Deck 13: The Evolution and Diversity of Animals

Question 1

Which is true about the invertebrates?

A)They are all deuterostomes.
B)Among these animals, the initial indentation in the embryonic ball always becomes the anus.
C)All invertebrates share bilateral symmetry.
D)They include the simplest living animals.
E)Invertebrates only have a simple backbone.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The process seen in many insects involving the pupa completely changing form into an adult is called

A)cephalization.
B)coelom formation.
C)skeletonization.
D)molting.
E)metamorphosis.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The exoskeleton of arthropods

A)grows with the animal.
B)is not waterproof.
C)contains chitin.
D)is important for the animal's digestion.
E)has no functional use.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In sponges, the choanocytes or collar cells

A)are found scattered throughout the sponge body.
B)act in obtaining food for the sponge.
C)allow exit of water from the sponge.
D)produce spicules made of silica or calcium carbonate.
E)give rise to gametes.

Question 5

Mammals have two traits that set them apart from all other animals. These are

A)body hair or fur, and being homeothermic.
B)amniotic eggs and milk production.
C)four-chambered heart and milk production.
D)body hair or fur, and milk production.
E)four-chambered heart and body hair or fur.

Question 6

In cnidarians, nematocysts are important in

A)food digestion.
B)excretion of wastes.
C)obtaining oxygen from the water.
D)obtaining prey.
E)movement.

Question 7

It is generally thought that four critical innovations arose during the evolution of our ape-like ancestors into humans. All of the following are innovations except

A)use of brain power for abstract thought.
B)development of the opposable thumb.
C)expansion of the human brain.
D)toolmaking.
E)bipedalism.

Question 8

All members of the phylum Chordata share

A)a notochord present sometime in their lives.
B)a vertebral column.
C)gills present throughout their lives.
D)tails present throughout their lives.
E)exoskeletons.

Question 9

Birds are able to maintain relatively constant body temperature regardless of external temperature. Therefore, birds are

A)homeopathic.
B)homeothermic.
C)ecdysozoans.
D)apodans.
E)amniotes.

Question 10

Most members of the phylum Platyhelminthes

A)are free-living.
B)exhibit radial symmetry.
C)do not show cephalization.
D)are of a single sex.
E)are parasites.

Question 11

All of the following are general characteristics of all animals except

A)diploid with haploid eggs and sperm.
B)develop from an embryo.
C)multicellular body.
D)heterotrophic.
E)possesion of nerves and muscles.

Question 12

The mantle in mollusks

A)secretes the shell and protects the animal.
B)contains the internal organs.
C)functions in obtaining food.
D)is involved in movement.
E)is composed of calcium carbonate.

Question 13

It is generally thought that animals have undergone four major physiological and anatomical innovations during their evolution. These are (in no particular order)

A)multicellularity, bilateral symmetry, origin of patterns of embryonic development, development of tissues.
B)development of the versatile forelimb, multicellularity, origin of patterns of embryonic development, development of tissues.
C)development of tissues, photosynthesis, bilateral symmetry, multicellularity.
D)bilateral symmetry, development of tissues, origin of the multichambered heart, origin of patterns of embryonic development.
E)origin of patterns of embryonic development, development of the versatile forelimb, origin of the multichambered heart, multicellularity.

Question 14

The closest living protistan relatives to animals are

A)poriferans.
B)dinoflagellates.
C)cyanobacteria.
D)archaeabacteria.
E)choanoflagellates.

Question 15

Cnidarians and ctenophores are similar in that they both have

A)radial symmetry.
B)mesoderm.
C)a digestive tract with two openings.
D)a pseudocoel.
E)nematocysts.

Question 16

In cnidarians, what is found between the epidermis and the gastrodermis?

A)ectoderm
B)mesoglea
C)endoderm
D)various organelles
E)mesoderm

Question 17

Clams, oysters, and scallops are called bivalves because they have

A)a pair of eyes.
B)bilateral symmetry.
C)a double foot region.
D)a shell made up of two halves.
E)two sexes.

Question 18

These are members of the phylum Cnidaria.

A)sponges
B)comb jellies
C)sea anemones
D)snails
E)clams

Question 19

This class of mollusk includes snails.

A)Bivalvia
B)Annelida
C)Gastropoda
D)Pseudopoda
E)Cephalopoda

Question 20

The segmented worms of the phylum Annelida

A)have an open circulatory system.
B)possess setae on each segment.
C)are acoelomate.
D)move by use of flagella.
E)display radial symmetry.

Question 21

One major innovation in animal body plan was the development of the coelom. Describe the role of the coelom.

Question 22

Which of the following is a deuterostome phylum?

A)Arthropoda
B)Echinodermata
C)Porifera
D)Platyhelminthes
E)Annelida

Question 23

Of the following, which is likely the most direct ancestor of modern humans?

A)Homo habilis
B)Australopithecus garhi
C)Homo erectus
D)Australopithecus afarensis
E)Homo neanderthalis

Question 24

Which of the following is not a characteristic differentiating Neanderthals from modern humans?

A)Neanderthals had smaller brains.
B)Neanderthals were shorter.
C)Neanderthals had larger noses.
D)Neanderthals were stronger.
E)Neanderthals had projecting brow ridges.

Question 25

Which of the following does (or did)not lay an amniotic (enclosed)egg?

A)birds
B)monotreme mammals
C)dinosaurs
D)frogs
E)snakes

Question 26

Which of the following is not a major defining chordate characteristic?

A)blocks of muscles from myomeres
B)a pair of eyes at the anterior
C)a hollow, dorsal nerve cord
D)a notochord
E)a tail extending beyond anus

Question 27

Barnacles belong to which of the following groups of invertebrates?

A)crustaceans
B)mollusks
C)annelids
D)chelicerates
E)brachiopods

Question 28

Which of the following is the only type of arthropod that can fly?

A)millipede
B)crustacean
C)centipede
D)insect
E)chelicerate

Question 29

Which of the following is a type of ecdysozoan protostome?

A)Echinodermata
B)Ctenophora
C)Molluska
D)Chordata
E)Nematoda

Question 30

The Earth's largest phylum is Arthropoda, including centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans and insects. The insects have shown to be a particularly successful class within the phylum. What biological characteristics have contributed to the success of insects? In many science fiction scenarios, postapocalyptic Earth is mainly populated with giant insects. Why don't we see giant insects now?

Question 31

Notochords are found in

A)adult hemichordates (acorn worms).
B)adult urochordates (tunicates).
C)adult cephalochordates (lancelets).
D)a and b only.
E)b and c only.

Question 32

Which of the following is a lophotrochozoan protostome?

A)arthropods
B)cnidarians
C)mollusks
D)chordates
E)nematodes

Question 33

Sponges are very interesting animals. Although they do not have true tissues, they have a number of cooperating cell types. How do these different cell types cooperate in obtaining nutrients for the sponge?

Question 34

Contrast the medusa body form and the polyp body form of a cnidarian.

Question 35

Match the phylum with its defining or characteristic property.
6. __ Echinodermata
7. __ Arthropoda
8. __ Chordata
9. __ Cnidaria
10. __ Porifera

A. notochord
B. nematocysts
C. water vascular system
D. collar cells and filter feeding
E. jointed appendages

Question 36

Match phylum with charactenistic skeleton or supporting tisse.
11. __ Arthropoda
12. __ Brachiopoda
13. __ Chordata
14. __ Nemertea (ribbon worms)
15. __ Echinodermata
A. calcium shell
B. exoskeleton made of chitin
C. endoskeleton made of cartilage or bone
D. spiked plates beneath surface of the skin
E. no rigid skeleton

Question 37

Why is investigating evolutionary relationships by comparing gene sequences more precise than comparing body forms? How do the two methods compare if we consider divergent and convergent evolution?

Question 38

It is clear that certain traits in early primate evolution played a key role in leading to the survival and further development of members of the order. Explain how traits such as manual dexterity, upright posture, acute vision, larger brain, extended infant care, and modified teeth laid the groundwork for the evolution of humans.

Question 39

Match the phylum with its general body description.
16___Crenophora
17___Annelida
18___Porifera
19___Platyhelminthes
20___Nematoda

A)no distinct tissues, no distinct symmetry
B)two tissue layers, radial symmetry in most
C)three tissue layers, bilateral symmetry, digestive tract with one opening
D)bilateral symmetry, digestive tract with two openings, no segmentation
E)bilateral symmetry, digestive tract with two openings, segmentation true coelom

Question 40

Which of the following adaptations to life on land is found in both insects and modern reptiles?

A)ability to fly
B)tracheae to distribute oxygen
C)two pairs of walking legs
D)metamorphosis from a larval form
E)body surfaces that resist evaporation

Question 41

Which of the following characteristics is not shared by typical birds and mammals?

A)four-chambered heart
B)milk production
C)four limbs
D)endothermy
E)insulating skin structures

Question 42

Describe the most well-developed organ system of a typical parasite.

Question 44

Name and briefly characterize the four classes of fishes. Indicate which class is considered to be most similar to the ancestral chordate and which is the ancestor of the land vertebrates, justifying your choices.

Question 45

Compare the traits of hemichordates (acorn worms)to chordates.

Question 46

What adaptations have evolved in birds to assist them in flight?

Question 50

What role has cultural evolution played in human success? What, if any, biological adaptations support this use of culture?

Question 51

What is the name of the feeding organ used by most members of the Mollusca and how does it work?

Question 52

Identify the major trends in primate evolution.