) None of the answer choices are sexually dimorphic features.
B) antlers.
C) intelligence.
D) body size.
E) colored plumage.

Question 23

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium will not occur in a population in which

A) individuals mate at random.
B) individuals immigrate or emigrate.
C) mutations do not occur.
D) sexual selection does not occur.
E) natural selection does not occur.

Question 24

Darwin concluded from his observations of nature and readings that

A) population growth is unlimited, leading to the large numbers of organisms.
B) species do not change over time.
C) individuals compete with one another for limited resources and only the fittest survive.
D) an individual's likelihood of survival and reproduction are mostly due to chance and changes in the environment.
E) individuals compete with one another for limited resources and only the fittest reproduce.

Question 25

A sharp contrast between balanced polymorphism and the three types of natural selection is that in balanced polymorphism,

A) polygenic traits in a population may mask the observation of extreme or intermediate phenotypes.
B) Not only are multiple alleles persistent in a population, but they may preserve positive, neutral, and negative phenotypes.
C) multiple alleles of a gene persist indefinitely in a population.
D) many traits persist in a population that are controlled by only a single allele.
E) positive, neutral, and negative phenotypes may be preserved in a population.

Question 26

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation,p² + 2pq + q² = 1.If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8,what percent of the population will be homozygous dominant?

A) 0.16
B) 0.64
C) 0.32
D) 0.04
E) 0.40

Question 27

Farmers and horticulturalists have bred broccoli,cauliflower,kale,and cabbage from the wild mustard plant through

A) artificial selection.
B) natural selection.
C) evolution.
D) sexual selection.
E) genetic drift.

Question 28

The mode of natural selection in which extreme phenotypes are less fit than the optimal intermediate phenotype is

A) convergent selection.
B) directive selection.
C) stabilizing selection.
D) disruptive selection.
E) artificial selection.

Question 29

A cigarette smoker with lung cancer will not pass any smoking-induced lung cancer mutations to his children because the smoking-induced mutations

A) are not in DNA.
B) do not affect the phenotype of the lung cells.
C) are in somatic cells.
D) are in germ cells.
E) are in gametes.

Question 30

One concern of conservation biologists is that endangered species will have low genetic diversity due to a small population size.Why is this a concern?

A) Sexual selection is stronger in small populations.
B) Individuals in small populations acquire mutations more slowly than those in large populations.
C) If the environment changes, individuals will not be able to change their alleles and survive.
D) If a disease occurs in the population, there may not be organisms with resistant alleles.
E) Allele frequencies are lower in smaller populations.

Question 31

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation,p² + 2pq + q² = 1.If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8,what percent of the population will be homozygous recessive?

A) 0.40
B) 0.64
C) 0.16
D) 0.04
E) 0.32

Question 32

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation,p² + 2pq + q² = 1: 2pq represents the frequency of

A) homozygous recessive and heterozygous individuals.
B) homozygous dominant individuals.
C) homozygous recessive individuals.
D) heterozygous individuals.
E) homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals.

Question 33

Darwin made which large set of observations while on his four-year voyage on the Beagle?

A) More individuals of a population are born than survive to reproduce.
B) An individual's chance of survival is random.
C) Organisms are varied and some variations are inherited.
D) Species do not appear to change over time.
E) Populations grow constantly.

Question 34

Darwin read which of the following in the Essay on the Principle of Population by Malthus?

A) Organisms are varied and some variations are inherited.
B) An individual's chance of survival is random.
C) More individuals of a population are born than survive to reproduce.
D) Species do not change over time.
E) Populations grow constantly.

Question 35

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation,p² + 2pq + q² = 1.If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8 what percent of the population will be heterozygous?

A) 0.32
B) 0.16
C) 0.40
D) 0.04
E) 0.64

Question 36

Three types of natural selection are

A) directional selection, convergent selection, and disruptive selection.
B) directional selection, disruptive selection, and stabilizing selection.
C) directional selection, artificial selection, and convergent selection.
D) disruptive selection, stabilizing selection, and normalizing selection.
E) disruptive selection, stabilizing selection, and artificial selection.

Question 37

At Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,

A) allele frequencies remain constant from one generation to the next.
B) evolution does not occur.
C) allele frequencies change from one generation to the next so evolution does not occur.
D) allele frequencies change from one generation to the next.
E) allele frequencies remain constant from one generation to the next so evolution does not occur.

Question 38

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation,p + q = 1,p and q represent the frequency of alleles in a population of diploid organisms if

A) only two alleles exist for that gene.
B) the trait is polygenic.
C) only one allele exists for that gene.
D) two or more genes are needed to express a trait.
E) two or more alleles exist for that gene.

Question 39

If an environment changes rapidly,individual organisms with ____ will be more likely to survive and reproduce.

A) the ability to produce beneficial mutations
B) the correct allele frequency
C) existing neutral mutations
D) the ability to adapt their genotype
E) existing beneficial mutations

Question 40

Raising small beetles for several generations,a distinctive phenotype in the wing shape appears,skipping generations.This trait most likely appears only in the ___ genotype,and can help determine the ___ Hardy-Weinberg probability of inheritance in the population.

A) heterozygous, 2pq
B) any genotype with the dominant allele, 2pq
C) homozygous recessive, q²
D) homozygous dominant, p²
E) None of these answer options are correct.

Question 41

Babies that are at a low birth weight are more likely to have health problems,while women will have difficulty delivering babies with high birth weight.Together this leads to ______ for babies of average birth weight.

A) artificial selection
B) stabilizing selection
C) sexual selection
D) directional selection
E) disruptive selection

Question 42

Natural selection acts on

A) alleles.
B) genotypes.
C) populations.
D) individuals.
E) communities.

Question 43

Figuer:
In figure (a),what was the dependent variable?

A) the mean weight of harvested fish
B) the species of fish
C) the size at which the fish were harvested
D) the age of the fish
E) the generation

Question 44

Carriers of cystic fibrosis have some protection against intestinal infections such as cholera.However,people with two copies of the cystic fibrosis allele develop a life-threatening disease.The mutant allele is very common in people of northern European descent because of

A) heterozygote advantage.
B) stabilizing selection.
C) directional selection.
D) sexual selection.
E) disruptive selection.

Question 45

Figuer:
In figure (b),what was the independent variable?

A) the age of the fish
B) the generation
C) the mean weight of harvested fish
D) the size at which the fish were harvested
E) the species of fish

Question 46

The founder effect occurs when

A) large groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves.
B) small groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves.
C) many members of a population die, resulting in a great loss of genetic diversity.
D) many members of a population reproduce causing too much genetic diversity within the population.

Question 47

The bottleneck effect occurs when

A) small groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves.
B) many members of a population die, resulting in a great loss of genetic diversity.
C) many members of a population reproduce causing too much genetic diversity within the population.
D) large groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves.

Question 48

Darwin's theory was strongly founded on the geographic distances travelled by migrating species,or occupied by their populations.A theory of "Island Biogeography" was introduced in 1967,further elaborating on importance of the distances travelled,or areas occupied by populations.A specialized field of "Landscape Ecology" concerns patches of habitat,and distances between them,along with movement corridors,or barriers to movement.With all of these,the individuals that move about and successfully reproduce in the population

A) demonstrate gene flow that can counteract trends in selection and other allele frequency changes.
B) can be blocked by human construction of cities, or modification of vast landscapes for agriculture.
C) can be aided by human construction of artificial corridors of movement, such as rails and roadways.
D) All of the answer options are correct as possibilities for different species.
E) can reunite smaller groups of the species population that were previously isolated.

Question 49

A population declines when

A) reproductive rate exceeds death rate.
B) smaller animals are selectively removed.
C) reproductive and death rates are equal.
D) animals are removed randomly.
E) death rate exceeds reproductive rate.

Question 50

What did the researchers conclude based on the data shown in figure (b)?

A) Harvesting fish in a slot limit led to an increase in average size over time.
B) Harvesting larger fish led to a decrease in average size over time.
C) Harvesting fish in a slot limit led to a decrease in average size over time.
D) Harvesting larger fish led to an increase in average size over time.
E) Harvesting fish randomly led to an increase in average size over time.

Question 51

The North American bison was hunted to near extinction in the 1800s,and has since recovered,but with decreased genetic diversity.This is an example of

A) a bottleneck.
B) founder effect.
C) natural selection.
D) increased mutation rate.
E) gene flow.

Question 52

The heritability of body size is 0.2 in Atlantic silversides.What would happen in figure (b)if this heritability was 0.8?

A) The changes in average size would occur more slowly.
B) The changes in average size would occur more rapidly.
C) The fish would never get as large under the same environmental conditions.
D) No changes in average size would occur.
E) The fish would avoid predation.

Question 53

Historically fishermen kept larger fish and left smaller juvenile fish.Over time the average size of the fish would

A) remain unchanged.
B) decrease by natural selection.
C) decrease by genetic drift.
D) increase by genetic drift.
E) increase by natural selection.

Question 54

Alleles conferring red plumage to male cardinals are common because red plumage

A) allows male cardinals to easily identify each other.
B) is helpful in attracting prey.
C) makes males less susceptible to predation.
D) is an example of genetic drift.
E) is preferred by female cardinals in choosing a mate.

Question 55

When Conover and Munch harvested small fish,large fish,or random sizes of fish,what hypothesis were they testing?

A) that slot limits would decrease the size of fish in future generations
B) that harvesting larger fish would increase the size of fish in future generations
C) that harvesting larger fish would decrease the size of fish in future generations
D) that harvesting fish randomly would decrease the size of fish in future generations
E) that harvesting fish randomly would increase the size of fish in future generations

Question 56

Ancestors of giraffes with shorter necks could not reach branches high up in trees for food.This led to ____ for longer necked giraffes.

A) directional selection
B) disruptive selection
C) stabilizing selection
D) sexual selection
E) artificial selection

Question 57

The few ancestors of the Galàpagos finches who colonized the islands would be an example of

A) founder effect.
B) increased mutation rate.
C) a bottleneck.
D) gene flow.
E) natural selection.

Question 58

A male peacock has enormous tail feathers that it uses in mating displays to attract females.While the tail feathers are an advantage in mating,what is the potential disadvantage of these feathers to the male?

A) There are no disadvantages to having large tail feathers.
B) Bright feathers make males less susceptible to predation.
C) The feathers make the male more attractive to other males.
D) The large tail feathers would make it easier to fly.
E) The feathers require a lot of energy to produce.

Question 59

Ancestors of the Galàpagos finches had two different types of seeds to eat on some islands.Some seeds were very small,and required small beaks to handle,other seeds were very large and required large strong beaks to crack.This led to ____ among the Galàpagos finches.

A) sexual selection
B) stabilizing selection
C) directional selection
D) disruptive selection
E) artificial selection

Question 60

Hunting magazines,hunting show hosts,and avid hunters often weave stories of letting smaller white-tailed deer pass by,waiting for the larger "prize bucks." Given what you know about possible changes in allele frequencies of populations,and assuming these reported hunting behaviors are true,

A) a directional selection for smaller white-tailed deer will result in fewer "prize bucks."
B) a founder effect, from hunting, will allow small groups of larger white-tailed deer to establish away from human populations.
C) Any of these answer options are as likely as the others.
D) a bottleneck effect, from hunting, will soon cause extinction of the white-tailed deer.
E) there will be no adverse effect on the white-tailed deer species, because humans aren't intentionally forcing artificial selection.

Question 61

Nonrandom mating,gene flow,and genetic drift are mechanisms of microevolution.

Question 62

Evolution does answer the question as to how life originally began.

Question 63

Since the conditions needed for the Hardy-Weinberg principle do not occur in real populations,this principle has no importance in population studies.

Question 64

Today,40% of hospital Staphylococcus infections are resistant to all antibiotics except one.

Question 65

Darwin believed that because of "differential reproductive success" a population would change over time.

Question 66

Evolution occurs in individuals,not populations.

Question 67

Artificial selection is responsible for many breeds of dogs and cats.

Question 68

The chance that a mutation will occur is independent of whether a new phenotype will benefit a population.

Question 69

In an evolutionary sense,fitness refers to an organism's contribution to the next generation's gene pool.

Question 70

Natural selection is random because no individuals are eliminated from reproducing due to different environments.