Deck 16: Body Function, Survival, and the Steady State

Question 1

Which of the following does not normally pass from the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule during filtration?

A)glucose
B)proteins
C)sodium ions
D)urea
E)water

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is often called the body's thermostat?

A)the pituitary
B)the hypothalamus
C)the thalamus
D)the corpora quadrigemina
E)the medulla oblongata

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following have body fluids with the same overall salt concentration as that of their environment?

A)oysters and sea stars
B)whales and sea lions
C)freshwater fish
D)freshwater amphibians
E)cats and dogs

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Freshwater fish must excrete ______ and actively accumulate _______.

A)water; urea
B)urea; water
C)salt; urea
D)water; salt
E)urea; water

Question 5

Freshwater fish

A)lose water from their bodies.
B)Lose salt from their bodies.
C)must keep the salt concentration of their bodies lower than that of freshwater.
D)must keep the salt concentration of their bodies equal to that of freshwater.
E)must drink water to maintain dilute body fluids.

Question 6

Astronauts who spend significant time at zero gravity often become somewhat anemic upon return to Earth. One way to compensate for the process that leads to this anemia might be to supply the astronauts with ________ during the mission in space.

A)a diet higher in protein and iron
B)a diuretic, which will cause them to excrete more fluid
C)a growth factor that leads to increased red blood cell production
D)higher levels of oxygen in the shuttle atmosphere
E)more opportunities to rest or sleep

Question 7

An increase in ADH production results in the production of a(n)______ volume of ______ urine.

A)increased; concentrated
B)increased; dilute
C)decreased; concentrated
D)decreased; dilute
E)either a or b, depending on the blood pressure

Question 8

To overcome the water/salt balance problem, fish have specialized cells that can either take in salts or excrete salts that are located in their

A)kidneys.
B)lungs.
C)gills.
D)pharynx.
E)skin.

Question 9

If a person drinks a large quantity of water, he would _______ production of ADH, which would ______ the permeability of the collecting duct.

A)not affect; leave unchanged
B)increase; increase
C)increase; decrease
D)decrease; increase
E)decrease; decrease

Question 10

What hormone is actually produced by the kidney, which has an effect on the production of another hormone, aldosterone, which in turn is produced by the adrenal glands?

A)ANF
B)ADH
C)vasopressin
D)ACTH
E)renin

Question 11

Which of the following organisms would be likely to use the least energy per kilogram of body weight to maintain its temperature in a preferred range?

A)a whale in the Arctic Ocean
B)a clam remaining submerged at low tide
C)a tuna swimming in the deep ocean
D)a lizard in a desert environment
E)a human in a tropical environment

Question 12

An organism maintaining homeostasis with respect to sodium ion concentration in the blood would ______sodium excretion in the kidneys when sodium levels were low and ______ sodium excretion when sodium levels were high.

A)maintain constant; maintain constant
B)increase; maintain constant
C)increase; decrease
D)decrease; maintain constant
E)decrease; increase

Question 13

Cats excrete nitrogenous waste as ______ and birds excrete nitrogenous waste as _______.

A)ammonia; uric acid
B)ammonia; urea
C)urea; ammonia
D)urea; uric acid
E)uric acid; urea

Question 14

Use the letters on the diagram of a nephron to solve the following questions
1-Which letter indicates the loop of Henle?
2-Which letter indicates the distal tubule?
3-Which letter indicates Bowman's capsule?
4-Which letter indicates the glomerulus?
5-Which letter indicates the collecting duct?

Question 15

Which of the following are not types of connective tissue?

A)blood
B)bone
C)cartilage
D)tendons
E)the upper layers of the skin

Question 16

Production of urine in the nephron begins with

A)filtration.
B)tubular reabsorption.
C)tubular secretion.
D)tubular modification.
E)active reabsorption.

Question 17

Humans excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of _______, and most fish excrete nitrogenous waste as _______.

A)urea; ammonia
B)urea; uric acid
C)ammonia; urea
D)urea; uric acid
E)uric acid; ammonia

Question 18

When cells metabolize protein, ammonia is formed. An example of an animal that directly excretes ammonia without further modification is a

A)fish.
B)bird.
C)snake.
D)turtle.
E)human.

Question 19

The symptoms of excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages are due to dehydration. Does that make sense? You drink a lot, and then you are dehydrated? Actually, it is caused by a hormone that is produced in response to the consumption of alcohol. What is this hormone?

A)ANF
B)ADH
C)vasopressin
D)ACTH
E)renin

Question 20

Epithelia are often very thin sheets of tissue. What binds them to underlying tissues?

A)the fascia latae
B)the basement lamina
C)the ependymal layer
D)the goblet cells
E)the ligamentum nuchae

Question 21

Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands and give examples of each.

Question 22

How does epithelial tissue differ from connective tissue, in structure and function?

Question 23

List several functions of epithelial tissues.

Question 24

Describe the production of urea in the mammalian body. Where is it finally excreted?

Question 25

Match the following structures with their primary function.

Question 26

Why do astronauts experience bone loss in space?

Question 27

What benefit does running a fever provide to a sick person?

Question 28

What are the three types of muscle, and where are they found?

Question 29

How could losing mass in unused muscles possibly benefit an organism?

Question 30

Use the letters on the diagram of a nephron to solve the following questions
6. Where is most glucose returned to the circulatory system?
7. Whereis the final concentration of the urine adjusted?
8. Which structure generates the cemotic gradient across the kidney?
9. Fluid from the circulatory system enters the nephron into this structure

Question 31

Use the letters to indicate the factor described in the question.

Question 32

Match the following tissues with the proper classification.

Question 33

What process in the kidney makes drug testing of urine possible?

Question 34

Define and put these terms in order from smallest to largest (in size): organ, tissue, cell, organ system.

Question 35

Match the following processes with the correct type of feedback loop.
7.

Question 36

Both marine fish and marine mammals have body fluids with a lower salt concentration. However, unlike fish, marine mammals do not drink seawater, although they do swallow some with their food. How are marine mammals able to maintain their internal supply of water?

Question 37

ADH is also called vasopressin. What functions of vasopressin make this an appropriate name for this hormone?

Question 38

Match the following animals with their mode of temperature modulation.

Question 39

If someone experiences damage to the hypothalamus and no longer produces ADH, what effect will this have on kidney function?

Question 40

How does the hypothalamus act to maintain body temperature? Include behavioral and physiological responses to both heat and cold.

Question 41

List as many types of connective tissue as possible, and give their functions.

Question 42

Most other mammals could not survive the extreme environment that whale inhabit. Discuss the adaptations whales have evolved to cope with life in the Arctic Ocean. Include water and heat conservation and salt excretion.

Question 43

Describe the path that the blood takes as it travels through the kidney, and the changes that take place in its composition as it moves through each structure of the kidney.

Question 44

Describe the macroscopic anatomy of the human excretory system.

Question 45

Pick a biological situation where a positive feedback loop controls a response. Show how this loop operates to bring about the response.

Question 46

Describe how fluids and some dissolved materials move from the blood in the glomerulus into the nephron.

Question 47

A person suffers injury in a car accident, loses a serious amount of blood, and is in danger of going into shock from low blood pressure. Discuss what effect such an injury would have on the production of ADH, aldosterone, atrial natriuretic factor, angiotensin, and erythropoietin.

Question 48

Describe the production and action of ADH.