Deck 11: Managing Individual Differences and Behavior: Supervising People As People

Question 1

A smoker who claims that the habit is not as dangerous as antismoking messages suggest,saying "My grandmother smokes and she's in her 80s," is attempting to increase cognitive dissonance.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

An example of a self-fulfilling prophecy is a server who expects some poorly dressed customers to be stingy tippers,who therefore gives them poor service,and so gets the result he expected-a much lower tip than usual.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Those who have the Type A behavior pattern are involved in a chronic,determined struggle to accomplish more in less time.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Lee has hired two new employees for her team,Jim and Judy.Jim is outgoing and attractive,while Judy is very bright but seems quiet and unsure.Lee immediately expects Jim to outperform Judy at the job.Lee is likely experiencing the halo effect.

Question 5

Internals likely would prefer and respond more productively to incentives such as merit pay or sales commissions.

Question 6

______ is the personality dimension that describes how achievement-oriented and persistent a person is.

A)Emotional stability
B)Locus of control
C)Extroversion
D)Conscientiousness
E)Self-efficacy

Question 7

Workplace stress diminishes all of the following

A)positive emotions.
B)job satisfaction.
C)organizational commitment.
D)job performance.
E)job turnover.

Question 8

Individuals with an external locus of control tend to display greater work motivation,which leads to higher salaries.

Question 9

Your supervisor says the company needs you to stay late to meet an important deadline,but your family expects you to be present for your child's birthday party.You are experiencing role overload.

Question 10

One of the ways to create a Pygmalion effect is to encourage employees to visualize failing at executing tasks and use their fear of failure to motivate them.

Question 11

Investors who are more likely to buy a stock if they see something about it in the news or if it has a high one-day return provide an example of the recency effect.

Question 12

"Joe drinks too much because he has no willpower;but I need a few drinks after work because I'm under a lot of pressure" is an example of an attribution statement.

Question 13

Integrity tests are ineffective because dishonest people are able to fake conscientiousness,even on a paper-and-pencil test.

Question 14

The glass ceiling is a concept that applies to women,but not to minorities.

Question 15

Personality test data should be supplemented with information from reference checks,personal interviews,ability tests,and job performance records when hiring.

Question 16

Roberto finds his job description and the criteria for promotion vague,an example of role ambiguity.

Question 17

After a recent exam,students earning Ds blamed factors such as bad luck,unclear lectures,and unfair testing for their poor performance.These students are engaged in self-serving bias.

Question 18

Which of the following is not one of the Big Five personality dimensions?

A)tolerance for ambiguity
B)extroversion
C)agreeableness
D)conscientiousness
E)emotional stability

Question 19

______ consists of stable psychological traits and behavioral attributes that give a person his or her identity.

A)Character
B)Personality
C)Attitudes
D)Attributions
E)Values

Question 20

______ is the personality dimension that describes how intellectual,imaginative,curious,and broad-minded a person is.

A)Inquisitiveness
B)Openness to experience
C)Emotional stability
D)Extroversion
E)Inventiveness

Question 21

Employees with a(n)______ locus of control will probably resist close managerial supervision and should probably be placed in jobs requiring high initiative and lower compliance.

A)high
B)low
C)external
D)absent
E)internal

Question 22

If you have a(n)____________,you believe you control your own destiny.

A)tolerance for ambiguity
B)low level of self-efficacy
C)external locus of control
D)internal locus of control
E)high level of learned helplessness

Question 23

Brad supervises several employees who seem to have low self-efficacy.To improve this situation,he should do all the following except

A)serve as a role model and mentor to them.
B)provide guided experiences.
C)avoid rewarding small successes.
D)nurture their self-efficacy.
E)give positive feedback and constructive pointers.

Question 24

People with ______ exhibit less anxiety,greater motivation,and stronger expectations that effort leads to performance.

A)high self-efficacy
B)high self-monitoring
C)low self-efficacy
D)an internal locus of control
E)an external locus of control

Question 25

__________ is the extent to which people feel secure and unworried.

A)Self-esteem
B)Openness to experience
C)Self-efficacy
D)Locus of control
E)Emotional stability

Question 26

If a manager knows one of her employees has low self-esteem and wishes to enhance it,she should

A)provide frequent reminders about improving weaknesses.
B)avoid delegating work to this employee.
C)redesign the work so that it is routine and structured.
D)reinforce the employee's positive attributes and skills.
E)avoid giving feedback.

Question 27

Ana Maria believes that she controls her own destiny.She is a rather shy person who is extremely dependable and responsible,and her coworkers respect her greatly.Ana Maria has a(n)______ locus of control and would rate high on the _______ dimension of personality.

A)external,extroversion
B)neutral,agreeableness
C)internal,conscientiousness
D)unstable,openness to experience
E)positive,emotional stability

Question 28

The interdisciplinary field of organizational ______ tries to explain and predict workplace behavior to help managers better lead and motivate others.

A)awareness
B)development
C)culture
D)strategy
E)behavior

Question 29

Those high in this emotional intelligence trait tend to be empathetic.

A)social awareness
B)self-awareness
C)self-efficacy
D)self-management
E)relationship management

Question 30

Which of the following is not a trait of emotional intelligence?

A)self-awareness
B)self-sufficiency
C)relationship management
D)social awareness
E)self-management

Question 31

Carolina's manager notices that she exhibits an internal locus of control when she speaks about her work.Her manager should

A)closely supervise Caroline's work.
B)place Caroline in a highly structured job.
C)give Caroline a job with much social contact with coworkers and customers.
D)give Caroline a job that requires high compliance and low initiative.
E)provide incentives such as merit pay or sales commissions.

Question 32

Boring,tedious jobs generally reduce people's perceptions of their

A)self-esteem.
B)anxiety.
C)tolerance for pain.
D)level of extroversion.
E)self-efficacy.

Question 33

Julio really enjoys mingling at work functions,both to network for new contacts and simply to share stories with other interesting people.Julio probably scores high in

A)emotional stability.
B)conscientiousness.
C)agreeableness.
D)extroversion.
E)openness to experience.

Question 34

_______________ is the ability to control your emotions and act with honesty and integrity in reliable and adaptable ways.

A)Self-awareness
B)Situational awareness
C)Social awareness
D)Self-management
E)Relationship management

Question 35

________ are abstract ideals that guide one's thinking and behavior across all situations.

A)Ethics
B)Cultures
C)Perceptions
D)Attitudes
E)Values

Question 36

_____________ is the extent to which people like or dislike themselves.

A)Emotional stability
B)Self-awareness
C)Locus of control
D)Self-efficacy
E)Self-esteem

Question 37

People with low self-esteem ______ than those with higher self-esteem.

A)are more dependent on others
B)choose more unconventional jobs
C)focus more on their strengths
D)handle failure better
E)exhibit more aggressive behavior

Question 38

Paolo is always coming up with new ideas and seeking funding to explore them.He sees opportunities in the marketplace and wants to be the first person to come up with new products and services that customers want.Paolo,a person who is apt to take initiative and persevere to influence the environment,has a(n)______ personality.

A)proactive
B)emotionally stable
C)extroverted
D)emotionally intelligent
E)self-efficacious

Question 39

Matt is frequently nervous,tense,and worried,both at work and at home.He likely scores low on which of the Big Five personality dimensions?

A)self-monitoring
B)conscientiousness
C)extroversion
D)openness to experience
E)emotional stability

Question 40

People high in ______ are responsive to others' social and interpersonal cues.

A)self-esteem
B)external locus of control
C)emotional intelligence
D)self-efficacy
E)agreeableness

Question 41

_____________ is the process of interpreting and understanding one's environment.

A)Self-awareness
B)Self-management
C)Perception
D)Self-monitoring
E)Openness to experience

Question 42

Ted was hiring a new financial analyst,and he had several good candidates.He was leaning toward hiring Akiko,a Japanese American woman,because he thinks Asians are better at math.Ted is exhibiting which distortion in perception?

A)racism
B)recency effect
C)stereotyping
D)Pygmalion effect
E)self-serving bias

Question 43

The statement "I really don't like that Ivan got so angry in that meeting" reflects the ______ component of an attitude.

A)behavioral
B)factual
C)cognitive
D)value
E)affective

Question 44

________ is the tendency to attribute to an individual the characteristics one believes are typical of the group to which that individual belongs.

A)Stereotyping
B)Selective perception
C)Self-serving bias
D)Attribution
E)The halo effect

Question 45

________________ is the extent to which employees have positive or negative feelings about various aspects of their work.

A)Job involvement
B)Job satisfaction
C)Organizational commitment
D)Job performance
E)Job enrichment

Question 46

Which of the following is not a step in the perceptual process?

A)causal attribution
B)retrieving from memory to make judgments and decisions
C)selective attention
D)interpretation and evaluation
E)storing in memory

Question 47

Under which of the following circumstances would the desire to reduce cognitive dissonance be greatest?

A)when the individual has little control
B)when large amounts of money are on the line
C)when the elements seem like an inconsequential ambiguity
D)when there is little emotional investment in the situation
E)when the components of attitude have no inconsistency

Question 48

A server expects a group of poorly dressed customers to be stingy tippers and gives them poor service,so he gets the result that he expects,a very small tip.This is an example of

A)the halo effect.
B)selective perception error.
C)fundamental attribution bias.
D)self-serving bias.
E)a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 49

____ is the tendency to attribute another person's behavior to his or her personal characteristics rather than to the situation the person is in.

A)The halo effect
B)Fundamental attribution bias
C)Self-serving bias
D)Selective perception
E)Stereotyping

Question 50

According to Festinger,how people deal with cognitive dissonance depends on three factors.Which are the correct three factors?

A)importance,control,and rewards
B)control,bias,and personality
C)personality,decision making,and judgment
D)decision making,situation,and bias
E)situation,self-awareness,and control

Question 51

The ______ component of an attitude consists of the beliefs and knowledge one has about a situation.

A)behavioral
B)decisional
C)perceptual
D)affective
E)cognitive

Question 52

Because she beat her goal this year by nearly 30 percent,Lori has been telling everyone in the sales department of her incredible skill as a salesperson.But last year when she didn't even reach her goal,she said her failure was due to the poor economy.Lori provides an example of

A)the halo effect.
B)a self-fulfilling prophecy.
C)fundamental attribution bias.
D)selective perception error.
E)self-serving bias.

Question 53

The statement "Drew is slow to return phone calls" reflects the ______ component of an attitude.

A)behavioral
B)decisional
C)perceptual
D)affective
E)cognitive

Question 54

Which of the following is a distortion in perception?

A)causal attribution
B)stereotyping
C)halo effect
D)recency effect
E)cognitive dissonance

Question 55

The statement "I won't give Roberto such a tight deadline again" reflects the ______ component of an attitude.

A)affective
B)decisional
C)cognitive
D)behavioral or intentional
E)factual

Question 56

The three components of ______ are affective,cognitive,and behavioral.

A)values
B)stress
C)job satisfaction
D)personality
E)attitudes

Question 57

______ occurs when we form an impression of an individual based on a single trait.

A)The recency effect
B)A self-fulfilling prophecy
C)Fundamental attribution error
D)Self-serving bias
E)The halo effect

Question 58

Because people are uncomfortable with inconsistency between their attitudes and behaviors,they will seek to reduce

A)group behavior.
B)fundamental attribution.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)causal attribution.
E)a self-serving bias.

Question 59

______ is the tendency to remember recent information better than earlier information.

A)Stereotyping
B)Self-serving bias
C)Fundamental attribution bias
D)Selective perception
E)The recency effect

Question 60

Which of the following is not one of the main ways to reduce cognitive dissonance?

A)Change your attitude.
B)Complete an emotional intelligence assessment.
C)Change your behavior.
D)Find consonant elements that outweigh the dissonant ones.
E)Belittle the importance of the inconsistent behavior.

Question 61

Organizational dimensions,the outer layer of the diversity wheel,include all of the following except

A)management status.
B)union affiliation.
C)seniority.
D)work location.
E)ethnicity.

Question 62

Melissa impressed her boss by making many suggestions for department improvements and by putting in many weekend hours to do extra tasks to develop the new procedures.Melissa is exhibiting

A)self-efficacy.
B)onboarding traits.
C)the halo effect.
D)organizational citizenship behavior.
E)counterproductive work behavior.

Question 63

____ is the extent to which an employee identifies with an organization and is committed to its goals.

A)Job involvement
B)Job performance
C)Job satisfaction
D)Organizational commitment
E)Job enrichment

Question 64

Which of the following is not one of the four layers of the diversity wheel?

A)organizational dimensions
B)external dimensions
C)internal dimensions
D)management status
E)personality

Question 65

Which of the following dimensions is an example of an organizational dimension on the diversity wheel?

A)income
B)volunteer experience
C)educational background
D)union affiliation
E)physical abilities

Question 66

Which of the following is a common reason that some women face a glass ceiling?

A)poor goal setting
B)inability to motivate others
C)lack of mentors
D)poor financial performance
E)inability to produce high-quality work

Question 67

________ behaviors are employee behaviors that exceed the work-role requirements for the job.

A)Counterproductive work
B)Halo effect
C)Organizational citizenship
D)Self-efficacy
E)Proactive

Question 68

Which of the following dimensions is not an example of an external or secondary dimension on the diversity wheel?

A)religion
B)income
C)geographic location
D)seniority
E)personal habits

Question 69

______ represent(s)all the ways people are unlike and alike.

A)Lifestyle
B)Dimensions
C)Diversity
D)Conditions
E)Background

Question 70

The Americans with Disabilities Act requires employers to

A)hire all qualified persons with disabilities who apply.
B)actively solicit job applications from persons with disabilities.
C)hire quotas of qualified persons with disabilities.
D)reasonably accommodate an individual's disability.
E)hire persons with disabilities to qualify for tax breaks.

Question 71

Absenteeism,drug and alcohol abuse,and disciplinary problems are examples of

A)organizational citizenship behaviors.
B)self-efficacy.
C)causal attribution.
D)self-serving bias.
E)counterproductive work behaviors.

Question 72

Which of the following diversity issues is true in the U.S.workforce?

A)Gay and bisexual male workers earn 10 percent to 32 percent more than equally qualified heterosexual counterparts.
B)Literacy has ceased to be an issue among American workers.
C)The median age of the American worker is at its lowest level in history.
D)By 2060,the white population is projected to change from 77.5 percent in 2014 to 68.5 percent,African Americans from 13.2 percent to 14.3 percent,Asians from 5.4 percent to 9.3 percent,Hispanics or Latinos from 17.4 percent to 28.6 percent,and American Indian/Alaskan Native from 1.2 percent to 1.5 percent.
E)Workers ages 55 and older are expected to make up over one-half of the labor force in
2024.

Question 73

Jake has a master's degree in psychology,but he is working at a sunglasses cart in the mall.He is currently experiencing

A)reverse discrimination.
B)the glass ceiling.
C)attribution.
D)underemployment.
E)overemployment.

Question 74

______ is the belief that one's native country,culture,language,abilities,or behavior is superior to those of another culture.

A)Reverse discrimination
B)Stereotyping
C)An ethical dilemma
D)Ethnocentrism
E)Diversity

Question 75

______ is at the center of the diversity wheel.

A)Philosophy
B)Philanthropy
C)Perception
D)Personality
E)Psychology

Question 76

________ programs help employees integrate and transition to a new job.

A)Organizational citizenship
B)Employee assistance
C)Attribution
D)Onboarding
E)Proactive

Question 77

Investors who are more likely to buy a stock if they see something about it in the news or if it has a high one-day return are experiencing

A)an ethical dilemma.
B)ethnocentrism.
C)the recency effect.
D)reverse discrimination.
E)self-serving bias.

Question 78

Job satisfaction results in stronger ______ and lower levels of ______.

A)job involvement;work-life balance
B)organizational commitment;perceived stress
C)motivation;life satisfaction
D)perceived stress;life satisfaction
E)perceived stress;absenteeism

Question 79

Carol really doesn't like her new boss and is not happy with the new tasks she's been assigned and the long hours she's been working.Still,she truly believes in what the company is trying to accomplish.Carol has

A)poor job performance.
B)low job satisfaction.
C)low organizational commitment.
D)poor job enrichment.
E)low job involvement.

Question 80

A person's overall satisfaction with work depends on how he or she feels about several components.Which of the following is not one of these components?

A)life outside of work
B)pay
C)promotions
D)coworkers
E)supervision